Skip to main content

Militarism as a Racial Project

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research ((HSSR))

Abstract

This paper argues that militarism is a “racial project” central to the social construction of race and the perpetuation of unequal race relations. Typical sociological research on race in the military is largely demographic in nature—reifying race as a social fact and often assuming the military decreases overt racial animus. In place of this perspective, I claim that the military should be seen as both benefiting from unequal race relations in the wider society and reinforcing those relations through military policy. Ultimately, scholars should focus on how the military influences broader patterns of racial inequality.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Armor, D. J., & Gilroy, C. L. (2009). Changing minority representation in the U.S. Military. Armed Forces & Society, 36(2), 223–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beals, J., Manson, S. M., Shore, J. H., Friedman, M. J., Ashcraft, M., Fairbank, J. A., & Schlenger, W. E. (2002). The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among American Indian Vietnam veterans: Disparities and context. Journal of Trauma Stress,15, 89–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J. M. (2014). The black power movement and American social work. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla-Silva, E. (1997). Rethinking racism: Toward a structural interpretation. American Sociological Review, 62(3), 465–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla-Silva, E. (2010). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States. Third Edit. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto, Plymouth, UK: Rownman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla-Silva, E., Seamster, L., & Ray, V. (2015). Unpacking the imperialist Knapsack: White privilege and imperialism in Obama’s America. In B. Bergo & T. Nicholls (Eds.), “I don’t see color”: Personal and critical perspectives on white privilege (pp. 146–166). University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodkin, K. (2004). How the jews became white and what that says about race in America. New York. Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burk, J., & Espinoza, E. (2012). Race relations within the US Military. Annual Review of Sociology, 38(1), 401–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carmichael, S., & Thelwell, M. (2003). Ready for revolution: The life and struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture).

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. (2006). City of quartz: Excavating the future in Los Angeles (New Edition).

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Bois, W. E. B. (1935). Black reconstruction in America, 1860–1880. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Du Bois, W.E.B. 2012 [1920]. The Souls of White Folk. in Darkwater: Voices From Within the Veil. New York: Dover Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elias, S., & Feagin, J. R. (2016). Racial theories in social science: A systemic racism critique. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Embrick, D. G. (2011). The diversity ideology in the business world: A new oppression for a new age. Critical Sociology, 37(5), 541–556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elias, S., & Feagin, J. (2015). Racial Theories in the Social Sciences: A Systemic Racism Critique. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanon, F. (1963). The wretched of the earth. New York: Grove/Atlantic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feagin, J. (2000). Racist America. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feagin, J., & Elias, S. (2013). Rethinking racial formation theory: A systemic racism critique. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(6), 931–960.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Go, J. (2004). ‘Racism’ and colonialism: Meanings of difference and ruling practices in America’s Pacific Empire. Qualitative Sociology, 27(1), 35–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman, S.V. (1997). Scenes of subjection: Terror, slavery, and self-making in nineteenth-century America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschman, C. (1986). The making of race in Colonial Malaya: Political economy and racial ideology. Sociological Forum, 1(2), 330–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janowitz, Morris. (1983). The Reconstruction of Patriorism. Chicago: The Univeristy of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katznelson, I. (2005). When affirmative action was white: An untold history of racial inequality in twentieth-century America.

    Google Scholar 

  • King Jr, M. L. (1967). Beyond Vietnam: A time to break silence. speech, Riverside Church, New York, NY, April 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulka, R. A., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Hough, R. L., Jordan, B. K., Marmar, C. R., & Weiss, D. S. (1990). Trauma and the Vietnam War generation: Report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York: Brunner/Mazel .

    Google Scholar 

  • Leach, B. W. (2004). Race as mission critical: The occupational need rationale in military affirmative action and beyond. The Yale Law Journal, 113(5), 1093–1141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundquist, J. H. (2008). Ethnic and gender stratification in the military: The effect of a Meritocratic Institution. American Sociological Review, 73(3), 477–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, C. (2007). Grunt Lit: The participant-observers of empire. American Ethnologist, 34(2), 322–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, C. W. (1997). The racial contract. First. Ithica and London: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Modell, J., & Haggerty, T. (1991). The social impact of war. Annual Review of Sociology, 17(1), 205–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, W. L., & Bell, J. M. (2011). Maneuvers of whiteness: ‘Diversity’ as a mechanism of retrenchment in the affirmative action discourse. Critical Sociology, 37(5), 597–613.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mora, G. C. (2014). Cross-field effects and ethnic classification The Institutionalization of Hispanic Panethnicity, 1965–1990. American Sociological Review, 79(2), 183–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moskos, C., & Butler, J. S. (1997). All that we can be: Black leadership and racial integration the army way. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omi, M., & Winant, H. (1994). Racial formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s. Second. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omi, M., & Winant, H. ( 2015). Racial Formation in the United States. Third Edition. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, C. S. (2009). Fighting for democracy: Black veterans and the struggle against white supremacy in the Postwar South. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Reskin, B. (2012). The race discrimination system. Annual Review of Sociology, 38(1), 17–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D. (2008). Torture and the biopolitics of race. University of Miami Law Review, 62(2), 229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segal, D.R., & Segal, M.W. (2004). America’s military population.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skrentny, J. D. (2013). After civil rights: Racial realism in the new American workplace. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, S. (2007). Race relations: A critique. Stanford: Standford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ture, K., & Hamilton, C. V. (1967). Black power: The politics of liberation. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuberi, T. (2001). Thicker than blood: How racial statistics lie. Minneapolis: University of Minessota Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Victor Ray .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ray, V. (2018). Militarism as a Racial Project. In: Batur, P., Feagin, J. (eds) Handbook of the Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76757-4_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76757-4_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-76755-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-76757-4

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics