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Hematologic and Lymphoid Neoplasia

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Serous Effusions

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Abstract

Primary lymphomas presenting in body cavities are rare. The WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms recognizes three disease entities, including primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation (DLBCL-CI), and breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (BI-ALCL). PEL is a human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)-positive lymphoproliferative disorder with plasmacytoid differentiation, often occurring in immune-compromised individuals or HIV patients. It primarily presents in the pleural cavity but may involve other cavities and extranodal sites. The differential diagnosis of PEL is the HHV8-negative effusion-based DLBCL affecting elderly, immune-competent patients with underlying conditions leading to fluid overload such as cirrhosis, cardiomyopathy, and protein-losing enteropathy. Pyothorax-associated lymphoma (PAL), described in tuberculosis patients with long-standing pyothorax, is the best characterized DLBCL-CI. It derives from EBV-transformed B-cells which are frequently positive for MYC amplification and TP53 mutations. PAL has become rare, but DLBCL-CI associated with chronic osteomyelitis and skin ulcers has been identified. BI-ALCL is a CD30-positive T-cell lymphoma occurring in women with breast implants. It usually presents as an encapsulated seroma fluid and seldom as a solid tumor. Unlike PEL and DLBCL-CI, BI-ALCL is an indolent disease with long-term survival upon surgery only. Other lymphomas, such as nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphomas, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, and extranodal marginal zone lymphoma, may occasionally manifest in body cavities. Secondary infiltration of the pleural cavity is a common complication of lymphoblastic lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma. In contrast, myeloid leukemic effusions are rare.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory Medicine Program, Hematopathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada

    Anne Tierens

  2. Laboratory Medicine Program, Cytopathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada

    William Geddie

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  1. Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital Oslo University Hospital , Oslo, Norway

    Ben Davidson

  2. Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Pinar Firat

  3. UH Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, UH Clevel and Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Claire W. Michael

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Tierens, A., Geddie, W. (2018). Hematologic and Lymphoid Neoplasia. In: Davidson, B., Firat, P., Michael, C. (eds) Serous Effusions. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76478-8_6

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