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Jews, Strangers and Foreigners

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Peasant Violence and Antisemitism in Early Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe

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Abstract

‘Jews, Strangers and Foreigners’ explores the second set of rumour mills, those that shaped the responses of the Romanian authorities to the crisis and as such it is an exploration of Romanian officials’ obsession with foreigners. Representatives of both the Conservative and Liberal governments, instead of confronting the actual economic, social and cultural causes of the uprising, preferred to ‘export’ the blame and pin it onto the handy construct of ‘the foreigner’. The chapter offers an analysis of the scapegoated Jewish community, of official fears regarding potential Russian and Bulgarian threats as well as the peasants’ animosity against ‘foreigners’. The misguided official responses to the agrarian crisis were instrumental in allowing the peasants’ simmering discontent to get out of hand.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Alfred Rieber, The Struggle for the Eurasian Borderlands: From the Rise of Early Modern Empires to the End of the First World War, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 318; Omer Bartov and Eric D. Weitz, Shatterzone of Empires: Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian, and Ottoman Borderlands, Indiana University Press, 2013.

  2. 2.

    A. Gerschenkron, ‘Russia: Patterns and Problems of Economic Development 1861–1958’, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. A Book of Essays, Frederick A. Praeger Publishers, New York, Washington, London, 1962, pp. 125–126, 131.

  3. 3.

    Keith Hitchins, Rumania 1866–1947, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994, p. 164.

  4. 4.

    John R. Lampe, ‘Varieties of Unsuccessful Industrialization: The Balkan States Before 1914’, The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 35, No. 1, (Mar., 1975), pp. 68, 69, 78, 79.

  5. 5.

    Murgescu, România și Europa. Acumularea decalajelor economice (1500–2010), pp. 144–145.

  6. 6.

    Hitchins, Rumania 1866–1947, pp. 167, 169.

  7. 7.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9637 Allgemeine Angelegenheiten Rumäniens, March–April 1888, Report no. 52, 10 April 1888, p. 3.

  8. 8.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9653, Rumänien Allgemeine Angelegenheiten April–December 1907, Report no. 59, 7 April 1907, pp. 4–5.

  9. 9.

    Sorin Cristescu (Ed.), Carol I. Corespondența personală (1878–1912), București, Triton, 2005, pp. 237–238.

  10. 10.

    Cristescu (Ed.), Carol I. Corespondența personală, pp. 243–244.

  11. 11.

    Cristescu (Ed.), Carol I. Corespondența personală, p. 435.

  12. 12.

    Documente, Vol. V, p. 345.

  13. 13.

    Documente, Vol. V, p. 349.

  14. 14.

    Documente, vol. 2, pp. 205, 215.

  15. 15.

    Enache Tușa, Imaginar politic and identități colective în Dobrogea , Editura Institutului de Științe Politice și Relații Internaționale, București, 2011, p. 170.

  16. 16.

    Andrew Janos, ‘Modernization and Decay in Historical Perspective: The Case of Romania’ in Kenneth Jowitt (Ed.), Social Change in Romania 1860–1940, Berkeley, California, 1978, p. 92.

  17. 17.

    Carol Iancu, Evreii din România (1866–1919). De la Excludere la Emancipare, Trans. C. Litman, Editura Hasefer, Bucharest, 1996, pp. 46–47.

  18. 18.

    Iancu, Evreii din România (1866–1919), pp. 58–65; p. 72.

  19. 19.

    Iancu, Evreii din România (1866–1919), p. 94.

  20. 20.

    Iancu, Evreii din România (1866–1919), p. 202.

  21. 21.

    Iancu, Evreii din România (1866–1919), p. 182.

  22. 22.

    Iancu, Evreii din România (1866–1919), p. 184.

  23. 23.

    HHStA (Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna), PA Rumaenien 1880, Karton 50, Judenfrage, Memoire sur la revision de l’Article 7 de la Constitution Roumaine, Paris 1879, pp. 12–13. Cf. Carol Iancu, Evreii din România, pp. 161–162.

  24. 24.

    Iancu, Evreii din România (1866–1919), p. 162.

  25. 25.

    HHStA, PA Rumaenien 1880, Karton 50, Judenfrage, Memoire sur la revision de l’Article 7 de la Constitution Roumaine, Paris 1879, pp. 14–15.

  26. 26.

    HHStA, PA Rumaenien 1878–1879, Karton 49, p. 13/verso (report no. 18 from Count Ladislaus von Hoyos to Count Andrassy, 21 January 1879).

  27. 27.

    HHStA, PA Rumaenien 1878–1879, Karton 49, pp. 72/verso, 73/recto (report no. 53 from Count Hoyos to Count Andrássy, 3 March 1879).

  28. 28.

    H. B. Oppenheim, Die Judenverfolgungen in Rumaenien, Berlin, Verlag von Georg Stilke, 1872, pp. 6 - Holocaust Museum – digitized material: Die Judische Gemeinde zu Breslau Sygn. 105/244.

  29. 29.

    H. B. Oppenheim, Die Judenverfolgungen in Rumaenien, Berlin, Verlag von Georg Stilke, 1872, pp. 7 – Holocaust Museum – digitized material: Die Judische Gemeinde zu Breslau Sygn. 105/244.

  30. 30.

    HHStA, PA Rumaenien 1880, Karton 50, Judenfrage, Memoire sur la revision de l’Article 7 de la Constitution Roumaine, Paris 1879, p. 19.

  31. 31.

    Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Opere Complete, Vol. 5, Editura Politică, București, 1978, Vol. 5, p. 168.

  32. 32.

    Iancu, Evreii din România (1866–1919), p. 218.

  33. 33.

    Iancu, Evreii din România (1866–1919), pp. 220–222.

  34. 34.

    Iancu, Evreii din România (1866–1919), p. 230.

  35. 35.

    Iancu, Evreii din România (1866–1919), pp. 227–228.

  36. 36.

    Iancu, Evreii din România (1866–1919), p. 233.

  37. 37.

    Iancu, Evreii din România (1866–1919), pp. 140–141.

  38. 38.

    Iancu, Evreii din România (1866–1919), p. 160: in 1853 of all the craftsmen and apprentices in Moldavia 16,037 were Jews and 8268 Romanians.

  39. 39.

    Documente, Vol. 2, p. 596.

  40. 40.

    Dimitrie Ionescu, Agrarverfassung Rumäniens. Ihre Geschichte und Ihre Reform, Leipzig, Verlag von Duncker & Humblot, 1909, p. 59.

  41. 41.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9652, Rumänien Allgemeine Angelegenheiten 1906–1907, Report no. 47, Bukarest, 25 March 1907, pp. 4–5.

  42. 42.

    G.D. Scraba, Starea socială a săteanului. După ancheta privitoare anului 1905, îndeplinită cu ocaziunea expozițiunii generale române din 1906 de către secțiunea de economie socială, Institutul de arte grafice Carol Göbl, București, 1907, pp. 78–79; Ionescu, Agrarverfassung Rumäniens, pp. 52, 59, 64, 67–68.

  43. 43.

    Ionescu, Agrarverfassung Rumäniens, p. 64.

  44. 44.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9637 Allgemeine Angelegenheiten Rumäniens, Report no. 62, 22 April 1888, p. 5.

  45. 45.

    Charles Pherekyde was one of the great landowners in Wallachia, where the worst of the uprising took place. See also R. W. Seton-Watson, A History of the Roumanians, CUP, 1934, p. 387.

  46. 46.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9652, Rumänien Allgemeine Angelegenheiten 1906–1907, Report no. 44, Bucharest, 23 March 1907, pp. 7–8.

  47. 47.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9652, Rumänien Allgemeine Angelegenheiten 1906–1907, Report no. 186, Sinaia, 2 October 1906, pp. 14–15.

  48. 48.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9653, Rumänien Allgemeine Angelegenheiten April–December 1907, Report no. 51, Bucharest, 28 March 1907, pp. 6–7.

  49. 49.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9653, Rumänien Allgemeine Angelegenheiten April–December 1907, Report no. 147, Bucharest, 3 December 1907, pp. 5–6.

  50. 50.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9652, Rumänien Allgemeine Angelegenheiten 1906–1907, Report from Bucharest, 20 March 1907, p. 5 recto and verso.

  51. 51.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9677, Die Finanzen Rumäniens 1905–1908, Report no. 13, 9 Januarz 1906, p. 3.

  52. 52.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9677, Die Finanzen Rumäniens 1905–1908, Report no. 13, 9 Januarz 1906, p. 2; Report no. 189, Sinaia 4 October 1906, p. 2; Newspaper cutting Finanz Chronik, 8 September 1906.

  53. 53.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9653, Rumänien Allgemeine Angelegenheiten April–December 1907, Report no. 51, Bucharest, 28 March 1907, p. 5.

  54. 54.

    Joseph Rothschild, East Central Europe between the Two World Wars, University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 1998, p. 322.

  55. 55.

    Ionescu, Agrarverfassung, p. 56.

  56. 56.

    Excerpt from Adevărul quoted in Pester Lloyd, 23 March 1907, p. 3.

  57. 57.

    Joel Cang, ‘The Opposition Parties in Poland and Their Attitude towards the Jews and the Jewish Problem’, Jewish Social Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Apr., 1939), pp. 247–248. Many thanks are due to Dr. Sarah Cramsey for suggesting this reference to me.

  58. 58.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9730: Rumänien Acta betreffend die Verhältnisse in der Dobrudscha, Report from St Petersburg, 29 July 1898.

  59. 59.

    Sorin Cristescu (Ed.), Carol I. Corespondența personală, p. 431.

  60. 60.

    Cristescu (Ed.), Carol I. Corespondența personală, p. 237.

  61. 61.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9637: Allgemeine Angelegenheiten Rumäniens March–April 1888, Report no. 60, 20 April 1888, p. 5.

  62. 62.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9821 Beziehungen Rumäniens zu Russland 1889–1919, Report no. 100, Bucharest, 4 May 1889.

  63. 63.

    Patrick J. Bourne, ‘Sir Frank Lascelles : a diplomat of the Victorian empire, 1841–1920’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leeds, 2010, p. 126: quote from A. Hardinge to White, 13 May 1890, FO 364/1.

  64. 64.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9818 Beziehungen Rumäniens zu Rußland 1906–1914, Report no. 167, Sinaia 11 July 1906, p. 5; Report no. 191, Sinaia, 4 October 1906, p. 2. See also R 9652: Rumänien Allgemeine Angelegenheiten 1906–1907, Report no. 5, Bucharest, 2 January 1906, p. 8.

  65. 65.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9652: Rumänien Allgemeine Angelegenheiten 1906–1907, Report no. 5, Bucharest, 2 January 1906, pp. 1, 5, 6.

  66. 66.

    Documente, vol. 2, pp. 186, 690, 745.

  67. 67.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9652: Rumänien Allgemeine Angelegenheiten 1906–1907, Report no. 19, Bucharest, 21 February 1907, p. 3.

  68. 68.

    N.V. Leonescu, Anul 1907. Răscoala țăranilor, Atelierele grafice “Lumina Moldovei”, Iași, 1924, pp. 31–32.

  69. 69.

    Leonescu , Anul 1907, pp. 32.

  70. 70.

    Leonescu, Anul 1907, pp. 32.

  71. 71.

    Documente, vol. 3, pp. 141, 251.

  72. 72.

    Documente, vol. 2, p. 356.

  73. 73.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9653, Rumänien Allgemeine Angelegenheiten April–December 1907, Report no. 59, 7 April 1907, pp. 2–3.

  74. 74.

    ANR, Arhiva CC al PCR, Fond 59/6066, pp. 66–67.

  75. 75.

    ANR, Arhiva CC al PCR, Fond 50/6065, Dosar Prefectura Județului Vâlcea. Anul 1907. Corespondența relativă la Potemchiniștii din Rusia, pp. 3–5.

  76. 76.

    ANR, Arhiva CC al PCR, Fond 59/6066, p. 17.

  77. 77.

    ANR, Arhiva CC al PCR, Fond 50/6067, pp. 51, 55, 66, 70, 81; Fond 59/6066, pp. 129–154.

  78. 78.

    MOL (Magyar Országos Levéltár), K 26 Miniszterelnök, Letter from Aehrenthal to Hungarian Prime Minister Wekerle, 9 April 1907.

  79. 79.

    Documente, vol. 2, pp. 118, 336–347; vol. 3, pp. 582–585.

  80. 80.

    Documente, vol. 3, p. 582.

  81. 81.

    Documente, vol. 4, p. 58, 66, 500.

  82. 82.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9653, Rumänien Allgemeine Angelegenheiten April–December 1907, Report no. 59, 7 April 1907, p. 1.

  83. 83.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9652 Rumänien Allgemeine Angelegenheiten 1906–1907, Report no. 40, Bucharest, 20 March 1907, pp. 13–14.

  84. 84.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9730: Rumänien Acta betreffend die Verhältnisse in der Dobrudscha, Report no. 39, Bucharest, 18 March 1907, p. 16.

  85. 85.

    Documente, vol. 3, p. 576.

  86. 86.

    Documente, vol. 3, pp. 394, 396, 468, 469, 470; Vol. 2, p. 132; Vol. 4, pp. 193, 380, 407, 408.

  87. 87.

    Documente, vol. 3, p. 396.

  88. 88.

    Documente, vol. 3, p. 222.

  89. 89.

    Scraba, Starea socială a săteanului, p. 190.

  90. 90.

    Constantin Dobrogeanu–Gherea, Neoiobăgia. Studiu economico-sociologic al problemei noastre agrare, Editura Librăriei Socec et comp, 1910, p. 149.

  91. 91.

    PAAA, Berlin, R 9653, Rumänien Allgemeine Angelegenheiten April–December 1907, Report no. 59, 7 April 1907, pp. 3–6, 12.

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  1. Augsburg University, Augsburg, Germany

    Irina Marin

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Marin, I. (2018). Jews, Strangers and Foreigners. In: Peasant Violence and Antisemitism in Early Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76069-8_3

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