Skip to main content

Future Challenges in Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Additive Manufacturing – Developments in Training and Education

Abstract

This chapter presents an overview of Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing (FGAM) that is a layer-by-layer fabrication technique which involves gradationally varying the material organisation within a component to meet an intended function. The use of FGAM offers designers and engineers a huge potential to produce variable-property structures by strategically controlling the density of substances and blending materials that could lead to an entirely new class of novel applications. However, we are currently constrained by the lack of comprehensive ‘materials-product-manufacturing’ knowledge, guidelines and standards for best practices. We are on the cusp of a paradigm shift and suitable methodologies need to be established to fully exploit and enable the true potential of FGAM on a commercial and economic scale. As FGAM technology matures, a multidisciplinary approach is needed to train the next generation of Additive Manufacturing experts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 49.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 64.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • 3D Systems Inc. (2015). Design guide. Retrieved February 4, 2018, from https://www.3dsystems.com/resources.

  • Birman, V., & Byrd, L. W. (2007). Modelling and analysis of functionally graded materials and structure. ASME Applied Mechanics Reviews, 60(5), 195–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bodaghi, M., Damanpack, A., & Liao, W. (2016). Self-expanding/shrinking structures by 4D Printing. Smart Material Structures, 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotteleer, M., & Joyce, J. (2014) 3D opportunity: Additive manufacturing paths to performance, innovation, and growth. Deloitte Review, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doubrovski, E. L., Verlinden, J. C., & Horvath, I. (2012) First steps towards collaboratively edited design for additive manufacturing knowledge. In Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium (pp. 891–901).

    Google Scholar 

  • Duann. (2014). Shapeways laynches SVX, a voxel based file format for 3D printing. Shapeways magazine, 3D printing news and innovation. Retrieved February 25, 2018, from https://www.shapeways.com/blog/archives/17972-shapeways-launches-svx-voxel-file-format-for-3d-printing.html.

  • Gausemeier, J., Echterhoff, N., Kokoschka, M., & Wall, M. (2011). Thinking ahead the future of additive manufacturing—analysis of promising industries. Retrieved February 12, 2018, from https://dmrc.uni-paderborn.de/fileadmin/dmrc/Download/data/DMRC_Stu-dien/DMRC_Study.pdf.

  • Grigoriadis, K. (2016). Mixed matters: The epistemology of designing with functionally graded materials. Retrieved February 26, 2018, from https://www.rca.ac.uk/students/kostas-grigoriadis-13281/.

  • Huang, Y., Leu, M.C., Mazumder, J., & Donmez, A. (2015). Additive manufacturing: Current state, future potential, gaps and needs, and recommendations. ASME. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 137(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Khumbar, N. N., & Mulay, A. V. (2016). Post processing methods used to improve surface finish of products which are manufactured by additive manufacturing technologies: A review. Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Series C, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni, P., Marsan, A., & Dutta, D. (2000). A review of process planning techniques in layered manufacturing. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 6(1), 18–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leist, S. K., & Zhou, J. (2016). Current status of 4D printing technology and the potential of light-reactive smart materials as 4D printable materials. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 11(4).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahamood, R. M, Akinlabi, E. T, IAENG, Shukla, M., & Pityana, S. (2012). Functionally graded material: An overview. In Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2012. Vol III WCE 2012, July 4–6, 2012. London, U.K.

    Google Scholar 

  • Momeni, F., Hassani, N., Liu, X., & Ni, J. (2017). A review of 4D printing. Materials & Design. 122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller, P., Hascoet, J. Y., & Mognol, P. (2012). Functionally graded material (FGM) parts: From design to the manufacturing simulation. In Proceedings of the ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis ESDA2012 July 2–4, 2012. Nantes, France. ESDA2012-82586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller, P., Hascoet, J. Y., & Mognol, P. (2014). Toolpaths for additive manufacturing of functionally graded materials (FGM) parts. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 20(6), 511–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Materialise, N. V. (2015). Design guides homepage. Retrieved February 4, 2018, from https://i.materialise.com/materials/design-guides.

  • Oxman, N. (2011). Variable property rapid prototyping. Virtual and Physical Prototyping 6:1, 3–31. 77 Mass. Ave., E14-433C, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapeways Materials Homepage. (2016). Retrieved February 4, 2018, from http://www.shapeways.com/materials.

  • Stratasys Ltd (2018). 3D printing resources. Retrieved February 4, 2018, from https://www.stratasysdirect.com/resources.

  • Tamas-Williams, S., & Todd, I. (2016). Design for additive manufacturing with site-specific properties in metals and alloys. Scripta Materialia (2016), 135 (2017), 105–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, M. K., Moroni, G., Vaneker, T., Fadel, G., Campbell, R. I., Gibson, I., et al. (2016). Design for additive manufacturing: Trends, opportunities, considerations, and constraints. CIRP Annals, 65(2), 737–760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tofial, S. A. M., Koumoulos, E. P., Bandyopadhyay, A., Bose, S., O’Donoghue, L., & Charitidis, C. (2017). Additive manufacturing: scientific and technological challenged, market uptake and opportunities. Materials Today, 21(1), 22–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaezi, M., Chianrabutra, S., Mellor, B., & Yang, S. (2013). Multiple material additive manufacturing—Part 1: A review. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 8(1), 19–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, B., Jaiswal, P., Rai, R., & Nelaturi, S. (2016). Additive manufacturing of functionally graded objects: A review. In Proceedings of the ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference IDETC/CIE 2016. August 21–24, 2016, Charlotte, North Carolina.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, C., Chen, Y., Yang, Z., & Khoshnevis, B. (2013). Digital material fabrication using mask image-projection-based stereolithography. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 19.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eujin Pei .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Pei, E., Loh, G.H. (2019). Future Challenges in Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing. In: Pei, E., Monzón, M., Bernard, A. (eds) Additive Manufacturing – Developments in Training and Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76084-1_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76084-1_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-76083-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-76084-1

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics