Abstract
Near-fault ground motions exhibiting forward directivity effects are critical for seismic design because they impose very large seismic demands on buildings due to their large-amplitude pulselike waveforms. The current challenge in seismic design codes is to recommend simple (easy-to-apply) yet proper rules to explain the near-fault forward directivity (NFFD) phenomenon for seismic demands. This effort is not new and has been the subject of research for over two decades. This paper contributes to these efforts and proposes an alternative set of rules to modify the elastic design spectrum of 475-year and 2475-year return periods for NFFD effects. The directivity rules discussed here are evolved from a relatively large number of probabilistic earthquake scenarios (probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) that employ two recent directivity models. The paper first gives the background of the probabilistic earthquake scenarios and then introduces the proposed NFFD rules for seismic design codes. We conclude the paper by presenting some cases with the proposed rules to see how spectral amplitudes modify due to directivity.
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The style-of-faulting is 90 degrees dipping strike-slip fault throughout this study. Thus, the results presented here are strictly valid for strike-slip faults although the estimated near-fault spectral amplifications may also be valid for dip-slip faults provided the controlling conditions are similar.
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Acknowledgments
This study is financially supported by the Scientific and Technical Council of Turkey with an award number 113 M308. The authors express their sincere gratitude for this support provided by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK).
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Akkar, S., Moghimi, S. (2018). Implementation of Near-Fault Forward Directivity Effects in Seismic Design Codes. In: Pitilakis, K. (eds) Recent Advances in Earthquake Engineering in Europe. ECEE 2018. Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, vol 46. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75741-4_7
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