Skip to main content

Media Representations of ADHD

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover The Discourse of ADHD

Part of the book series: The Language of Mental Health ((TLMH))

Abstract

In this chapter, Mary Horton-Salway reviews the role of media discourse in representing ADHD as a controversy and maps out some relevant research on ADHD in the media. The chapter discusses how the media frame the ADHD debate as a polemic, how representations of ADHD are produced and how they are gendered to produce stereotypes. The public engage with this material as both consumers and through feedback loops as producers of discourse on ADHD. Of particular interest is the increase in public consumption of science knowledge and healthcare information via print, audio-visual and digital media. From this mass of information, how can the public tell what is accurate? This is discussed in relation to the ‘newsworthiness’ of stories, the reporting of ‘breakthrough science’ and the decline in the authority of science and medicine.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Armon, R. (2015). Expert positions and scientific contexts: Storying research in the news media. Discourse and Communication, 10(1), 3–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barthes, R. (1972). Mythologies. London: Paladin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum, L. (2007). Mother-blame in the Prozac nation: Raising kids with invisible disabilities. Gender and Society, 21(2), 202–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdaa, M., Konsman, J. P., Sécail, C., Venturini, T., Veyrat-Masson, I., & Gonon, F. (2015). Does television reflect the evaluation of scientific knowledge? The case of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder coverage on French television. Public Understanding of Science, 24(2), 200–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1979). Symbolic power. Critique of Anthropology, 4, 77–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bussing, R., Zima, B. T., Mason, D. M., Meyer, J. M., White, K., & Garvan, C. W. (2012). ADHD knowledge, perceptions, and information sources: Perspectives from a community sample of adolescents and their parents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(6), 593–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.03.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carabine, J. (2001). Unmarried motherhood 1830–1990: A genealogical analysis. In M. Wetherell, S. Taylor, & S. Yates (Eds.), Discourse as Data: A Guide for Analysis (pp. 267–310). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J. N. (2011). Magazine portrayal of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD): A post-modern epidemic in a post-trust society. Health, Risk and Society, 13(7–8), 621–636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colley, B. (2010). ADHD, science and the common man. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 15(2), 83–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, P. (1975). The discovery of hyperkinesis: Notes on the medicalisation of deviant behaviour. Social Problems, 23, 12–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, P. (2006). From hyperactive children to ADHD adults: Observations on the expansion of medical categories. Identifying Hyperactive Children: The Medicalisation of Deviant Behaviour (Expanded edition, pp. 101–126). Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, P., & Bergey, M. R. (2014). The impending globilization of ADHD: Notes on the expansion and growth of a medicalized disorder. Social Science and Medicine, 122, 31–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, P., & Potter, D. (2000). From hyperactive children to ADHD adults: Observations on the expansion of medical categories. Social Problems, 47(4), 559–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danforth, S., & Navarro, V. (2001). Hyper talk: Sampling the social construction of ADHD in everyday language. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 32(2), 167–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. (2014). It’s a problem with the brain: A discursive analysis of parents’ constructions of ADHD (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis), The Open University, Milton Keynes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felt, U. (2015). Sociotechnical imaginaries of “the internet”, digital health information and the making of citizen-patients. In S. Hilgartner, C. Miller, & R. Hagendijk (Eds.), Science and Democracy: Making Knowledge and Making Power in the Biosciences and Beyond (pp. 176–197). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleischmann, A., & Miller, E. C. (2013). Online narratives by adults with ADHD who were diagnosed in adulthood. Learning Disability Quarterly, 36(1), 47–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foroushani, P. S. (2008). The internet: A place for different voices in health and medicine? A case study of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mental Health Review Journal, 13(1), 33–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furnham, A., & Sarwar, T. (2011). Beliefs about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 24(4), 301–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldacre, B. (2009). Bad Science. London: Fourth Estate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonon, F., Bezard, E., & Boraud, T. (2011). Misrepresentation of neuroscience data might give rise misleading conclusions in the media: The case of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. PLoS One, 6(1), e14618. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014618.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gray Brunton, C., McVittie, C., Ellison, M., & Willock, J. (2014). Negotiating parental accountability in the face of uncertainty for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Qualitative Health Research, 24(2), 242–253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman, K. L. (2008). The rhetorical myth of the athlete as a moral hero: The implications of steroids in sport and the threatened myth (Ph.D. thesis, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartman, D., & Zimberoff, D. (2009). The hero’s journey of self-transformation: Models of higher development from mythology. Journal of Heart Centered Therapies, 12(2), 3(91).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harwood, V., Jones, S., Bonney, A., & McMahon, S. (2017). Heroic struggles, criminals and scientific breakthroughs: ADHD and the medicalization of child behaviour in Australian newsprint media 1999–2009. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 12, 1298262. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2017.1298262.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Horton-Salway, M. (1998). Mind and body in the discursive construction of ME: A struggle for authorship of an illness (Doctoral Thesis, Loughborough University).

    Google Scholar 

  • Horton-Salway, M. (2001). Narrative identities and the management of personal accountability in talk about ME: A discursive approach to illness narrative. Journal of Health Psychology, 6(2), 261–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horton-Salway, M. (2011). Repertoires of ADHD in UK newspaper media. Health (London), 15(5), 533–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horton-Salway, M. (2012). Gendering attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A discursive analysis of UK newspaper stories. Journal of Health Psychology, 18(8), 1085–1099. Published online before print 1 October 2012. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105312456326.

  • Jones, S. C., & Harwood, V. (2009). Representations of autism in Australian print media. Disability & Society, 24(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590802535345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Justman, S. (2015). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Diagnosis and stereotypy. Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 17(2), 135–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kata, A. (2010). A postmodern Pandora’s box: Anti-vaccination misinformation on the internet. Vaccine, 28, 1709–1716.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klapp, O. E. (1962). Heroes, Villains, and Fools. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klapp, O. E. (1964). Symbolic Leaders: Public Dramas and Public Men. Chicago: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leo, J., & Lacasse, J. (2015). The New York Times and the ADHD epidemic. Society, 52, 38. Springer Science: Business Media New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levant, R. F. (2011, November). Research in the psychology of men and masculinity using the gender role strain paradigm as a framework. American Psychologist, 66(8), 765–776.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, G., & Norris, C. (1999). Including ADHD? Disability and Society, 14(4), 505–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malacrida, C. (2002). Alternative therapies and attention deficit disorder: Discourses of maternal responsibility and risk. Gender & Society, 16, 366–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, J. D., Fettes, D. L., Jensen, P. S., Pescosolido, B. A., & Martin, J. K. (2007, May). Public knowledge, beliefs and treatment preferences concerning attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatric Services, https://Psychiatryonline.org , 58(5), 626–631.

  • National Institute of Clinical Excellence. (2009). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Available at http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG72 (Accessed 14 September 2017).

  • Norris, C., & Lloyd, G. (2000). Parents, professionals and ADHD: What the papers say. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 15(2), 123–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Dell, L. & Brownlow, C. (2015). Normative development and the autistic child. In M. O’Reilly & J. N. Lester (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Child Mental Health (pp. 296–309). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Dell, L., Stenner, P., Horton-Salway, M., & Davies, A. (2016). Narratives of ADHD: A qualitative study of women’s narrative accounts of living with ADHD. End of project report to the British Academy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olstead, R. (2002). Contesting the text: Canadian media depictions of the conflation of mental illness and criminality. Sociology of Health & Illness, 4(5), 621–643.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Partridge, B. J., Bell, S. K., Lucke, J. C., Yeates, S., & Hall, W. D. (2011). Smart drugs “as common as coffee”: Media hype about neuroenhancement. PLoS One, 6(11), e28416.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, D. P., Kanter, E. J., & Bednarczyk, B. (1991). Importance of the lay press in the transmission of medical knowledge to the scientific community. The New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 1180–1183.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pomerantz, A. (1986). Extreme case formulations: A way of legitimising claims. Human Studies, 9, 219–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ponnou, S., & Gonon, F. (2017). How French media have portrayed ADHD to the lay public and to social workers. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 12(Suppl. 1), 1298244. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2017.1298244.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rafalovich, A. (2005). Exploring clinician uncertainty in the diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sociology of Health Illness, 27(3), 305–323.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ray, L., & Hinnant, A. (2009). Media representation of mental disorders: A study of ADD and ADHD coverage in magazines from 1985 to 2008. Journal of Magazine & New Media Research, 11(1), 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricoeur, P. (1967). The Symbolism of Evil. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, J., Walkham, E. J., Bevan, M. D., & Newby, D. A. (2013). Medicines and the media: News reports of medicines recommended for government reimbursement in Australia. BMC Public Health, 13, 489.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, T. L. (2010, January 1). Resisting negative images and stereotypes: One Latina prospective teacher’s story. Brock Education: A Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 19(2), 1183–1189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seale, C. (2003). Health and media: An overview. Sociology of Health & Illness, 25(6), 513–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz, M. F., Filippone, P., & Edelman, E. M. (2003). Social representations of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 1988–1997. Culture & Psychology, 9(4), 383–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheriff, M., & Weatherall, A. (2009). A feminist discourse analysis of popular-press accounts of postmodernity. Feminism & Psychology, 19, 89–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sternadori, M. (2014). The witch and the warrior. Feminist Media Studies, 14(2), 301–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sunderland, J. (2006). ‘Parenting’ or ‘mothering’? The case of modern childcare magazines. Discourse & Society, 17(4), 503–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • The Economist. (2012, September 22). Journalistic Deficit Disorder: Reporting Science, 404, 90–92. The Economist Intelligence Unit, N.A. Incorporated (London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Timimi, S. (2005). Naughty Boys: Anti-social Behaviour, ADHD and the Role of Culture. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, J. (2001). Disabled discourse: Hearing accounts of deafness constructed through Japanese television and film. Disability and Society, 16(5), 707–727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L. J., et al. (2016). Impact of negative media publicity on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication in Taiwan. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 25, 45–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, D. (2007). Thoughts on agenda setting, framing, and priming. Journal of Communication, 57, 142–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitt, D., & Perlich, J. (Eds.). (2014). Myth and the Modern World: Essays on the Intersection with Ideology and Culture. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winter, H., Moncrieff, J., & Speed, E. (2015). “Because you’re worth it”: A discourse analysis of the gendered rhetoric of the ADHD woman. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 12(4), 415–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wynne, L. C., Sheilds, C. G., & Sirkin, M. I. (1992). Illness, family theory, and family therapy: I. Conceptual issues. Family Process, 31, 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1992.00003.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhongdang, P., & Kosicki, G. (1993). Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political Communication, 10(1), 55–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mary Horton-Salway .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Horton-Salway, M., Davies, A. (2018). Media Representations of ADHD. In: The Discourse of ADHD. The Language of Mental Health. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76026-1_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics