Abstract
In the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC-7) on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in 2003, people with systolic blood pressure between 120 and 139 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure 80 and 89 mmHg were categorized as having prehypertension. Besides being a precursor to high blood pressure, prehypertension itself is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. It appears that nearly one-third of the world’s adult population have prehypertension. Its prevalence seems to decrease in high-income countries while still rising in countries with low- and middle-income. Prehypertension is more common in males than females. Almost 90% of individuals with prehypertension have at least one other traditional cardiovascular risk factor. Multiethnic comparison studies on prevalence have produced contradictory evidence. Fifteen years after its first introduction, data suggest that physicians are reluctant to tell patients they have prehypertension.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–71.
Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, et al. Assessment of frequency of progression to hypertension in non- hypertensive participants in the Framingham Heart Study: a cohort study. Lancet. 2001;358:1682–6.
Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:1903–13.
World Health Report 2002. Reducing risks, promoting healthy life. http://www.who.int/whr/2002/ Accessed 27 June 2017.
European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines Committee. European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens. 2003;21:1011–53.
World Health Organization /International Society of Hypertension Writing group. 2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. J Hypertens. 2003;21:1983–92.
Appel LJ, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, et al. Writing Group of the PREMIER Collaborative Research Group. Effects of comprehensive lifestyle modification on blood pressure control: main results of the PREMIER clinical trial. JAMA. 2003;289:2083–93.
Prather AA, Blumenthal JA, Hinderliter AL, Sherwood A. Ethnic differences in the effects of the DASH diet on nocturnal blood pressure in individuals with high blood pressure. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24:1338–44.
Faselis C, Doumas M, Kokkinos JP, et al. Exercise capacity and progression from prehypertension to hypertension. Hypertension. 2012;60:333–8.
Greenlund KJ, Daviglus ML, Croft JB. Differences in healthy lifestyle characteristics between adults with prehypertension and normal blood pressure. J Hypertens. 2009;27:955–62.
Teo K, Lear S, Islam S, et al; on behalf of PURE Study Investigators. Prevalence of a healthy lifestyle among individuals with cardiovascular disease in high-, middle- and low-income countries the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. JAMA. 2013;310:959–68.
Weber MA, Schiffrin EL, White WB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community a statement by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2014;32:3–15.
Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, et al. The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2159–219.
Leung AA, Daskalopoulou SS, Dasgupta K, et al. Hypertension Canada’s 2017 guidelines for diagnosis, risk assessment, prevention and treatment of hypertension in adults. Can J Cardiol. 2017;33:557–76.
Gabb GM, Mangoni AA, Anderson CS, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and management of hypertension in adults, 2016. Med J Aust. 2016;205:85–9.
Shimamoto K, Ando K, Fujita T, et al. Japanese Society of Hypertension Committee for Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension: the Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2014). Hypertens Res. 2014;37:253–387.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension: clinical management of primary hypertension in adults (Clinical guideline 127). http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG127. Accessed 27 June 2017.
Gulec S. Early diagnosis saves lives: focus on patients with hypertension. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3:332–4.
Viera AJ, Bangura F, Mitchell CM, et al. Do clinicians tell patients they have prehypertension? J Am Board Fam Med. 2011;24:117–8.
Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Taylor DW, et al. Increased absenteeism from work after detection and labeling of hypertensive patients. N Engl J Med. 1978;299:741–4.
Stewart JC, France CR, Sheffield D. Hypertension awareness and pain reports: data from the NHANES III. Ann Behav Med. 2003;26:8–14.
Barger SD, Muldoon MF. Hypertension labelling was associated with poorer self-rated health in the Third US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Hum Hypertens. 2006;20:117–23.
Viera AJ, MD MPH, et al. Effects of labeling patients as prehypertensive. J Am Board Fam Med. 2010;23:571–83.
Spruill TM, Feltheimer SD, Harlapur M, et al. Are there consequences of labeling patients with prehypertension? An experimental study of effects on blood pressure and quality of life. J Psychosom Res. 2013;74:433–8.
Niiranen TJ, Asayama K, Thijs L, et al. for the International Database of HOme blood pressure in relation to Cardiovascular Outcome Investigators. Outcome-driven thresholds for home blood pressure measurement international database of home blood pressure in relation to cardiovascular outcome. Hypertension. 2013;61:27–34.
Head GA, Mihailidou AS, Duggan KA, et al. Definition of ambulatory blood pressure targets for diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in relation to clinic blood pressure: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2010;340:c1104.
Booth JN, Li J, Zhang L, et al. Trends in prehypertension and hypertension risk factors in US adults1999–2012. Hypertension. 2017;70(2):275–84.
Meng XJ, Dong GH, Wang D, et al. Epidemiology of prehypertension and associated risk factors in urban adults from 33 communities in China—The CHPSNE Study. Circ J. 2012;76:900–6.
Ishikawa Y, Ishikawa L, Ishikawa S, et al. for the JMS Cohort Investigators Group. Prevalence and determinants of prehypertension in a Japanese general population: The Jichi Medical School Cohort Study. Hypertens Res. 2008;31:1323–30.
Gupta R, Deedwania PC, Achari V, et al. Normotension, prehypertension, and hypertension in urban middle-class subjects in India: prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26:83–94.
Joffres M, Falaschetti E, Gillespie C, et al. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in national surveys from England, the USA and Canada, and correlation with stroke and ischaemic heart disease mortality: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2013;3:e003423. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003423.
Agyemang C, van Valkengoed I, van den Born BJ, Stronks K. Prevalence and determinants of prehypertension among African Surinamese, Hindustani Surinamese, and White Dutch in Amsterdam, the Netherlands: The SUNSET study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007;14:775–81.
Guwatudde D, Nankya-Mutyoba J, Kalyesubula R, et al. The burden of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: a four-country cross sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:1211. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2546-z.
Silva DA, Petroski EL, Peres MA, et al. Prehypertension and hypertension among adults in a metropolitan area in southern Brazil: population-based study. Rev Saude Publica. 2012;46:988–98.
Podpalov V, Stchastlivenko AI, Zhurova ON, et al. Prevalence of prehypertension, hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in a Belarus urban population. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(Suppl 1):5960.
Tabrizi JS, Bazargani HS, Farahbakhsh M, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian population: Lifestyle Promotion Project (LPP). PLos One. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165264.
Guo X, Zou L, Zhang X, et al. Prehypertension: a meta-analysis of the epidemiology, risk factors, and predictors of progression. Tex Heart Inst J. 2011;38:643–52.
Teo K, Chow CK, Vaz M, et al. The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. Am Heart J. 2009;158:1–7.
Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, et al. Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation. 2016;134:441–50.
Wu L, He Y, Jiang B, et al. Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension during 2001–2010 in an urban elderly population of China. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0132814. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132814.
Chiu YH, Wu SC, Tseng CD, et al. Progression of pre-hypertension, stage 1 and 2 hypertension (JNC 7): a population-based study in Keelung, Taiwan (Keelung Community-based Integrated Screening No. 9). J Hypertens. 2006;24:821–8.
WHO Global Observatory data. http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.12467GLOBAL?lang=en. Accessed 22 June 2017.
Grotto I, Grossman E, Huerta M, Sharabi Y. Prevalence of prehypertension and associated cardiovascular risk profiles among young Israeli adults. Hypertension. 2006;48:254–9.
Wang Y, Wang QJ. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among US adults according to the new Joint National Committee guidelines. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:2126–34.
Glasser SP, Judd S, Basile J, et al. Prehypertension, racial prevalence and association with risk factors: analysis of the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24:194–9.
Toprak A, Wang H, Chen W, et al. Prehypertension and black-white contrasts in cardiovascular risk in young adults: Bogalusa heart study. J Hypertens. 2009;27:243–50.
Hsia J, Margolis KL, Eaton CB, et al. for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Prehypertension and cardiovascular disease risk in the Women’s Health Initiative. Circulation. 2007;115:855–60.
Carson AP, Howard G, Burke GL. Ethnic differences in hypertension incidence among middle-aged and older adults the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Hypertension. 2011;57:1101–7.
Gu Q, Burt VL, Paulose-Ram R, et al. High blood pressure and cardiovascular disease mortality risk among U.S. adults: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey mortality follow-up study. Ann Epidemiol. 2008;18:302–9.
Xu T, Liu J, Zhu G, et al. Prevalence of prehypertension and associated risk factors among Chinese adults from a large-scale multi-ethnic population survey. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:775. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3411-4.
Hadaegh F, Hasheminia M, Abdi H et al. (2015) Prehypertension Tsunami: a decade follow-up of an Iranian adult population. PLoS One. 10(10):e0139412. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139412.
Zambrana RE, López L, Dinwiddie GY, et al. Prevalence and incident prehypertension and hypertension in postmenopausal Hispanic women: results from the Women’s Health Initiative. Am J Hypertens. 2014;27:372–81.
Hardy ST, Holliday KM, Chakladar S, et al. Heterogeneity in blood pressure transitions over the life course. Age-specific emergence of racial/ethnic and sex disparities in the United States. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2:653. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2017.0652.
Gupta AK, McGlone M, Greenway FL, Johnson WD. Prehypertension in disease-free adults: a marker for an adverse cardiometabolic risk profile. Hypertens Res. 2010;33:905–10.
Greenlund KJ, Croft JB, Mensah GA. Prevalence of heart disease and stroke risk factors in persons with prehypertension in the United States, 1999–2000. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:2113–8.
Mainous AG 3rd, Everett CJ, Liszka H, et al. Prehypertension and mortality in a nationally representative cohort. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:1496–500.
Chrysohoou C, Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos DB, et al. Association between prehypertension status and inflammatory markers related to atherosclerotic disease: The ATTICA Study. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17:568–73.
Navarro-gonzález JF, Mora C, Muros M, et al. Relationship between inflammation and microalbuminuria in prehypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2013;27:119–25.
Yang G, Ma Y, Wang S, et al. Prevalence and correlates of prehypertension and hypertension among adults in Northeastern China: a cross sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13:82. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010082.
Hu L, Huang X, You C, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Southern China. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0170238. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170238.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gulec, S., Erol, C. (2019). Prehypertension: Definition and Epidemiology. In: Zimlichman, R., Julius, S., Mancia, G. (eds) Prehypertension and Cardiometabolic Syndrome. Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75310-2_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75310-2_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-75309-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-75310-2
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)