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Characterization of Collaborative Resolution in Recursive DNS Resolvers

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Passive and Active Measurement (PAM 2018)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNCCN,volume 10771))

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Abstract

Recursive resolvers in the Domain Name System play a critical role in not only DNS’ primary function of mapping hostnames to IP addresses but also in the load balancing and performance of many Internet systems. Prior art has observed the existence of complex recursive resolver structures where multiple recursive resolvers collaborate in a “pool”. Yet, we know little about the structure and behavior of pools. In this paper, we present a characterization and classification of resolver pools. We observe that pools are frequently disperse in IP space, and some are even disperse geographically. Many pools include dual-stack resolvers and we identify methods for associating the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. Further, the pools exhibit a wide range of behaviors from uniformly balancing load among the resolvers within the pool to proportional distributions per resolver.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    We identify resolvers by IP address and there may not be a one-to-one relationship between hardware and IP address. Regardless, our study reflects what authoritative nameservers observe.

  2. 2.

    We report the results from EdgeScape, but note that the ASNs matched exactly with what is reported by Team Cymru [8] and countries disagreed for only 166 IP addresses.

  3. 3.

    We manually verified that our example cases are approximately located where EdgeScape reports by using ping measurements from nearby landmark locations.

References

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA

    Rami Al-Dalky

  2. Akamai Technologies, Cambridge, USA

    Kyle Schomp

Authors
  1. Rami Al-Dalky
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  2. Kyle Schomp
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kyle Schomp .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, USA

    Robert Beverly

  2. Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Georgios Smaragdakis

  3. Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany

    Anja Feldmann

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Al-Dalky, R., Schomp, K. (2018). Characterization of Collaborative Resolution in Recursive DNS Resolvers. In: Beverly, R., Smaragdakis, G., Feldmann, A. (eds) Passive and Active Measurement. PAM 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 10771. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76481-8_11

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76481-8_11

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-76480-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-76481-8

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

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