Neuroanatomical Structure of the MCH System

Bittencourt, Jackson C.; Diniz, Giovanne B.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75765-0_1

Jackson C. Bittencourt^4,5 &
Giovanne B. Diniz⁴

555 Accesses
6 Citations

Abstract

The mammalian melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system has been studied for almost 30 years as of the writing of this chapter. The understanding of any neural system starts with its structure, as the anatomical organization of its peptides and receptors provides important clues about its physiological activity. With that in mind, the MCH system will be reviewed as a whole in the first segment of this chapter, including the genes and proteins that comprise this system. In the following segment, a description of the morphological and neurochemical characteristics of MCH neurons will be provided, including the areas in the central nervous system where these neurons are found and their projection pathways and targets. In the last segment, the receptors for MCH will be briefly discussed, and the available anatomical information about these receptors will be presented to the reader. By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to identify the sites of MCH synthesis, the major targets of MCH action, and the areas responsive to MCH owing to the presence of its receptor.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 89.00; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 119.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 169.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

3V:: Third ventricle
3Vdc:: Third ventricle dorsal cap
aa:: Amino acid(s)
AHA:: Anterior hypothalamic area
ANP:: Atrial natriuretic peptide
AROM :: Antisense-RNA-overlapping-MCH gene
AVP:: Arginine vasopressin
BNST:: Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
CART:: Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
CNS:: Central nervous system
CRF:: Corticotropin-releasing factor
f:: Fornix
GAD67:: Glutamate decarboxylase 67 kDa
GPCR:: G protein-coupled receptor
ic:: Internal capsule
IHy:: Incertohypothalamic area
IRE:: Interferon-gamma responsive element
LDT:: Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
LHA:: Lateral hypothalamic area
MCH:: Melanin-concentrating hormone (peptide)
MCHR1:: Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (peptide)
MCHR1 :: Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (primate gene)
Mchr1 :: Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (rodent gene)
MCHR2:: Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2 (peptide)
MCHR2 :: Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2 (primate gene)
ME:: Median eminence
mfb :: Medial forebrain bundle
mt:: Mammillothalamic tract
MGOP:: MCH-gene-overprinted-polypeptide
MPOA:: Medial preoptic area
NEI:: Neuropeptide glutamic acid-isoleucine
NGE:: Neuropeptide glycine-glutamic acid
NPY:: Neuropeptide Y
opt:: Optic tract
ORF:: Open reading frame
ORX:: Orexin/hypocretin
PACAP:: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
PC:: Prohormone convertase(s)
PH:: Posterior hypothalamic area
Pmch :: Pro-melanin-concentrating hormone (rodent gene)
PMCH :: Pro-melanin-concentrating hormone (primate gene)
PMCHL1 :: Pro-melanin-concentrating hormone linked gene 1 (chimeric gene)
PMCHL2 :: Pro-melanin-concentrating hormone linked gene 2 (chimeric gene)
pmPRt:: Paramedian pontine reticular formation
ppMCH:: Prepro-melanin-concentrating hormone
PVH:: Paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
REM:: Rapid eye movement sleep
SDL:: Subcoeruleus/sublaterodorsal nucleus
SLC-1:: Somatostatin-like coupled receptor 1, same as MCHR1
SP:: Substance P
SSTR:: Somatostatin receptor(s)
TM:: Transmembrane
TMdm:: Tuberomammillary nucleus, dorsomedial part
Tu:: Olfactory tubercle
X-ir:: Immunoreactive to X
ZI:: Zona incerta
α-MSH:: α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

References

Alberto CO, Trask RB, Hirasawa M (2011) Dopamine acts as a partial agonist for α2A adrenoceptor in melanin-concentrating hormone neurons. J Neurosci 31(29):10671–10676. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6245-10.2011
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Allaeys I, Bouyer K, Loudes C, Faivre-Bauman A, Petit F, Ortola C, Cardinaud B, Epelbaum J, Nahon JL (2004) Characterization of MCH-gene-overprinted-polypeptide-immunoreactive material in hypothalamus reveals an inhibitory role of pro-somatostatin1-64 on somatostatin secretion. Eur J Neurosci 19(4):925–936. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0953-816X.2004.03187.x
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Alvisi R, Diniz G, Da-Silva J, Bittencourt J, Felicio L (2016) Suckling-induced Fos activation and melanin-concentrating hormone immunoreactivity during late lactation. Life Sci 148:241–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.038
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
An S, Cutler G, Zhao JJ, Huang SG, Tian H, Li W, Liang L, Rich M, Bakleh A, Du J, Chen JL, Dai K (2001) Identification and characterization of a melanin-concentrating hormone receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(13):7576–7581. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.131200698
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bachner D, Kreienkamp H, Weise C, Buck F, Richter D (1999) Identification of melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) as the natural ligand for the orphan somatostatin-like receptor 1 (SLC-1). FEBS Lett 457(3):522–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01092-3
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bäckberg M, Ultenius C, Fritschy JM, Meister B (2004) Cellular localization of GABAA receptor α subunit immunoreactivity in the rat hypothalamus: relationship with neurones containing orexigenic or anorexigenic peptides. J Neuroendocrinol 16(7):589–604. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2004.01207.x
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Banisadr G, Gosselin RD, Mechighel P, Kitabgi P, Rostène W, Parsadaniantz SM (2005) Highly regionalized neuronal expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) in rat brain: evidence for its colocalization with neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. J Comp Neurol 489(3):275–292. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.20598
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bittencourt JC (2011) Anatomical organization of the melanin-concentrating hormone peptide family in the mammalian brain. Gen Comp Endocrinol 172(2):185–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.03.028
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bittencourt J, Celis ME (2008) Anatomy, function and regulation of neuropeptide EI (NEI). Peptides 29(8):1441–1450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2008.03.012
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bittencourt JC, Presse F, Arias C, Peto C, Vaughan J, Nahon JL, Vale W, Sawchenko PE (1992) The melanin-concentrating hormone system of the rat brain: an immuno- and hybridization histochemical characterization. J Comp Neurol 319(2):218–245. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903190204
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bleier R, Cohn P, Siggelkow IR (1979) A cytoarchitectonic atlas of the hypothalamus and hypothalamic third ventricle of the rat. In: Morgane PJ, Panksepp J (eds) Anatomy of the hypothalamus, vol l. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 137–220
Google Scholar
Borsu L, Presse F, Nahon JL (2000) The AROM gene, spliced mRNAs encoding new DNA/RNA-binding proteins are transcribed from the opposite strand of the melanin-concentrating hormone gene in mammals. J Biol Chem 275(51):40576–40587. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M006524200
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Brailoiu GC, Dun SL, Brailoiu E, Inan S, Yang J, Chang JK, Dun NJ (2007) Nesfatin-1: distribution and interaction with a G protein-coupled receptor in the rat brain. Endocrinology 148(10):5088–5094. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0701
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Breton C, Presse F, Hervieu G, Nahon JL (1993a) Structure and regulation of the mouse melanin-concentrating hormone mRNA and gene. Mol Cell Neurosci 4(3):271–284. https://doi.org/10.1006/mcne.1993.1035
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Breton C, Schorpp M, Nahon JL (1993b) Isolation and characterization of the human melanin-concentrating hormone gene and a variant gene. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 18(4):297–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-328X(93)90093-5
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Burdakov D, Gerasimenko O, Verkhratsky A (2005) Physiological changes in glucose differentially modulate the excitability of hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone and orexin neurons in situ. J Neurosci 25(9):2429–2433. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4925-04.2005
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Burgaud JL, Poosti R, Fehrentz JA, Martinez J, Nahon JL (1997) Melanin-concentrating hormone binding sites in human SVK14 keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 241(3):622–629. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1997.7849
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Casatti CA, Elias CF, Sita LV, Frigo L, Furlani VC, Bauer JA, Bittencourt JC (2002) Distribution of melaninconcentrating hormone neurons projecting to the medial mammillary nucleus. Neuroscience 115(3):899–915. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00508-0
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chambers J, Ames RS, Bergsma D, Muir A, Fitzgerald LR, Hervieu G, Dytko GM, Foley JJ, Martin J, Liu WS, Park J, Ellis C, Ganguly S, Konchar S, Cluderay J, Leslie R, Wilson S, Sarau HM (1999) Melanin-concentrating hormone is the cognate ligand for the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor SLC-1. Nature 400(6741):261–265. https://doi.org/10.1038/22313
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chee MJ, Pissios P, Maratos-Flier E (2013) Neurochemical characterization of neurons expressing melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 in the mouse hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 521(10):2208–2234. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.23273
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chee MJ, Arrigoni E, Maratos-Flier E (2015) Melanin-concentrating hormone neurons release glutamate for feedforward inhibition of the lateral septum. J Neurosci 35(8):3644–3651. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4187-14.2015
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chiocchio SR, Gallardo MG, Louzan P, Gutnisky V, Tramezzani JH (2001) Melanin-concentrating hormone stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and gonadotropins in the female rat acting at both median eminence and pituitary levels. Biol Reprod 64(5):1466–1472. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod64.5.1466
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chou TC, Rotman SR, Saper CB (2004) Lateral hypothalamic acetylcholinesterase-immunoreactive neurons co-express either orexin or melanin concentrating hormone. Neurosci Lett 370(2–3):123–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.08.070
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Collin M, Bäckberg M, Önnestam K, Meister B (2002) 5-HT1A receptor immunoreactivity in hypothalamic neurons involved in body weight control. Neuroreport 13(7):945–951. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200205240-00009
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Conductier G, Nahon J-L, Guyon A (2011) Dopamine depresses melanin concentrating hormone neuronal activity through multiple effects on α2-noradrenergic, D1 and D2-like dopaminergic receptors. Neuroscience 178:89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.030
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Conductier G, Brau F, Viola A, Langlet F, Ramkumar N, Dehouck B, Lemaire T, Chapot R, Lucas L, Rovère C (2013a) Melanin-concentrating hormone regulates beat frequency of ependymal cilia and ventricular volume. Nat Neurosci 16(7):845–847. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3401
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Conductier G, Martin A, Risold P-Y, Jego S, Lavoie R, Lafont C, Mollard P, Adamantidis A, Nahon J-L (2013b) Control of ventricular ciliary beating by the melanin concentrating hormone-expressing neurons of the lateral hypothalamus: a functional imaging survey. Front Endocrinol 4:182. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2013.00182
Article Google Scholar
Courseaux A, Nahon J-L (2001) Birth of two chimeric genes in the Hominidae lineage. Science 291(5507):1293–1297. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1057284
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cvetkovic V, Brischoux F, Griffond B, Bernard G, Jacquemard C, Fellmann D, Risold PY (2003) Evidence of melanin-concentrating hormone-containing neurons supplying both cortical and neuroendocrine projections. Neuroscience 116(1):31–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00557-2
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
de Lecea L, Kilduff TS, Peyron C, Gao X, Foye PE, Danielson PE, Fukuhara C, Battenberg EL, Gautvik VT, Bartlett FS 2nd, Frankel WN, van den Pol AN, Bloom FE, Gautvik KM, Sutcliffe JG (1998) The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(1):322–327
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Diniz GB, Bittencourt JC (2017) The melanin-concentrating hormone as an integrative peptide driving motivated behaviors. Front Syst Neurosci 11:32. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2017.00032
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Douglass J, McKinzie AA, Couceyro P (1995) PCR differential display identifies a rat brain mRNA that is transcriptionally regulated by cocaine and amphetamine. J Neurosci 15(3):2471–2481
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Drozdz R, Eberle AN (1995) Binding sites for melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) in brain synaptosomes and membranes from peripheral tissues identified with highly tritiated MCH. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 15(1–4):487–502. https://doi.org/10.3109/10799899509045235
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Drozdz R, Baker BI, Zeller A, Eberle AN (1993) Synthesis and biological activity of highly tritiated rat/human melanin-concentrating hormone. Ann N Y Acad Sci 680(1):489–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(95)00043-9
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Drozdz R, Siegrist W, Baker BI, Chluba-de Tapia J, Eberle AN (1995) Melanin-concentrating hormone binding to mouse melanoma cells in vitro. FEBS Lett 359(2–3):199–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(95)00043-9
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Elias CF, Bittencourt JC (1997) Study of the origins of melanin-concentrating hormone and neuropeptide EI immunoreactive projections to the periaqueductal gray matter. Brain Res 755(2):255–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00104-2
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Elias CF, Saper CB, Maratos-Flier E, Tritos NA, Lee C, Kelly J, Tatro JB, Hoffman GE, Ollmann MM, Barsh GS, Sakurai T, Yanagisawa M, Elmquist JK (1998) Chemically defined projections linking the mediobasal hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamic area. J Comp Neurol 402(4):442–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00598-8
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Elias CF, Lee CE, Kelly JF, Ahima RS, Kuhar M, Saper CB, Elmquist JK (2001) Characterization of CART neurons in the rat and human hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 432(1):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.1085
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Elias CF, Sita LV, Zambon BK, Oliveira ER, Vasconcelos LA, Bittencourt JC (2008) Melanin-concentrating hormone projections to areas involved in somatomotor responses. J Chem Neuroanat 35(2):188–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.10.002
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ferreira JGP, Bittencourt JC, Adamantidis A (2017a) Melanin-concentrating hormone and sleep. Curr Opin Neurobiol 44:152–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2017.04.008
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ferreira JGP, Duarte JCG, Diniz GB, Bittencourt JC (2017b) Litter size determines the number of melanin-concentrating hormone neurons in the medial preoptic area of Sprague Dawley lactating dams. Physiol Behav 181:75–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.08.028
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Foo KS, Brismar H, Broberger C (2008) Distribution and neuropeptide coexistence of nucleobindin-2 mRNA/nesfatin-like immunoreactivity in the rat CNS. Neuroscience 156(3):563–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.054
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Fort P, Salvert D, Hanriot L, Jego S, Shimizu H, Hashimoto K, Mori M, Luppi P-H (2008) The satiety molecule nesfatin-1 is co-expressed with melanin concentrating hormone in tuberal hypothalamic neurons of the rat. Neuroscience 155(1):174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.05.035
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gallardo MG, Chiocchio SR, Tramezzani JH (2004) Changes of melanin-concentrating hormone related to LHRH release in the median eminence of rats. Brain Res 1030(1):152–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.10.005
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Garcia SV, Libourel P-A, Lazarus M, Grassi D, Luppi P-H, Fort P (2017) Genetic inactivation of glutamate neurons in the rat sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus recapitulates REM sleep behaviour disorder. Brain 140(2):414–428. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aww310
Article Google Scholar
Garcia-Rill E, Houser C, Skinner R, Smith W, Woodward D (1987) Locomotion-inducing sites in the vicinity of the pedunculopontine nucleus. Brain Res Bull 18(6):731–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(87)90208-5
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Griffond B, Ciofi P, Bayer L, Jacquemard C, Fellmann D (1997) Immunocytochemical detection of the neurokinin B receptor (NK3) on melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons in rat brain. J Chem Neuroanat 12(3):183–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-0618(96)00200-1
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Haemmerle CA, Campos AM, Bittencourt JC (2015) Melanin-concentrating hormone inputs to the nucleus accumbens originate from distinct hypothalamic sources and are apposed to GABAergic and cholinergic cells in the Long-Evans rat brain. Neuroscience 289:392–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.014
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hausen AC, Ruud J, Jiang H, Hess S, Varbanov H, Kloppenburg P, Brüning JC (2016) Insulin-dependent activation of MCH neurons impairs locomotor activity and insulin sensitivity in obesity. Cell Rep 17(10):2512–2521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.030
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hazai D, Lien C-F, Hajós F, Halasy K, Górecki DC, Jancsik V (2008) Synaptic alpha-dystrobrevin: localization of a short alpha-dystrobrevin isoform in melanin-concentrating hormone neurons of the hypothalamus. Brain Res 1201:52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.046
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hervieu GJ, Cluderay JE, Harrison D, Meakin J, Maycox P, Nasir S, Leslie RA (2000) The distribution of the mRNA and protein products of the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor gene, slc-1, in the central nervous system of the rat. Eur J Neurosci 12(4):1194–1216. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00008.x
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hill J, Duckworth M, Murdock P, Rennie G, Sabido-David C, Ames RS, Szekeres P, Wilson S, Bergsma DJ, Gloger IS, Levy DS, Chambers JK, Muir AI (2001) Molecular cloning and functional characterization of MCH2, a novel human MCH receptor. J Biol Chem 276(23):20125–20129. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M102068200
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hintermann E, Tanner H, Talke-Messerer C, Schlumberger S, Zumsteg U, Eberle AN (2001) Interaction of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), neuropeptide EI (NEI), neuropeptide GE (NGE), and α-MSH with melanocortin and MCH receptors on mouse B16 melanoma cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 21(1):93–116. https://doi.org/10.1081/RRS-100107145
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hotta K, Hosaka M, Tanabe A, Takeuchi T (2009) Secretogranin II binds to secretogranin III and forms secretory granules with orexin, neuropeptide Y, and POMC. J Endocrinol 202(1):111–121. https://doi.org/10.1677/JOE-08-0531
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Huang H, van den Pol AN (2007) Rapid direct excitation and long-lasting enhancement of NMDA response by group I metabotropic glutamate receptor activation of hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone neurons. J Neurosci 27(43):11560–11572. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2147-07.2007
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kampe J, Tschop MH, Hollis JH, Oldfield BJ (2009) An anatomic basis for the communication of hypothalamic, cortical and mesolimbic circuitry in the regulation of energy balance. Eur J Neurosci 30(3):415–430. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06818.x
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kawauchi H, Kawazoe I, Tsubokawa M, Kishida M, Baker BI (1983) Characterization of melanin-concentrating hormone in chum salmon pituitaries. Nature 305(5932):321–323. https://doi.org/10.1038/305321a0
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Knollema S, Brown ER, Vale W, Sawchenko PE (1992) Novel hypothalamic and preoptic sites of prepro-melanin-concentrating hormone messenger ribonucleic acid and peptide expression in lactating rats. J Neuroendocrinol 4(6):709–717. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.1992.tb00222.x
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kolakowski LF Jr, Jung BP, Nguyen T, Johnson MP, Lynch KR, Cheng R, Heng HH, George SR, O'Dowd BF (1996) Characterization of a human gene related to genes encoding somatostatin receptors. FEBS Lett 398(2–3):253–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(96)01160-X
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kong D, Vong L, Parton LE, Ye C, Tong Q, Hu X, Choi B, Brüning JC, Lowell BB (2010) Glucose stimulation of hypothalamic MCH neurons involves K ATP channels, is modulated by UCP2, and regulates peripheral glucose homeostasis. Cell Metab 12(5):545–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2010.09.013
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Krolewski DM, Medina A, Kerman IA, Bernard R, Burke S, Thompson RC, Bunney WE, Schatzberg AF, Myers RM, Akil H (2010) Expression patterns of corticotropin-releasing factor, arginine vasopressin, histidine decarboxylase, melanin-concentrating hormone, and orexin genes in the human hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 518(22):4591–4611. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.22480
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lakaye B, Minet A, Zorzi W, Grisar T (1998) Cloning of the rat brain cDNA encoding for the SLC-1 G protein-coupled receptor reveals the presence of an intron in the gene. Biochim Biophys Acta 1401(2):216–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4889(97)00135-3
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lembo PM, Grazzini E, Cao J, Hubatsch DA, Pelletier M, Hoffert C, St-Onge S, Pou C, Labrecque J, Groblewski T, O’Donnell D, Payza K, Ahmad S, Walker P (1999) The receptor for the orexigenic peptide melanin-concentrating hormone is a G-protein-coupled receptor. Nat Cell Biol 1(5):267–271. https://doi.org/10.1038/12978
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lima FF, Sita LV, Oliveira AR, Costa HC, da Silva JM, Mortara RA, Haemmerle CA, Xavier GF, Canteras NS, Bittencourt JC (2013) Hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone projections to the septo-hippocampal complex in the rat. J Chem Neuroanat 47:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2012.10.003
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Macdonald D, Murgolo N, Zhang R, Durkin JP, Yao X, Strader CD, Graziano MP (2000) Molecular characterization of the melanin-concentrating hormone/receptor complex: identification of critical residues involved in binding and activation. Mol Pharmacol 58(1):217–225. https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.58.1.217
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mickelsen LE, Kolling FW, Chimileski BR, Fujita A, Norris C, Chen K, Nelson CE, Jackson AC (2017) Neurochemical heterogeneity among lateral hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone neurons identified through single-cell gene expression analysis. eNeuro 4(5). https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0013-17.2017
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Modirrousta M, Mainville L, Jones BE (2005) Orexin and MCH neurons express c-Fos differently after sleep deprivation vs. recovery and bear different adrenergic receptors. Eur J Neurosci 21(10):2807–2816. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04104.x
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Moldovan G-L, Dejsuphong D, Petalcorin MI, Hofmann K, Takeda S, Boulton SJ, D’Andrea AD (2012) Inhibition of homologous recombination by the PCNA-interacting protein PARI. Mol Cell 45(1):75–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2011.11.010
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mori M, Harada M, Terao Y, Sugo T, Watanabe T, Shimomura Y, Abe M, Shintani Y, Onda H, Nishimura O, Fujino M (2001) Cloning of a novel G protein-coupled receptor, SLT, a subtype of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 283(5):1013–1018. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.2001.4893
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nahon JL, Presse F, Bittencourt JC, Sawchenko PE, Vale W (1989) The rat melanin-concentrating hormone messenger ribonucleic acid encodes multiple putative neuropeptides coexpressed in the dorsolateral hypothalamus. Endocrinology 125(4):2056–2065. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-125-4-2056
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nahon J-L, Joly C, Levan G, Szpirer J, Szpirer C (1992) Pro-melanin-concentrating hormone gene (PMCH) is localized on human chromosome 12q and rat chromosome 7. Genomics 12(4):846–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/0888-7543(92)90323-K
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nahon JL, Presse F, Breton C, Hervieu G, Schorpp M (1993) Structure and regulation of the melanin-concentrating hormone gene. Ann N Y Acad Sci 680:111–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb19678.x
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nieuwenhuys R, Geeraedts LM, Veening JG (1982) The medial forebrain bundle of the rat. I. General introduction. J Comp Neurol 206(1):49–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902060106
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Parkes D, Vale W (1992) Secretion of melanin-concentrating hormone and neuropeptide-EI from cultured rat hypothalamic cells. Endocrinology 131(4):1826–1831. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.131.4.1327720
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Parks GS, Olivas ND, Ikrar T, Sanathara NM, Wang L, Wang Z, Civelli O, Xu X (2014a) Histamine inhibits the melanin-concentrating hormone system: implications for sleep and arousal. J Physiol 592(10):2183–2196. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2013.268771
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Parks GS, Wang L, Wang Z, Civelli O (2014b) Identification of neuropeptide receptors expressed by melanin-concentrating hormone neurons. J Comp Neurol 522(17):3817–3833. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.23642
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Parsons MP, Hirasawa M (2011) GIRK channel-mediated inhibition of melanin-concentrating hormone neurons by nociceptin/orphanin FQ. J Neurophysiol 105(3):1179–1184. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00791.2010
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pedeutour F, Szpirer C, Nahon JL (1994) Assignment of the human pro-melanin-concentrating hormone gene (PMCH) to chromosome 12q23-q24 and two variant genes (PMCH1 and PMCHL2) to chromosome 5p14 and 5q12-q13. Genomics 19(1):31–37. https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.1994.1008
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pérez CA, Stanley SA, Wysocki RW, Havranova J, Ahrens-Nicklas R, Onyimba F, Friedman JM (2011) Molecular annotation of integrative feeding neural circuits. Cell Metab 13(2):222–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2010.12.013
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Presse F, Nahon JL, Fischer WH, Vale W (1990) Structure of the human melanin concentrating hormone mRNA. Mol Endocrinol 4(4):632–637. https://doi.org/10.1210/mend-4-4-632
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Presse F, Conductier G, Rovere C, Nahon J (2014) The melanin-concentrating hormone receptors: neuronal and non-neuronal functions. Int J Obes Suppl 4:S31–S36. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijosup.2014.9
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Reti IM, Reddy R, Worley PF, Baraban JM (2002) Selective expression of Narp, a secreted neuronal pentraxin, in orexin neurons. J Neurochem 82(6):1561–1565. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01141.x
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Risold P, Fellmann D, Lenys D, Bugnon C (1989) Coexistence of acetylcholinesterase-, human growth hormone-releasing factor (1–37)-, α-melanotropin-and melanin-concentrating hormone-like immunoreactivities in neurons of the rat hypothalamus: a light and electron microscope study. Neurosci Lett 100(1):23–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(89)90654-X
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rodriguez M, Beauverger P, Naime I, Rique H, Ouvry C, Souchaud S, Dromaint S, Nagel N, Suply T, Audinot V (2001) Cloning and molecular characterization of the novel human melanin-concentrating hormone receptor MCH2. Mol Pharmacol 60(4):632–639. https://doi.org/10.1210/mend-4-4-632
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rondini TA, Rodrigues Bde C, de Oliveira AP, Bittencourt JC, Elias CF (2007) Melanin-concentrating hormone is expressed in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus only in female rats. Brain Res Bull 74(1–3):21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.04.006
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rondini TA, Donato J Jr, Rodrigues Bde C, Bittencourt JC, Elias CF (2010) Chemical identity and connections of medial preoptic area neurons expressing melanin-concentrating hormone during lactation. J Chem Neuroanat 39(1):51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2009.10.005
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rye DB (1997) Contributions of the pedunculopontine region to normal and altered REM sleep. Sleep 20(9):757–788. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/20.9.757
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sailer AW, Sano H, Zeng Z, McDonald TP, Pan J, Pong SS, Feighner SD, Tan CP, Fukami T, Iwaasa H, Hreniuk DL, Morin NR, Sadowski SJ, Ito M, Bansal A, Ky B, Figueroa DJ, Jiang Q, Austin CP, MacNeil DJ, Ishihara A, Ihara M, Kanatani A, Van der Ploeg LH, Howard AD, Liu Q (2001) Identification and characterization of a second melanin-concentrating hormone receptor, MCH-2R. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(13):7564–7569. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.121170598
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Saito Y, Nothacker HP, Wang Z, Lin SH, Leslie F, Civelli O (1999) Molecular characterization of the melanin-concentrating-hormone receptor. Nature 400(6741):265–269. https://doi.org/10.1038/22321
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Saito Y, Cheng M, Leslie FM, Civelli O (2001) Expression of the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor mRNA in the rat brain. J Comp Neurol 435(1):26–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.1191
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sakurai T, Amemiya A, Ishii M, Matsuzaki I, Chemelli RM, Tanaka H, Williams SC, Richardson JA, Kozlowski GP, Wilson S (1998) Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior. Cell 92(4):573–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80949-6
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Saper CB (2013) The neurobiology of sleep. Continuum: Lifelong Learn Neurol 19(1, Sleep Disorders):19–31. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.CON.0000427215.07715.73
Article Google Scholar
Saper CB, Fuller PM (2017) Wake–sleep circuitry: an overview. Curr Opin Neurobiol 44:186–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2017.03.021
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Saper CB, Swanson LW, Cowan WM (1979) An autoradiographic study of the efferent connections of the lateral hypothalamic area in the rat. J Comp Neurol 183(4):689–706. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901830402
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Saper CB, Akil H, Watson SJ (1986) Lateral hypothalamic innervation of the cerebral cortex: immunoreactive staining for a peptide resembling but immunochemically distinct from pituitary/arcuate alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone. Brain Res Bull 16(1):107–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(86)90018-3
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Shimomura Y, Mori M, Sugo T, Ishibashi Y, Abe M, Kurokawa T, Onda H, Nishimura O, Sumino Y, Fujino M (1999) Isolation and identification of melanin-concentrating hormone as the endogenous ligand of the SLC-1 receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 261(3):622–626. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1999.1104
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Simerly R (2015) Organization of the hypothalamus. In: The rat nervous system, 4th edn. Elsevier, San Diego, pp 267–288
Chapter Google Scholar
Sita LV, Diniz GB, Canteras NS, Xavier GF, Bittencourt JC (2016) Effect of intrahippocampal administration of anti-melanin-concentrating hormone on spatial food-seeking behavior in rats. Peptides 76:130–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2015.12.007
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tan CP, Sano H, Iwaasa H, Pan J, Sailer AW, Hreniuk DL, Feighner SD, Palyha OC, Pong SS, Figueroa DJ, Austin CP, Jiang MM, Yu H, Ito J, Ito M, Guan XM, MacNeil DJ, Kanatani A, Van der Ploeg LH, Howard AD (2002) Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor subtypes 1 and 2: species-specific gene expression. Genomics 79(6):785–792. https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.2002.6771
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tanabe A, Yanagiya T, Iida A, Saito S, Sekine A, Takahashi A, Nakamura T, Tsunoda T, Kamohara S, Nakata Y (2007) Functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the secretogranin III (SCG3) gene that form secretory granules with appetite-related neuropeptides are associated with obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 92(3):1145–1154. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-1808
Article CAS Google Scholar
Thompson RC, Watson SJ (1990) Nucleotide sequence and tissue-specific expression of the rat melanin concentrating hormone gene. DNA Cell Biol 9(9):637–645. https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.1990.9.637
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Toumaniantz G, Bittencourt JC, Nahon JL (1996) The rat melanin-concentrating hormone gene encodes an additional putative protein in a different reading frame. Endocrinology 137(10):4518–4521. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.137.10.4518
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Toumaniantz G, Ferreira PC, Allaeys I, Bittencourt JC, Nahon JL (2000) Differential neuronal expression and projections of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and MCH-gene-overprinted-polypeptide (MGOP) in the rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 12(12):4367–4380. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0953-816X.2000.01340.x
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
van den Pol AN, Acuna-Goycolea C, Clark KR, Ghosh PK (2004) Physiological properties of hypothalamic MCH neurons identified with selective expression of reporter gene after recombinant virus infection. Neuron 42(4):635–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(04)00251-X
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Vaughan JM, Fischer WH, Hoeger C, Rivier J, Vale W (1989) Characterization of melanin-concentrating hormone from rat hypothalamus. Endocrinology 125(3):1660–1665. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-125-3-1660
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Viale A, Zhixing Y, Breton C, Pedeutour F, Coquerel A, Jordan D, Nahon JL (1997) The melanin-concentrating hormone gene in human: flanking region analysis, fine chromosome mapping, and tissue-specific expression. Mol Brain Res 46(1-2):243–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-328X(97)00018-1
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Viale A, Ortola C, Hervieu G, Furuta M, Barbero P, Steiner DF, Seidah NG, Nahon J-L (1999) Cellular localization and role of prohormone convertases in the processing of pro-melanin concentrating hormone in mammals. J Biol Chem 274(10):6536–6545. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.10.6536
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Von Economo C (1930) Sleep as a problem of localization. J Nerv Ment Dis 71(3):249–259
Article Google Scholar
Wang S, Behan J, O'Neill K, Weig B, Fried S, Laz T, Bayne M, Gustafson E, Hawes BE (2001) Identification and pharmacological characterization of a novel human melanin-concentrating hormone receptor, mch-r2. J Biol Chem 276(37):34664–34670. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M102601200
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yao Y, Fu LY, Zhang X, van den Pol AN (2012) Vasopressin and oxytocin excite MCH neurons, but not other lateral hypothalamic GABA neurons. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 302(7):R815–R824. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00452.2011
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar

Download references

Acknowledgments

The writing of this chapter would not be possible without the funding granted by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo [São Paulo Research Foundation—FAPESP], grants #2010/52068-0 and #2016/02224-1 [JCB] and #2016/02748-0 [GBD]. JCB is also a recipient of a grant from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior [Agency for the Advancement of Higher Education] and the Comité Français d’Evaluation de la Coopération Universitaire avec le Brésil [French Committee for the Evaluation of Academic and Scientific Cooperation with Brazil], CAPES-COFECUB grant #848/15. JCB is an investigator with the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico [National Council for Scientific and Technological Development—CNPq, Brazil], recipient of grant #426378/2016-4.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Laboratory of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Jackson C. Bittencourt & Giovanne B. Diniz
Centre for Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Jackson C. Bittencourt

Authors

Jackson C. Bittencourt
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Giovanne B. Diniz
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jackson C. Bittencourt .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Somnogen Canada Inc. , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
S. R. Pandi-Perumal
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
Pablo Torterolo
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine Clinics Hospital, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
Jaime M. Monti

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bittencourt, J.C., Diniz, G.B. (2018). Neuroanatomical Structure of the MCH System. In: Pandi-Perumal, S., Torterolo, P., Monti, J. (eds) Melanin-Concentrating Hormone and Sleep . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75765-0_1

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75765-0_1
Published: 18 April 2018
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-75764-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-75765-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics