Abstract
Mussolini managed to accumulate scores of enemies. He was moved by grievances against Great Britain over a host of historical setbacks in the colonial realm; he was envious of the USA, the home of the world’s plutocrats and false democracy; and he feared the USSR as the menacing bearer of Communism that rivaled his own creed. Finally, Mussolini was possessed by a love-hate relationship toward his fellow dictator Hitler and ideological ally Germany.
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Notes
- 1.
Dolfin, Con Mussolini nella tragedia, pp. 74–75.
- 2.
Ibid., p. 116.
- 3.
Ibid., pp. 214–15. In the OO, XXXII, there is a section “Note della ‘Corrispondenza Repubblicana.’” In a comment, the editor describes that the articles therein were official and anonymous, sometimes originating in the Ministry of Popular Culture and other times issuing from the pen of Mussolini himself. The above article, number 29, according to the editor, was written by him.
- 4.
Dolfin, Con Mussolini nella tragedia, p. 109.
- 5.
Ibid., pp. 235–36.
- 6.
Cited in Ibid., pp. 236–37.
- 7.
Pini and Susmel , Mussolini: l’uomo e l’opera, IV: 473.
- 8.
Dolfin, Con Mussolini nella tragedia, pp. 214–25.
- 9.
R.J.B Bosworth, Mussolini (London: Arnold, 2002), p. 20.
- 10.
Bellotti , La repubblica di Mussolini, pp. 203–05.
- 11.
Tamaro , Due anni di storia, 1943–1945, II: 425.
- 12.
Spencer Di Scala, “Resistance Mythology,” The Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 4:1 (Spring 1999), p. 71.
- 13.
Dolfin, Con Mussolini nella tragedia, p. 137.
- 14.
Zachariae , Mussolini si confessa, Kindle edition, locations 1208–1227.
- 15.
Ibid., location 1905.
- 16.
Ibid., locations 2445–2451.
- 17.
OO, XXXII: 306.
- 18.
Ibid., p. 311.
- 19.
Ibid., pp. 425–26.
- 20.
Ibid., pp. 308–39.
- 21.
The German figures can be found in Klinkhammer, Stragi naziste in Italia, p. 15. The number of Italian victims of Allied air raids are reported in Giuseppe Bonacina, Obiettivo Italia. I bombardamenti aerei della città italiane dal 1940–1945 (Milan: Mursia, 1970), p. 205; Chiarini, L’ultimo fascismo, p. 91. Overy, in The Bombing War, p. 546, hazards the estimate of 59,796 deaths from the bombing, and a further 27,762, of whom there were certainly bombing victims.
- 22.
OO, XXXII: 259.
- 23.
Cited in Fabei, I neri e i rossi, pp. 284–85.
- 24.
Ibid., p. 278.
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Burgwyn, H.J. (2018). Ringed by Enemies. In: Mussolini and the Salò Republic, 1943–1945. Italian and Italian American Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76189-3_14
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