Abstract
In this concluding chapter, originally his farewell lecture to the faculty of Meisei University, Caldwell explains how his encounter with Japanese speakers of English provided supporting evidence for his theory of Molecular Sememics. Beginning with a discussion of the misuse of the determiners “a” and “the” by Japanese speakers of English, Caldwell finds that instead of systematic or syntactic rules being violated, it is a misunderstanding of the patterns of salience ordering in English. In contrast to Japanese, English uses determiners, pronouns, and several other devices, to marshal lesser or greater degrees of determinacy and focus to indicate the salience structure of a sentence. As seen in Chapter Four, these are the underlying structures of discourse which help order the speaker’s communicative intention, and satisfy the focus of the listener. Importantly, however, these structures are not rules, nor is language a categorical system; for Caldwell, unlike many in the Western tradition of linguistics and philosophy, is not interested in habitual and extreme generalizations, or strict categorization. Neither is he interested in unending particularization, such that everything is different beyond reconciliation. As such, Caldwell’s theory of Molecular Sememics is an account of language that sees it simply as a tool for communication, and seeks to understand the different strategies that help us do just that.
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Notes
- 1.
In fact I’m going to borrow some materials from one of them for this lecture: Caldwell 2002.
- 2.
“The” is an extremely difficult word. For a fuller discussion of it, see Halliday and Hasan (1976, pp. 70–74).
- 3.
Most Cognitive Linguists view it as a matter of discourse anaphora and Topic Continuity: that is, repeated references to a topic over time. But that explanation is no help with Japanese examples, so I want to extend it to a larger view of discourse salience. That is, we must be concerned not only with maintaining an information structure and keeping topic references current; we must also be prepared to promote or demote various elements of a discourse in order to control the reader’s or hearer’s focus on the salient elements of the sentence. (Cf. Fox 1987 and Givon 1983.)
Bibliography
Fox, B. A. (1987). Discourse structure and anaphora: Written and conversational English. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Givon, T. (Ed.). (1983). Topic continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross-language study. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. London/New York: Longman Group Limited.
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Caldwell, T.P., Cresswell, O., Stainton, R.J. (2018). What I Have Learned About English from Being in Japan (Or: Why Can’t Japanese Students of English Manage “A”, “An” and “The”?). In: Cresswell, O., Stainton, R. (eds) Discourse, Structure and Linguistic Choice. Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy, vol 101. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75441-3_9
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