Abstract
While shared use agreement strategies help provide community access to public facilities, the application of this strategy is often an afterthought to community planning and thus, community health. Alternatively, an emerging trend in community health sets an appropriate stage to address community needs by establishing a framework in which various stakeholders build a shared use policy strategy in land use from the onset of development. The application of collaborative community planning as a fundamental component of community health is demonstrated in four case examples from Australia, Canada, and the United States. The qualitative comparative results in the case studies suggest that the partnership framework offers an opportunity to achieve improved community health outcomes. Cumulatively, analysis of a limited number of available shared use performance indicators demonstrates an important need for the development of measurable metrics, reporting, and tracking in which data sharing becomes a necessary element of policy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). What makes a grade? 2017 infrastructure report card. 2017. http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/making-the-grade/what-makes-a-grade/. Accessed 18 Sep 2017.
Baker T, Masud H. Liability risks for after-hours use of public school property to reduce obesity: a 50-state survey. J Sch Health. 2010;80:508–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00535.x.
Bingler S, et al. Schools as centers of community: a citizen’s guide for planning and design. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities; 2003.
Bonnell C, et al. Systematic review of the effects of schools and school environment interventions on health: evidence mapping and synthesis. Public Health Res. 2013;1(1)
Canadian Obesity Network. Obesity in Canada. 2017. http://www.obesitynetwork.ca/obesity-in-canada. Accessed 18 Sep 2017.
Cawley J. An economy of scales: a selective review of obesity’s economic causes, consequences, and solutions. J Health Econ. 2015;43:244–68.
Cawley J, Meyerhoefer C. The medical care costs of obesity: an instrumental variables approach. J Health Econ. 2012;31(1):219–30.
ChangeLab Solutions. Hamilton county, Tennessee. 2017a. http://www.changelabsolutions.org/shared-use-hamiliton-tn. Accessed 24 Feb 2017.
Chapman B, Colangelo L. Mayor de Blasio will open 22 school playgrounds for public use under plan to provide more parkland to New Yorkers. New York Daily News. 2016, August 2. http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-schools-widen-playground-access-public-article-1.2736051. Accessed 18 Sep 2017.
City of Edmonton. Edmonton joint use agreement: land. 2009. https://www.edmonton.ca/programs_services/documents/PDF/JUALand2.pdf. Accessed 18 Sep 2017.
City of Edmonton. Edmonton’s joint use agreements: annual report 2015/2016. 2016. https://www.edmonton.ca/programs_services/documents/PDF/COE_JointUse_AnnualReport_2016.pdf. Accessed 18 Sep 2017.
Cook K. Planning through the shared use of resources: a case study of DeKalb County (Thesis). Georgia: Georgia Institute of Technology, School of City & Regional Planning; 2015.
DASH-NY. New York shared use agreement policy implementation guide: a guide to expanding healthy living through shared use agreements. NY Acad Med:1–30. 2015. http://www.dashny.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/SharedUseGuide-Final-09082015-A.pdf. Accessed 18 Sep 2017.
Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity guidelines advisory committee report. Washington, DC. 2008. https://health.gov/paguidelines/pdf/paguide.pdf. Accessed 18 Sep 2017.
Department of Sport and Recreation. Guide to shared use facilities in the sport and recreation community. Government of Western Australia. n.d. https://www.dsr.wa.gov.au/support-and-advice/facility-management/managing-facilities/guide-to-shared-use-facilities. Accessed 18 Sep 2017.
Ewing R, et al. Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity. Am J Health Promot. 2003;18:1.
Ewing R, et al. Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity—update and refinement. Health Place. 2014;26:118–26.
Fiedler BA. Constructing legal authority to facilitate multi-level interagency health data sharing in the United States. Paper presented at American Society of Public Administration Conference (ASPA), Washington, DC, 14-18 March 2014.
Fiedler BA. Constructing legal authority to facilitate multi-level interagency health data sharing in the United States. Int J Pharm Healthc Mark. 2015;9(2):175–94.
Fiedler BA, Cook K. Foundations of community health: planning access to public facilities. Paper presented at Southeastern Conference of Public Administration (SECoPA) on education, health, and social welfare policy, Hollywood, FL, October 4-7 2017.
Fiedler BA, Ortiz-Baerga J. Extending public health surveillance reporting through digital data collection of behavior patterns and existing conditions. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC Data Challenge, Phase I, August 4 2017.
Granovetter MS. The strength of weak ties. Am J Sociol. 1973;78(6):1360–80.
Gunderson T et al Joint use agreements and school site planning. Edmonton: Alberta School Boards Association. 2016. http://www.asba.ab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/sgm16_joint_use.pdf. Accessed 18 Sep 2017.
Jackson R, Kochtitzky C. Creating a healthy environment: the impact of the built environment on public health. Sprawl Watch Clearinghouse Monograph News. 2002. http://www.sprawlwatch.org/health.pdf. Accessed 17 Sep 2017.
Lawhon L. The neighborhood unit: physical design or physical determinism? J Plan Hist. 2009;8(2):111–32. http://jph.sagepub.com/content/8/2/111. Accessed 20 Sep 2017
Leisure Information Network. National report on joint use agreements survey 2012. Canadian Active After School Partnership. 2012. http://lin.ca/shared-use. Accessed 18 Sep 2017.
Lewis H. Fair play: advancing health equity through shared use. Community Commons. 2016. https://www.communitycommons.org/tag/shared-use/. Accessed 17 Sep 2017.
Lin N. Building a network theory of social capital. In: Lin N, et al., editors. Social capital: theory and research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter; 2001. p. 3–29.
McShane I et al Opportunity spaces: community engagement in the planning, use and governance of shared school facilities. Australian Research Council Linkage Project. 2013.
McShane I, Wilson C (2014) .Making better use of school facilities—what are the issues? https://oppspaces.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/making-better-use-of-school-facilities.pdf. Accessed 18 Sep 2017.
Miles R. Introduction and problem context. In: Miles R, Adelaja A, Wyckoff M, editors. School siting and healthy communities. Michigan: Michigan State University Press; 2011. p. 3–12.
National Association of State Boards of Education (NASBE). State school health policy database. 2013. http://www.nasbe.org/healthy_schools/hs/bytopics.php?topicid=3181&catExpand=acdnbtm_catC. Accessed 18 Sep 2017.
National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2015: with special features on racial and economic disparities. 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus15.pdf. Accessed 18 Sep 2017.
Pope J. Strengthening local communities: a partnership approach to delivering school and community infrastructure in Melbourne’s growth areas of Laurimar and Caroline Springs. Melbourne: Strategic Policy, Research and Forecasting Department of Planning and Community Development; 2010. http://www.futurecommunities.net/files/images/melbourne_strengthening_local_coms.pdf. Accessed 17 Sep 2017.
Spengler J. Promoting physical activity through the shared use of school and community recreational resources. Active Living Research Brief, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. 2012. http://activelivingresearch.org/promoting-physical-activity-through-shared-use-school-and-community-recreational-resources. Accessed 17 Sep 2017.
Safe Routes to School (SRTS) National Partnership. Making strides: 2016 state report cards. 2016. http://www.saferoutespartnership.org/sites/default/files/resource_files/072616_sr2s_statereport_2016_final.pdf. Accessed 19 Jan 2017.
Safe Routes to School (SRTS) National Partnership. Shared use of school and community facilities. 2017. http://www.saferoutespartnership.org/state/bestpractices/shareduse. Accessed 17 Sep 2017.
Shoshkes E. Engaging the public in comprehensive planning and design for healthy schools. In: Miles R, Adelaja A, Wyckoff M, editors. School siting and healthy communities. Michigan: Michigan State University Press; 2011. p. 221–35.
State Government Victoria. Guide to governing shared community facilities. Department of Planning and Community Development. 2010. http://www.localgovernment.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0025/48625/Guide-to-Governing-Shared-Community-Facilities.pdf. Accessed 18 Sep 2017.
Step One. Our mission. 2017. http://www.hcstep1.org/Mission.aspx. Accessed 17 Sep 2017.
Tsai W, Ghoshal S. Social capital and value creation: the role of intrafirm networks. Acad Manag J. 1998;41(4):464–76.
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Results from the School Health Policies and Practices Study 2016. 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/shpps/pdf/shpps-results_2016.pdf. Accessed 25 Sep 2017.
Victoria State Government. Education and training reform act. 2006. http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubStatbook.nsf/f932b66241ecf1b7ca256e92000e23be/575C47EA02890DA4CA25717000217213/$FILE/06-024a.pdf. Accessed 17 Sep 2017.
Wade E. The four factors that drag Australians down. The Sydney Morning Herald. 2016, June 8. http://www.smh.com.au/comment/the-four-things-that-drag-australia-down-20160607-gpdfrg.html. Accessed 17 Sep 2017.
World Health Organization (WHO). Interactive charts: prevalence of obesity. 2014. http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/ncd/risk_factors/obesity/atlas.html. Accessed 17 Sep 2017.
World Health Organization (WHO). Fact sheet: Obesity and overweight. 2016. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/. Accessed 17 Sep 2017.
Further Reading
Active Living Research. Resources for schools. 2017. http://activelivingresearch.org/taxonomy/schools. Accessed 12 Apr 2017.
ChangeLab Solutions. What is a joint use agreement? 2017. http://www.changelabsolutions.org/publications/what-is-JUA. Accessed 12 Apr 2017.
City of Ann Arbor, MI. FY2018–2023 Capital improvements plan. 2017. https://www.a2gov.org/departments/systems-planning/programs/Documents/Composite_CIP_%20Jan-17-2016%20Public%20Hearing%20Documents.pdf. Accessed 17 Sep 2017.
Community Commons. Animated Obesity rate map 1985–2008. [Animation: Nevit Dilmen]. [Data source: United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)]. n.d. https://www.communitycommons.org/2013/04/animated-obesity-rate-map/. Accessed 20 Sep 2017.
Kaiser Family Foundation. Health care expenditures per capita by state of residence. 2009. http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/health-spending-per-capita/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D. Accessed 10 Feb 2017.
National Assn of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO). Healthy community design toolkit. 2017. http://archived.naccho.org/topics/environmental/landuseplanning/index.cfm. Accessed 12 Apr 2017.
Thrun E et al Disparities in shared use agreements, policies, and plans. Bridging the Gap program. 2016. http://www.bridgingthegapresearch.org/_asset/zqqge6/BTG_SUA_disparities_brief_Feb2016.pdf. Accessed 17 Sep 2017.
United States Census Bureau. American FactFinder: Community facts. American community survey 5-year estimates. 2015. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/community_facts.xhtml. Accessed 30 Jan 2017.
United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chronic disease and health promotion data & indicators. 2017. https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/health-area/heart-disease-stroke-prevention?limit=25&view_type=rich. Accessed 18 Sep 2017.
University of California, Berkley. Center for cities and schools. 2017. http://citiesandschools.berkeley.edu/. Accessed 12 Apr 2017.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Glossary
- Community
-
A group of people living in a common location or sharing a certain set of attributes; used in this context to refer to the citizens who share a stake in the subject area.
- Facilitation
-
The act of easing communication and collaboration among various groups and/or individuals.
- Greenfield development
-
Construction on previously undeveloped land that has never been used, often outside the boundaries of existing urban infrastructure and buildings.
- International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
-
An international standard for coding and terminology for medically diagnosed diseases or injuries (e.g., 250.00 Diabetes Mellitus, Type II, without complication); in Fig. 7.2, diabetes would be an example of a noncommunicable, chronic disease.
- Likert scale
-
Measures a level of agreement or disagreement with a given statement; normally incremental in 3, 5 or 7 depending on the method of statistical analysis (agree, neither agree or disagree, or disagree is an example of a 3-point Likert scale).
- Ordinal
-
A categorical data type used in survey research to rank variables; response scales can be Yes/No (dichotomous) or have multiple values such as in a Likert scale.
- Quality of life
-
The general well-being of a society and its members, largely dependent on physical, social, economic, and other indicators that either positively or negatively affect one’s satisfaction with life.
- Recreational facilities
-
A physical building or space that provides opportunities for physical activity and leisure, such as a walking path, swimming pool, running track, or sports field; used most often in this context about publicly available spaces.
- Shared use or joint use
-
An agreement, either formal or informal, between two or more entities that enables the collective use of a facility or property by different groups; most commonly referenced in this context to describe an agreement between a school district and its respective municipal leaders that allows community use of a school building or property.
- Structural equation modeling (SEM)
-
Data elements are portrayed graphically; advanced method of statistical analysis where survey responses to exogenous (independent, predictor, X) variables can be measured for statistical significance against endogenous (dependent, outcomes, Y); the fundamental algebraic relationship between exogenous and endogenous variables in Fig. 7.2 is that Health Status = f (Sleep + Sedentary Behavior + Physical Activity + Nutrition) or y = f(x n) + measurement error.
- Urban sprawl
-
Unconstrained spread of development and human populations outside of a centralized urban core, which often results in suburbanized, low-density, and car-dependent populations.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cook, K., Fiedler, B.A. (2018). Foundations of Community Health: Planning Access to Public Facilities. In: Fiedler, B. (eds) Translating National Policy to Improve Environmental Conditions Impacting Public Health Through Community Planning. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75361-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75361-4_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-75360-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-75361-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)