Advertisement

Behavioral and Technological Adaptation

  • W. Jon Williams
Chapter
First Online:
Part of the SpringerBriefs in Medical Earth Sciences book series (BRIEFSMEEASC)

Abstract

Maintaining a euhydrated state is critical for normal biochemical and physiological function. Hydration is normally a dynamic process of the constant loss of water from the body (insensible as well as dynamic water loss from sweating) being replaced through drinking, eating, and the metabolism of food. Significant water loss from sweating during exercise must be replaced to avoid heat and other related injuries. Monitoring of physiological processes has occurred from ancient times but has become sophisticated in the last 100 years. Wearable wireless monitoring has been developed allowing the wearer to determine their physiological status under a variety of conditions (exercise, environmental). Monitoring may help avoid injury that may occur when physiological limits are exceeded (e.g., heat stroke). In addition to physiological monitoring, wearable cooling technologies have been developed which limit the effects of environment on the physiological burden of the environment reducing the risk of heat injury to workers.

Keywords

Hydration Exercise Heat stress Metabolism Wireless physiological monitoring Cooling technologies 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. 1.
    Parsons KC (2003) Human thermalenvironments: the effects of hot, moderate, and cold environments on human health, comfort, and performance, 2nd edn. Taylor and Francis, LondonGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Koeppen BM, Stanton BA (2010) Homeostasis of body fluids. In: Koeppen BM, Stanton BA (eds) Physiology, 6th edn. Mosby Elsivier, Phildelphia, pp 20–33Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    McArdle WD, McArdle FI, Katch VL (2010) Exercise performance and environmental stress. In: McArdle WD, McArdle FI, Katch VL (eds) Exercise physiology: nutrition, energy, and human performance, 7th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 587–720Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Taylor NAS, Kondo N, Kenny WL (2008) The physiology of acute heat exposure, with implications for human performance in the heat. In: Taylor NAS, Groeller H (eds) Physiological bases of human performance during work and exercise, 1st edn. Elsevier, Edinburgh, pp 341–350Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    Montain SJ, Cheuvront SN (2008) Fluid, electrolyte and carbohydrate requirements for exercise. In: Taylor NAS, Groeller H (eds) Physiological bases for human performance during work and exercise. Churchhill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh, pp 563–576Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Greenleaf JE, Harrison MH (1986) Water and electrolytes. ACS Symp Ser 294:107–124CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Williams WJ, Schneider SM, Stuart CA, Gretebeck RJ, Lane HW, Whitson PA (2003) Effect of dietary sodium and fluid/electrolyte regulation in humans during bed rest. Aviat Space Environ Med 74(1):37–46Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Jackson EK (2006) Renin and angiotensin. In: Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL (eds) Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacologic basis of therapeutics, 11th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 789–822Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    Levinsky NG (1983) Fluids and electrolytes. In: Petersdorf RG, Adams RD, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KR, Martin JB, Wilson JD (eds) Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 220–230Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    Berger I (2017) Oral versus intravenous hypertonic saline for exercise-associated hyponatraemia. J Paediatr Child Health 53(5):507–509CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Montain SJ, Cheuvront SN, Sawka MN (2006) Exercise associated hyponatraemia: quantitative analysis to understand the aetiology. Br J Sports Med 40(2):98–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Rosner MH, Kirven J (2007) Exercise-associated hyponatremia. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2(1):151–161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Almond CS, Shin AY, Fortescue EB, Mannix RC, Wypij D, Binstadt BA et al (2005) Hyponatremia among runners in the Boston Marathon. N Engl J Med 352(15):1550–1556CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Roberge R, Gernsheimer J, Sparano R, Tartakoff R, Morgenstern MJ, Rubin K et al (1984) Psycogenic polydipsia – an unusual cause of hyponatremia coma and seizure. Ann Emerg Med 13(4):274–276CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Sailer CO, Winzeler B, Nigro N, Suter-Widmer I, Arici B, Bally M et al (2017) Characteristics and outcomes of patients with profound hyponatraemia due to primary polydipsia. Clin Endocrinol 87(5):492–499CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Granger D, Marsolais M, Burry J, Laprade R (2003) Na+/H+ exchangers in the human eccrine sweat duct. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 285:C1047–C1058CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Gisolfi CV, Spranger KJ, Summers RW, Schedl HP, Bleiler TL (1991) Effects of cycle exercise on intestinal absorption in humans. J Appl Physiol 1985 71(6):2518–2527CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Linseman ME, Palmer MS, Sprenger HM, Spriet LL (2014) Maintaining hydration with a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution improves performance, thermoregulation, and fatigue during an ice hockey scrimmage. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 39(11):1214–1221CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Valentino TR, Stuempfle KJ, Kern M, Hoffman MD (2016) The influence of hydration state on thermoregulation during a 161-km ultramarathon. Res Sports Med 24(3):212–221CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Åstrand P-O, Rodale K, Dahl HA, Strømme (2003) In: Åstrand P-O, Rodale K, Dahl HA, Strømme (eds) Textbook of work physiology: the physiological basis of exercise, Fourth edn. Human Kinetics, Champaign, ILGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Armstrong LE, Hubbard RW, Jones BH (1986) Preparing Alberto Salazar for the heat of the 1984 Olympic games. Phys Sportsmed 14:73–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Yaqub B, Al Deeb S (1998) Heat strokes: aetiopathogenesis, neurological characteristics, treatment and outcome. J Neurol Sci 156:144–151CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Kern MJ, King SB III (2011) Cardiac catheterization, cardiac angiography, and coronary blood flow and pressure measurments. In: Fuster V, Walsh RA, Harrington RA (eds) Hurst’s the heart. McGraw Hill Medical, New York, pp 490–538Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    Tucker LE, Standord J, Graves B, Swetnam J, Hamburger S, Anwar A (1986) Classical heat stroke: clinical and laboratory assessment. South Med J 78(1):20–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2012) The citric acid cycle. In: Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (eds) Biochemistry, Seventh edn. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, pp 497–523Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    Gisolfi CV (2000) Is the GI system built for exercise? News Physiol Sci 15:114–119Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    Werner J, Medjavic IB, Taylor NAS (2008) Concepts in physiological regulation: a thermoregulatory perspective. In: Taylor NAS, Groeller H (eds) Physiological basis of human performance during work and exercise. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Edinburgh, pp 325–340Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    Machado-Moreira C, Taylor NAS (2017) Thermogenic and psychogenic recruitment of human eccrine sweat glands: variation between glabrous and non-glabrous skin surfaces. J Therm Biol 65:145–152CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Knip AS (1975) Acclimatization and maximum number of functioning sweat glands in Hindu and Dutch female and males. Ann Hum Biol 2(3):261–277CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    NIOSH (2016) NIOSH criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to heat and hot environments. By Jacklitsch B, Williams WJ, Musolin K, Coca A, Kim J-H, Turner N. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication 2016–2106Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    Kim JH, Coca A, Williams WJ, Roberge RJ (2011) Effects of liquid cooling garments on recovery and performance time in individuals performing strenuous work wearing a firefighter ensemble. J Occup Environ Hyg 8(7):409–416CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Kim J-H, Coca A, Williams WJ, Roberge RJ (2011) Subjective perceptions and ergonomic evaluation of a liquid cooled garment worn under protective clothing during intermittent treadmill exercise. Ergonomics 54(7):626–635CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Chacko PSE, Seifi A, Diller KR (2017) A human thermoregulation simulator for calibrating water-perfused cooling pad systems for therapeutic hypothermia. J Med Sci 11.  https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4037054
  34. 34.
    Mahmood I, Raza A (2017) Therapeutic equipment for brain-hyperthermia using convective spray cooling. J Med Sci 11.  https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4036652
  35. 35.
    Aljaroudi AM, Bhattacharya A, Strauch A, Quinn T, Williams WJ (2017) Utilization of active cooling on postural balance while wearing firefighter’s ensemble in warm humid environment. Presented at the International Society for Postural and Gait Research (ISPGR) Conference, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 25–29 June 2017Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    Bishop PA, Lee SMC, Conza NE, Clapp L, Moore AD, Williams WJ et al (1999) Carbon dioxide accumulation, walking performance, and metabolic cost of the NASA launch and entry suit. Aviat Space Environ Med 70(7):656–665Google Scholar
  37. 37.
    Lee SMC, Bishop PA, Schneider SM, Clapp LL, Williams WJ, Greenisen MC (2001) Simulated shuttle egress: role of helmet visor position during approach and landing. Aviat Space Environ Med 72:484–489Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    Srinivas G, Fredrickson J, Gebhard S, Copeland B, Galloway D, Williams WJ, et al (2014) Cooling Device for Hazmat Suits. Presented at the Annual Society for Respiratory Protection Society Conference, Prague, Czechoslovakia, 21–25 Sept 2014Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    Malik R, Williams WJ, Alvarez N, Shanov V (2014) Aligned Carbon Nanotube sheets for faster heat dissipation in Firefighter garment. 2014–15 PRP Symposium, University of Cincinnati, 10 Oct 2014Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    Ghasemzadeh N, Zafari AM (2011) A brief journey into the history of the arterial pulse. Cardiol Res Pract 164832:1–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Wright WF (2016) Early evolution of the thermometer and application to clinical medicine. J Therm Biol 56:18–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Pearce JMS (2002) A brief history of the clinical thermometer. Q J Med 95:251–252CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Hales S (1733) In: Innys W, Manby R (eds) Statical essays: containing Haemostatics, vol 18. Janus, London, pp 333–340. 1913Google Scholar
  44. 44.
    Booth J (1977) A short history of blood pressure measurement. Proc R Soc Med 70:793–799Google Scholar
  45. 45.
    Marey EJ (1876) Des variations électriques des muscles et du coeur en particulier, étudiés ua moyen de l’électrometre de > Lippmann. CR Acad Sci Paris 82:975Google Scholar
  46. 46.
    Waller AD (1889) On the electromotive changes connected with the beat of the mammalian heart, and of the human heart in particular. Phil Trans B 180:169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Einthoven W (1903) Die galvanometrische Registertritrun des mmenshlichen Elektrokardiogramms, zugleich eine Beurtheilung der Anwendung des Capilar-Elektrometers in der Physiologie. Pflügers Arch ges Physiol 99:472CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Lee SMC, Williams WJ, Fortney-Schneider S (2000) Core temperature measurement during supine exercise: esophageal, rectal, and intestinal temperatures. Aviat Space Environ Med 71(9):939–945Google Scholar
  49. 49.
    Wickwire PJ, Buresch RJ, Tis LL, Collins MA, Jacobs RD, Bell MM (2012) Comparison of an in-helmet temperature monitor system to rectal temperature during exercise. J Strength Cond Res 26(1):1–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Kim J-H, Roberge RJ, Shafer A, Powell JB, Williams WJ (2013) Measurement accuracy of heart rate and respiratory rate during graded exercise and sustained exercise in the heat using the Zephyr BioHarness™. Int J Sports Med 34:497–501Google Scholar
  51. 51.
    Coca A, Roberge RJ, Williams WJ, Landsittel DP, Powell JB, Palmiero A (2010) Physiological monitoring in firefighter ensembles: wearable plethysmographic sensor vest versus standard equipment. J Occup Environ Hyg 7(2):109–114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Vanveerdeghem P, Van Torre P, Stevens C, Knockaert J, Rogier H (2014) Synchronous wearable wireless body sensor network composed of autonomous textile nodes. Sensors 14:1858–18610CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Edirisinghe R, Jadhav A. (2017) Is the smart safety vest a brutal innovation? Evaluation of microclimate performance using a thermal manikin. In: Chan PW and Neilson CJ (eds) Proceedings of 33rd Annual ARCOM Conference. University of Manchester Press, Manchester UK 2017: pp. 734–744Google Scholar

Copyright information

© The Author(s) 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Center for Disease Control and Protection (CDC)PittsburghUSA

Personalised recommendations

Cite chapter

Buy options