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Prehypertension, the Risk of Hypertension and Events

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Prehypertension and Cardiometabolic Syndrome

Part of the book series: Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection ((UHCP))

Abstract

Prehypertension is a precursor of hypertension in a high proportion of individuals. Several factors may predispose to the development of prehypertension including uric acid, dietary salt intake, arterial stiffness, autonomic imbalance, obesity, and subclinical inflammation.

Progression of prehypertension to hypertension has been associated with visceral abdominal fat, sympathetic overactivity, sympathovagal imbalance, endothelial dysfunction, impairment of coronary flow reserve, and metabolic syndrome. Age, gender, ethnicity, and baseline blood pressure may also affect the incidence of hypertension.

Prehypertension is associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular death, but not all-cause mortality. Lifestyle measures and antihypertensive drugs may delay or even prevent the progression of prehypertension to hypertension.

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Declaration of Interest

This review was written independently; no company or institution supported the authors financially or by providing a professional writer. M.D. received honoraria from Menarini, WinMedica, Bayer, Boehringer, Merck, and Unipharma. N.K. has given talks, attended conferences, and participated in trials sponsored by Amgen, Angelini, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Galenica, MSD, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and WinMedica. D.P.M. has given talks and attended conferences sponsored by MSD, AstraZeneca, and Libytec.

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  1. Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Michael Doumas & Niki Katsiki

  2. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK

    Dimitri P. Mikhailidis

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  1. Michael Doumas
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Reuven Zimlichman

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Stevo Julius

  3. Emeritus Professor of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy

    Giuseppe Mancia

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Doumas, M., Katsiki, N., Mikhailidis, D.P. (2019). Prehypertension, the Risk of Hypertension and Events. In: Zimlichman, R., Julius, S., Mancia, G. (eds) Prehypertension and Cardiometabolic Syndrome. Updates in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Protection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75310-2_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75310-2_4

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-75309-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-75310-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

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