Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Entrepreneurship and Structural Change in Dynamic Territories pp 135–150Cite as

Differences in Gender: Does It Exist in Bumiputra Entrepreneurs?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 547 Accesses

Abstract

In recent decades, despite the acceleration of women participation and improvement in the economic, social, and political sphere which has heralded a new close-up to gender equality, yet the world scenario still leaves women at a less favourable position. Similarly, literature has indicated the weakness of female-owned enterprises in terms of performance and sustenance. Hence, this study intended to identify if there exists any statistically significant difference in Bumiputras’ entrepreneurial persistence by gender. Therefore, data from micro entrepreneurs in Terengganu was collected. Eventually, an independent t-test result revealed that no statistically significant difference in entrepreneurial persistence between male and female Bumiputras is found. Therefore, this finding asserted that Malaysia acknowledged as one of the fastest developing economies was determined in strengthening women entrepreneurship development. Equally, with a staggering number of the female population which is almost same as the male, Malaysia is tending towards a balanced society where females are allowed significant roles in the society.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Awang, Z. (2012). Research methodology and data analysis (2nd ed.). Selangor, Malaysia: Penerbit Universiti Teknologi MARA Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barba-Sánchez, V., & Atienza-Sahuquillo, C. (2012). Entrepreneurial behavior: Impact of motivation factors on decision to create a new venture. Investigaciones Europeas de Dirección y Economía de la Empresa, 18(2), 132–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bönte, W., & Jarosch, M. (2011). Gender differences in competitiveness, risk tolerance, and other personality traits: Do they contribute to the gender gap in entrepreneurship?. Schumpeter discussion papers 2011-012. Schumpeter School of Business and Economics, University of Wuppertal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulgarides, J. D. (1984). A comparison of male and female business managers. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 5(5), 27–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brush, C. G. (1992). Research on women business owners: Past trends, a new perspective and future directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(4), 5–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buang, N. A., & Yusof, Y. M. (2006). Motivating factors that influence class F contractors to become entrepreneurs. Journal of Education Malaysia, 31, 107–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, D. M. (1995). Psychological sex differences: Origins through sexual selection. American Psychologist, 50, 164–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carayannis, E. G., & Stewart, M. R. (2013). Obsessed maniacs and clairvoyant oracles: Empirically validated patterns of entrepreneurial behavior. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 2(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-5372-2-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carland, J. W., & Carland, J. A. (1992). Managers, small business owners and entrepreneurs: The cognitive dimension. Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 4(2), 55–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chell, E., & Baines, S. (1998). Does gender affect business performance? A study of microbusinesses in business services in the UK. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 10(2), 117–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, S., & Robb, A. (2012). Gender-based firm performance differences in the United States: Examining the roles of financial capital and motivations. In K. D. Hughes & J. E. Jennings (Eds.), Global women’s entrepreneurship research: Diverse settings, questions and approaches (pp. 75–94). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa, P., Jr., Terracciano, A., & RR, M. C. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(2), 322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Croson, R., & Gneezy, U. (2009). Gender differences in preferences. Journal of Economic Literature, 47, 448–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cross, S. E., & Markus, H. R. (1999). The cultural constitution of personality. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, 2, 378–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2016). Labour force survey report, Malaysia. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/pdfPrev&id=SGZCNnMrWW9ZTEdpYys4YW0yRlhoQT09

  • Díaz-García, M. C., & Jiménez-Moreno, J. (2010). Entrepreneurial intention: The role of gender. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(3), 261–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du Rietz, A., & Henrekson, M. (2000). Testing the female underperformance hypothesis. Small Business Economics, 14(1), 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573–598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairlie, R. W., & Robb, A. M. (2009). Gender differences in business performance: Evidence from the characteristics of business owners’ survey. Small Business Economics, 33, 375–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garba, A. S. (2011). Stumbling block for women entrepreneurship in Nigeria: How risk attitude and lack of capital mitigates their need for business expansion. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 36, 38–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatewood, E., Carter, N. M., Brush, C. G., Greene, P. G., & Hart, M. M. (2003). Women entrepreneurs, their ventures and the venture capital industry: An annotated bibliography. The Diana Project. Stockholm: ESBRI.

    Google Scholar 

  • GEM. (2012). Global entrepreneurship monitor, global report. Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA).

    Google Scholar 

  • GEM. (2017). Global entrepreneurship monitor, global report. Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goyal, P., & Yadav, V. (2014). To be or not to be a woman entrepreneur in a developing country. Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management, 2(2), 68–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haines, H., & Townsend, D. (2014). Self-doubt and entrepreneurial persistence: How founders of high-growth ventures overcome cognitive constraints on growth and persist with their ventures. In Entrepreneurial resourcefulness: Competing with constraints (pp. 95–124). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamzah, Z. I. (2012). What women want. Accessed April 11, 2016 from http://www.matrade.gov.my/ms/kenalimatrade/media/keratan-akhbar/news-clippings-2013/2657-what-women-want-29-december2012

  • Haus, I., Steinmetz, H., Isidor, R., & Kabst, R. (2013). Gender effects on entrepreneurial intention: A meta-analytical structural equation model. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 130–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, C., Foss, L., & Ahl, H. (2015). Gender and entrepreneurship research: A review of methodological approaches. International Small Business Journal, 34(3), 217–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hisrich, R. D., & Brush, C. G. (1983). The woman entrepreneur: Implications of family, educational, and occupational experience. In J. Hornaday, J. Timmons, & K. Vesper (Eds.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research (pp. 255–270). Wellesley, MA: Babson College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Cultural consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills: Stage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, K. D. (2005). Female enterprise in the new economy. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, K. D., Jennings, J. E., Brush, C., Carter, S., & Welter, F. (2012). Extending women’s entrepreneurship research in new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(3), 429–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail, M., Khalid, S. A., Othman, M., Rahman, N. A., Kassim, K. M., & Zain, R. S. (2009). Entrepreneurial intention among Malaysian undergraduates. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(10), 54–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, J. E., & Brush, C. G. (2013). Research on women entrepreneurs: challenges to (and from) the broader entrepreneurship literature? The Academy of Management Annals, 7(1), 663–715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalkan, M., & Kaygusuz, C. (2012). In: Thierry Burger-Helmchen (Ed.) The psychology of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship – born, made and educated. InTech. doi:https://doi.org/10.5772/37216. Accessed on May 17, 2017 from https://www.intechopen.com/books/entrepreneurship-born-made-and-educated/the-psychology-of-entrepreneurship

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Karimi, S., Biemans, H. J., Naderi Mahdei, K., Lans, T., Chizari, M., & Mulder, M. (2017). Testing the relationship between personality characteristics, contextual factors and entrepreneurial intentions in a developing country. International Journal of Psychology, 52(3), 227–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, D. J., Singer, S., & Herrington, M. (2011). The global entrepreneurship monitor, 2011 global report. Global Entrepreneurship Research Association, London Business School.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kepler, E., & Shane, S. (2007). Are male and female entrepreneurs really that different?. Office of Advocacy, US Small Business Administration.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klyver, K., Nielsen, S. L., & Evald, M. R. (2012). More gender equality, less women’s self-employment: A multi-country investigation. In K. Hughes & J. Jennings (Eds.), Global women’s entrepreneurship research: Diverse settings, questions and approaches (pp. 171–188). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labour Force Survey, Department of statistics, Malaysia. (2015). Table 7.2.1: Labour force participation rate by sex and age group, 2001–2015, Malaysia. http://mysidc.statistics.gov.my/index.php?lang=en#

  • Lynn, R., & Martin, T. (1997). Gender differences in extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism in 37 nations. The Journal of Social Psychology, 137(3), 369–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nair, S. R. (2016). Women entrepreneurship across nations: Opportunities and challenges. In N. Baporikar (Ed.), Handbook of research on entrepreneurship in the contemporary knowledge-based global economy (pp. 189–216). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Parvin, L., Rahman, M. W., & Jia, J. (2012). Determinates of women micro entrepreneurship development: An empirical investigation in rural Bangladesh. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(5), 254–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, P. C., & Thatcher, S. M. (2014). Sticking it out individual attributes and persistence in self-employment. Journal of Management, 40(7), 1932–1979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reimers-Hild, C. I. (2005). Locus of control, need for achievement and risk taking propensity: A framework for the “entrepreneurial” learner of the 21st century. University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Accessed October 11, 2017 from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dissertations/AAI3180813/

  • Roddin, R., Sidi, N., Yusof, Y., Mohamed, M., & Abdul Razaq, A. (2011). Poverty alleviation among single mothers in Malaysia: Building entrepreneurship capacity. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(17), 92–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosmah M (2010, October 26). Malaysian young women entrepreneurs forum, 2010. Accessed April 22, 2016 from http://www.pmo.gov.my/datinrosmah/?dsr=archivespeeches:subid=view&submission_id=27

  • Sabiu, I. T., Abdullah, A., & Amin, A. (2017). Impact of motivation and personality characteristics on Bumiputeras’ entrepreneurial persistence in Malaysia. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 22(2), 1750009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandberg, S. (2013). Lean in: Women, work, and the will to lead. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos, F. J., Roomi, M. A., & Liñán, F. (2016). About gender differences and the social environment in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(1), 49–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaver, K. G., & Scott, L. R. (1991). Person, process, choice: The psychology of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(2), 23–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stotsky, J. G., Shibuya, S., Kolovich, L., & Kebhaj, S. (2016). Trends in gender equality and women’s advancement. Unpublished Manuscript, International Monetary Fund.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teoh, W. M. Y., & Chong, S. C. (2014). Towards strengthening the development of women entrepreneurship in Malaysia. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 29(7), 432–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Zwan, P., Thurik, R., Verheul, I., & Hessels, J. (2016). Factors influencing the entrepreneurial engagement of opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs. Eurasian Business Review, 6(3), 273–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, J. (2007). What a difference a Y makes-female and male nascent entrepreneurs in Germany. Small Business Economics, 28(1), 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, B. (1990). Attribution in personality psychology. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 465–485). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wille, B., De Fruyt, F., & Feys, M. (2010). Vocational interests and big five traits as predictors of job instability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76(3), 547–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams JE, and Best DL (1990). Measuring sex stereotypes: A multination study (rev. ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: Implications for entrepreneurship Education. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 387–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav, V., & Unni, J. (2016). Women entrepreneurship: Research review and future directions. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 6, 12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahra, S. A., Jennings, D. F., & Kuratko, D. F. (1999). The antecedents and consequences of firm-level entrepreneurship: The state of the field. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 24(2), 45–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zamberi Ahmad, S., Roland Xavier, S., & Rahim Abu Bakar, A. (2014). Examining entrepreneurial intention through cognitive approach using Malaysia GEM Data. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 27(3), 449–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors express their gratitude to the Government of Kano State, Nigeria, under Governor Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso for the sponsorship.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak, Terengganu, Malaysia

    Ibrahim Tijjani Sabiu & Abdulaziz Abdullah

Authors
  1. Ibrahim Tijjani Sabiu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Abdulaziz Abdullah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Ciências Sociais e de Ge, Universidade Aberta, Lisbon, Portugal

    Luísa Cagica Carvalho

  2. Departamento de Economia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal

    Conceição Rego

  3. Departamento de Economia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal

    M.Raquel Lucas

  4. School of Economics and Business Administration, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain

    M. Isabel Sánchez-Hernández

  5. Departamento de Administração, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Adriana Backx Noronha

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sabiu, I.T., Abdullah, A. (2018). Differences in Gender: Does It Exist in Bumiputra Entrepreneurs?. In: Carvalho, L., Rego, C., Lucas, M., Sánchez-Hernández, M., Noronha, A. (eds) Entrepreneurship and Structural Change in Dynamic Territories. Studies on Entrepreneurship, Structural Change and Industrial Dynamics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76400-9_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation