Abstract
Compensation is a key strategic component of the management of international assignments. It is, nonetheless, the area to which the academic literature has paid the least attention, focusing instead almost exclusively on business practice. Over these first years of the twenty-first century, the compensation of international assignees has undergone numerous changes, although there still lacks a holistic proposal that addresses all the challenges and difficulties present in this field (McNulty 2014; Caligiuri and Bonache 2016).
This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy: Grant Number: ECO2015-68343-R.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Grant (1991:112) states that a firm’s “crown jewels” are its “most important resources and capabilities […] which are durable, difficult to identify and understand, imperfectly transferable, not easily replicated, and in which the firm possesses clear ownership and control ”.
References
Adams, J. Stacy. 1963. Wage Inequities, Productivity and Work Quality. Industrial Relations 3 (1): 9–39.
———. 1965. Inequity in Social Exchange. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, ed. Leonard Berkowitz, 267–299. New York: Academic Press.
Adler, Nancy J. 1984. Expecting International Success: Female Managers Overseas. Columbia Journal of World Business 19 (3): 79–85.
Banai, Moshe, and Wes Harry. 2004. Boundaryless Global Careers: The International Itinerants. International Studies of Management and Organization 34 (3): 96–120.
Black, J. Stewart. 1988. Work Role Transitions: A Study of American Expatriate Managers in Japan. Journal of International Business Studies 19 (2): 277–294.
Black, J. Stewart, Hal B. Gregersen, and Mark E. Mendenhall. 1992. Toward a Theoretical Framework of Repatriation Adjustment. Journal of International Business Studies 23 (4): 737–760.
Black, J. Stewart, Hal B. Gregersen, Mark E. Mendenhall, and Linda K. Stroh. 1999. Globalizing People through International Assignment. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Bonache, Jaime. 2005. Job Satisfaction Among Expatriates, Repatriates and Domestic Employees: The Perceived Impact of International Assignments on Work-Related Variables. Personnel Review 34 (1): 110–124.
Bonache, Jaime, and Chris Brewster. 2001. Knowledge Transfer and the Management of Expatriation. Thunderbird International Business Review 43 (1): 145–168.
Bonache, Jaime, J.I. Sánchez, and Celia Zárraga-Oberty. 2009. The Interaction of Expatriate Pay Differential and Expatriate Inputs on Host Country Nationals’ Pay Unfairness. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 20 (10): 2135–2149.
Bonache, Jaime, and Luigi Stirpe. 2012. Compensating Global Employees. In Handbook of Research in International Human Resource Management, ed. Günter Stahl and Ingmar Bjökman, 162–182. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Bonache, Jaime, and Celia Zárraga-Oberty. 2016. The Traditional Approach to Compensating Global Mobility: Criticisms and Alternatives. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 28 (1): 1–21.
Brookfield Global Relocation Services. 2012. Global Relocation Trends Survey Report. Woodridge, IL: Brookfield Global Relocation Services.
———. 2015. Global Relocation Trends Survey Report. Woodridge, IL: Brookfield Global Relocation Services.
Brookfield Global Mobility Trends. 2016. Global Mobility Trends Survey. Woodridge, IL: Brookfield Global Relocation Services.
Caligiuri, Paula, and Jaime Bonache. 2016. Evolving and Enduring Challenges in Global Mobility. Journal of World Business 51 (1): 127–141.
Caligiuri, Paula, David Lepak, and Jaime Bonache. 2010. Managing the Global Workforce. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
Carrell, Michael R., and John E. Dittrich. 1978. Equity Theory: The Recent Literature, Methodological Considerations and New Directions. Academy of Management Review 3 (2): 202–210.
Cerdin, Jean-Luc, and Chris Brewster. 2014. Talent Management and Expatriation: Bridging Two Streams of Research and Practice. Journal of World Business 49 (2): 245–252.
Chen, Chao C., Jaepil Choi, and Shu-Cheng Chi. 2002. Making Justice Sense of Local-Expatriate Compensation Disparity: Mitigation by Local Referents, Ideological Explanations, and Interpersonal Sensitivity in China-Foreign Joint Ventures. Academy of Management Journal 45 (4): 807–817.
Collings, David G., and Kamel Mellahi. 2009. Strategic Talent Management: A Review and Research Agenda. Human Resource Management Review 19 (4): 304–313.
Collings, David G., Hugh Scullion, and Michael J. Morley. 2007. Changing Patterns of Global Staffing in the Multinational Enterprise: Challenges to the Conventional Expatriate Assignment and Emerging Alternatives. Journal of World Business 42 (2): 198–213.
Dickmann, Michael. 2017. The RES Forum Annual Report 2017: The New Normal of Global Mobility—Flexibility, Diversity & Data Mastery. RES Forum, Harmony Relocation Network and Equus Software, London.
Doherty, Noeleen, and Michael Dickmann. 2012. Measuring the Return on Investment in International Assignments: An Action Research Approach. International Journal of Human Resource Management 23 (16): 3434–3454.
Gomez-Mejia, Luis R., David B. Balkin, and Robert L. Cardy. 2006. Management: People, Performance, Change. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Grant, Robert M. 1991. The Resource-Based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formulation. California Management Review 33 (3): 114–135.
Harvey, Michael G. 1993. Empirical Evidence of Recurring International Compensation Problems. Journal of International Business Studies 24 (4): 785–799.
Herriot, Peter, and Carole Pemberton. 1995. Competitive Advantage through Diversity: Organizational Learning from Difference. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.
Herzberg, Frederick. 1968. One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? 46–57. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review.
Hodgetts, Richard, and Fred Luthans. 1997. Managing Organizational Culture and Diversity. International Management, McGraw-Hill.
Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. 1984. Choices, Values, and Frames. American Psychologist 39 (4): 341–350.
Leung, Kwok, Yongxin Zhu, and Cungen Ge. 2009. Compensation Disparity Between Locals and Expatriates: Moderating the Effects of Perceived Injustice in Foreign Multinationals in China. Journal of World Business 44 (1): 85–93.
McNulty, Yvonne. 2014. The Opportunity Costs of Local-Plus and Localization Approaches to Expatriate Compensation. In The Compensation Handbook, ed. Lance Berger and Dorothy Berger, 6th ed. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill Education.
Mercer. 2015. Worldwide Survey of International Assignment Policies and Practices. Geneva: Mercer.
Mowday, Richard T. 1991. Equity Theory Perceptions of Behavior in Organizations. In Motivation and Work Behavior, ed. Richard M. Steers and Lyman W. Porter, 111–131. New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers.
Nowak, Christian, and Christian Linder. 2016. Do You Know How Much Your Expatriate Costs? An Activity-Based Cost Analysis of Expatriation. Journal of Global Mobility 4 (1): 88–107.
O’Really, M. 1996. Expatriate Pay: The State of the Art. Compensation and Benefits Review 12 (1): 54–60.
Paik, Yongsun, K. Praveen Parboteeah, and Wonshul Shim. 2007. The Relationship between Perceived Compensation, Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction: The Case of Mexican Workers in the Korean Maquiladoras. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 18 (10): 1768–1781.
Phillips, Larry, and Mark A. Fox. 2003. Compensation Strategy in Transnational Corporations. Management Decision 41 (5): 465–476.
Reynolds, Calvin. 1997. Expatriate Compensation in Historical Perspective. Journal of World Business 32 (2): 118–132.
Reynolds, Calvin, and Rita Bennett. 1995. The Career Couple Challenge. Personnel Journal 74 (9): 1–4.
Selmer, Jan. 1999. Effects of Coping Strategies on Sociocultural and Psychological Adjustment of Western Expatriate Managers in the PRC. Journal of World Business 34 (1): 41–51.
Solomon, Robert C. 1995. A Passion for Justice: Emotions and the Origins of the Social Contract. Lanham, MA: Rowman and Littlefield.
Stahl, Günter K., Chei Hwee Chua, Paula Caligiuri, Jean-Luc Cerdin, and Mami Taniguchi. 2009. Predictors of Turnover Intentions in Learning-Driven and Demand-Driven International Assignments: The Role of Repatriation Concerns, Satisfaction with Company Support, and Perceived Career Advancement Opportunities. Human Resource Management 48 (1): 89–109.
Stanley, Phil. 2009. Local-Plus Packages for Expatriates in Asia: A Viable Alternative. International HR Journal 3: 9–11.
Tharenou, Phyllis. 2015. Chinese International Business Graduates: A Career Dilemma: Repatriate or Stay? Journal of Management and Organization 21 (1): 37–59.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Practical Case
This practical case is a wholly fictional work by the authors, for example, purposes only. The names are pseudonyms and do not refer to anyone.
Practical Case
Lena Schweizer, the HR manager of an MNC providing industrial services, is slightly concerned and somewhat confused, as she has long been exploring the possibility of moving away from the balance sheet approach to compensate international assignees . She now has to design the compensation package for a senior industrial engineer called Peter Becker. Peter has six years’ experience in the firm; he is 42 years old, married and has two children (aged 6 and 8 years, respectively). The company headquarters is in Alfa, but Peter is going to be posted to Beta. Beta is a country with a higher standard of living than Alfa, which is proven by a goods and services index of 139 points (i.e., the cost of living (G&S) in Beta is 39 per cent higher than in Alfa). Peter’s job in Alfa would be to provide engineering services, advice on industrial engineering activities and prepare reports reviewing production methods, equipment layout, and equipment and material utilization.
As mentioned, the company applies the balance sheet approach to calculate the compensation for an international assignment and, in particular, the home-country balance sheet approach. However, Lena is thinking about changing the system. The company’s competitors in the industry are starting to compensate according to the “local-plus” system. She therefore thinks that the time may have come to change.
In order to make an informed decision , Lena wants to know the figures in order to understand the real impact of the decision made.
You can help her by answering the following questions:
-
1.
Table 12.3 provides some data for the case of an assignee posted from Alfa to Beta. Complete this sheet by assuming that you are not paying any amount for a hardship allowance or any other premiums .
-
2.
If Lena, the HR Manager wants to use the “local-plus” approach:
-
(a)
What information does she need ?
-
(b)
What key decisions does she have to make?
-
(c)
What challenges , advantages and difficulties will she have to face if she finally opts for a different compensation system for Peter and newly appointed international assignees ?
-
(a)
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zárraga-Oberty, C., Bonache, J. (2018). Compensating Global Careerists. In: Dickmann, M., Suutari, V., Wurtz, O. (eds) The Management of Global Careers. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76529-7_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76529-7_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-76528-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-76529-7
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)