Skip to main content

Liver Transplant Interventions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Transplantation Imaging

Abstract

Initial efforts at human liver transplantation in the early 1960s were marred by extremely poor postoperative survival, with the earliest organ recipients surviving for 0–23 days postoperatively [1]. Following improvements in surgical technique, the focus shifted from postoperative patient survival to survival of the graft, and efforts were concentrated on optimizing antirejection regimens [2]. In the current era, patients undergoing liver transplantation have survival rates of 82%, 70%, and 65% at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively [3]. Despite significant improvements in survival following liver transplantation, posttransplant complications are not uncommon, and image-guided interventional strategies have emerged as a reasonable alternative to open or laparoscopic reoperation in the management of many of these complications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Starzl TE, Iwatsuki S, Van Thiel DH, Carlton Gartner J, Zitelli B, Malatack J, et al. Evolution of liver transplantation. Hepatology. 1982;2:614–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Starzl TE, Klintmalm GB, Porter K, Iwatsuki S, Schroeter G. Liver transplantation with use of cyclosporin a and prednisone. N Engl J Med. 1981;305:266–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Agopian VG, Petrowsky H, Kaldas FM, Zarrinpar A, Farmer DG, Yersiz H, et al. The evolution of liver transplantation during 3 decades: analysis of 5347 consecutive liver transplants at a single center. Ann Surg. 2013;258:409–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Pareja E, Cortes M, Navarro R, Sanjuan F, López R, Mir J. Vascular complications after orthotopic liver transplantation: hepatic artery thrombosis. Transplant Proc. 2010;42(8):2970–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bhargava P, Vaidya S, Dick AAS, Dighe M. Imaging of orthotopic liver transplantation: self-assessment module. Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196(3 Suppl):S35–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Singh AK, Nachiappan AC, Verma HA, Uppot RN, Blake MA, Saini S, et al. Postoperative imaging in liver transplantation: what radiologists should know. Radiographics. 2010;30:339.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Crossin JD, Muradali D, Wilson SR. US of liver transplants: normal and abnormal. Radiographics. 2003;23:1093.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ingraham CR, Montenovo M. Interventional and surgical techniques in solid organ transplantation. Radiol Clin North Am. 2016;54(2):267–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Tzakis AG. The dearterialized liver graft. Semin Liver Dis. 1985;5(4):375–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Langnas AN, Marujo W, Stratta RJ, Wood RP, Li SJ, Shaw BW. Hepatic allograft rescue following arterial thrombosis. Role of urgent revascularization. Transplantation. 1991;51(1):86–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Wozney P, Zajko AB, Bron KM, Point S, Starzl TE. Vascular complications after liver transplantation: a 5-year experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1986;147(4):657–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Bekker J, Ploem S, De Jong KP. Early hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation: a systematic review of the incidence, outcome and risk factors. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(4):746–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Duffy JP, Hong JC, Farmer DG, Ghobrial RM, Yersiz H, Hiatt JR, et al. Vascular complications of orthotopic liver transplantation: experience in more than 4,200 patients. J Am Coll Surg. 2009;208(5):896–903.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. López-Andújar R, Moya A, Montalvá E, Berenguer M, De Juan M, San Juan F, et al. Lessons learned from anatomic variants of the hepatic artery in 1,081 transplanted livers. Liver Transpl. 2007;13(10):1401–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Oh CK, Pelletier SJ, Sawyer RG, Dacus AR, McCullough CS, Pruett TL, et al. Uni- and multi-variate analysis of risk factors for early and late hepatic artery thrombosis after liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2001;71(6):767–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Stange BJ, Glanemann M, Nuessler NC, Settmacher U, Steinmüller T, Neuhaus P. Hepatic artery thrombosis after adult liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2003;9(6):612–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Heffron TG, Pillen T, Welch D, Smallwood GA, Redd D, Romero R. Hepatic artery thrombosis in pediatric liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2003;35(4):1447–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Murata Y, Mizuno S, Kato H, Tanemura A, Kuriyama N, Azumi Y, et al. Technical feasibility and clinical outcomes of interventional endovascular treatment for hepatic artery thrombosis after living-donor liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2016;48:1142–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gunsar F, Rolando N, Pastacaldi S, Patch D, Raimondo ML, Davidson B, et al. Late hepatic artery thrombosis after orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2003;9(6):605–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Singhal A, Stokes K, Sebastian A, Wright HI, Kohli V. Endovascular treatment of hepatic artery thrombosis following liver transplantation. Transpl Int. 2010;23:245–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Amesur NB, Zajko AB. Interventional radiology in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2006;12:330–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Sheiner PA, Varma CV, Guarrera JV, Cooper J, Garatti M, Emre S, et al. Selective revascularization of hepatic artery thromboses after liver transplantation improves patient and graft survival. Transplantation. 1997;64(9):1295–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Abbasoglu O, Levy MF, Vodapally MS, Goldstein RM, Husberg BS, Gonwa TA, et al. Hepatic artery stenosis after liver transplantation—incidence, presentation, treatment, and long term outcome. Transplantation. 1997;63:250–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Gordon S, Carmody A. Arterial complications after liver transplantation. Transplant. Liver. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2005. p. 953–61.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Rajakunnu M, Awad S, Ciacio O, Pittau G, Adam R, Cunha A, et al. Intention-to-treat analysis of percutaneous endovascular treatment of hepatic artery stenosis after orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2016;22:923–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Frongillo F, Lirosi MC, Nure E, Inchingolo R, Bianco G, Silvestrini N, et al. Diagnosis and management of hepatic artery complications after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2015;47(7):2150–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Saad WEA, Davies MG, Sahler L, Lee DE, Patel NC, Kitanosono T, et al. Hepatic artery stenosis in liver transplant recipients: primary treatment with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16(6):795–805.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Laštovičková J, Peregrin J. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of hepatic artery stenosis in patients after orthotopic liver transplantation: mid-term results. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2011;34(6):1165–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Maruzzelli L, Miraglia R, Caruso S, Milazzo M, Mamone G, Gruttadauria S, et al. Percutaneous endovascular treatment of hepatic artery stenosis in adult and pediatric patients after liver transplantation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2010;33(6):1111–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Sommacale D, Aoyagi T, Dondero F, Sibert A, Bruno O, Fteriche S, et al. Repeat endovascular treatment of recurring hepatic artery stenoses in orthotopic liver transplantation. Transpl Int. 2013;26(6):608–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Rostambeigi N, Hunter D, Duval S, Chinnakotla S, Golzarian J. Stent placement versus angioplasty for hepatic artery stenosis after liver transplant: a meta-analysis of case series. Eur Radiol. 2013;23(5):1323–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Huang M, Shan H, Jiang Z, Li Z, Zhu K, Guan S, et al. The use of coronary stent in hepatic artery stenosis after orthotopic liver transplantation. Eur J Radiol. 2006;60(3):425–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Marshall MM, Muiesan P, Srinivasan P, Kane PA, Rela M, Heaton ND, et al. Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms following liver transplantation: incidence, presenting features and management. Clin Radiol. 2001;56(7):579–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Saad WEA. Management of nonocclusive hepatic artery complications after liver transplantation. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;10(3):221–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Álamo JM, Gómez MA, Tamayo MJ, Socas M, Valera Z, Robles JA, et al. Mycotic pseudoaneurysms after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2005;37(3):1512–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bonham C, Kapur S, Geller D, Fung J, Pinna A. Excision and immediate revascularization for hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm following liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 1999;31:443.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Patel JV, Weston MJ, Kessel DO, Prasad R, Toogood GJ, Robertson I. Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm after liver transplantation: treatment with percutaneous thrombin injection. Transplantation. 2003;75(10):1755–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Fistouris J, Herlenius G, Bäckman L, Olausson M, Rizell M, Mjörnstedt L, et al. Pseudoaneurysm of the hepatic artery following liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2006;38(8):2679–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Leelaudomlipi S, Bramhall SR, Gunson BK, Candinas D, Buckels JAC, McMaster P, et al. Hepatic-artery aneurysm in adult liver transplantation. Transpl Int. 2003;16(4):257–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Caiado AHM, Blasbalg R, Marcelino ASZ, da Cunha Pinho M, Chammas MC, da Costa Leite C, et al. Complications of liver transplantation: multimodality imaging approach. Radiographics. 2007;27:1401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Saad WEA. Liver transplant-related vascular disease. In: Dake M, Geshwind J-F, editors. Abrams angiography: interventional radiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Baheti AD, Sanyal R, Heller MT, Bhargava P. Surgical techniques and imaging complications of liver transplant. Radiol Clin North Am. 2016;54(2):199–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Finley DS, Hinojosa MW, Paya M, Imagawa DK. Hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm: a report of seven cases and a review of the literature. Surg Today. 2005;35(7):543–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Lowell JA, Coopersmith CM, Shenoy S, Howard TK. Unusual presentations of nonmycotic hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg. 1999;5(3):200–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Stange B, Settmacher U, Glanemann M, Nuessler N, Bechstein W, Neuhaus P. Aneurysms of the hepatic artery after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2000;32:533–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Houssin D, Ortega D, Richardson A, Ozier Y, Stephan H, Soffer M, et al. Mycotic aneurysm of the hepatic artery complicating human liver transplantation. Transplantation. 1988;46:469–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Jones VS, Chennapragada MS, Lord DJE, Stormon M, Shun A. Post-liver transplant mycotic aneurysm of the hepatic artery. J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43(3):555–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Uflacker R, Selby JB, Chavin K, Rogers J, Baliga P. Transcatheter splenic artery occlusion for treatment of splenic artery steal syndrome after orthotopic liver transplantation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2002;25(4):300–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. De Carlis L, Sansalone C, Rondinara G, Belli L, Rimoldi P, Romani F, et al. Splenic artery steal syndrome after orthotopic liver transplantation: diagnosis and treatment. Transplant Proc. 1993;25:2594–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Nüssler NC, Settmacher U, Haase R, Stange B, Heise M, Neuhaus P. Diagnosis and treatment of arterial steal syndromes in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl. 2003;9(6):596–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Yerdel MA, Gunson B, Mirza D, Karayalçin K, Olliff S, Buckels J, et al. Portal vein thrombosis in adults undergoing liver transplantation: risk factors, screening, management, and outcome. Transplantation. 2000;69(9):1873–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Jia Y-P, Lu Q, Gong S, Ma B-Y, Wen X-R, Peng Y-L, et al. Postoperative complications in patients with portal vein thrombosis after liver transplantation: evaluation with Doppler ultrasonography. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(34):4636–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Ueda M, Egawa H, Ogawa K, Uryuhara K, Fujimoto Y, Kasahara M, et al. Portal vein complications in the long-term course after pediatric living donor liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2005;37(2):1138–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Woo DH, LaBerge JM, Gordon RL, Wilson MW, Kerlan RK. Management of portal venous complications after liver transplantation. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;10(3):233–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Lladó L, Fabregat J, Castellote J, Ramos E, Torras J, Jorba R, et al. Management of portal vein thrombosis in liver transplantation: influence on morbidity and mortality. Clin Transplant. 2007;21(6):716–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Manzanet G, Sanjuán F, Orbis P, López R, Moya A, Juan M, et al. Liver transplantation in patients with portal vein thrombosis. Liver Transpl. 2001;7(2):125–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Enestvedt BK, Enestvedt CK, Diggs B, Orloff SL. Hypercoagulability in liver transplant recipients: does portal vein thrombosis predict postoperative thrombotic complications? Open Journal of Organ Transplant and Surgery. 2011;1:1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Tao Y-F, Teng F, Wang Z-X, Guo W-Y, Shi X-M, Wang G-H, et al. Liver transplant recipients with portal vein thrombosis: a single center retrospective study. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2009;8(1):34–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Gimeno FA, Calvo J, Loinaz C, Meneu JC, Pérez B, Gomez R, et al. Comparative analysis of the results of orthotopic liver transplantation in patients with and without portal vein thrombosis. Transplant Proc. 2005;37(9):3899–903.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Sharma R, Kashyap R, Jain A, Safadjou S, Graham M, Dwivedi AK, et al. Surgical complications following liver transplantation in patients with portal vein thrombosis—a single-center perspective. J Gastrointest Surg. 2010;14(3):520–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Feltracco P, Barbieri S, Cillo U, Zanus G, Senzolo M, Ori C. Perioperative thrombotic complications in liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(26):8004–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Saad WEA. Portal interventions in liver transplant recipients. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2012;29(2):99–104.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Quiroga S, Sebastià MC, Margarit C, Castells L, Boyé R, Alvarez-Castells A. Complications of orthotopic liver transplantation: spectrum of findings with helical CT. Radiographics. 2001;21:1085.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lerut J, Tzakis AG, Bron K, Gordon RD, Iwatsuki S, Esquivel CO, et al. Complications of venous reconstruction in human orthotopic liver transplantation. Ann Surg. 1987;205(4):404–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Settmacher U, Nuessler N, Glanemann M, Haase R, Heise M, Bechstein W, et al. Venous complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2000;14:235–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Buell JF, Funaki B, Cronin DC, Yoshida A, Perlman MK, Lorenz J, et al. Long-term venous complications after full-size and segmental pediatric liver transplantation. Ann Surg. 2002;236(5):658–66.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Funaki B, Rosenblum JD, Leef JA, Zaleski GX, Farrell T, Lorenz J, et al. Percutaneous treatment of portal venous stenosis in children and adolescents with segmental hepatic transplants: long-term results. Radiology. 2000;215(1):147–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Ko GY, Sung KB, Yoon HK, Lee SG. Early posttransplantation portal vein stenosis following living donor liver transplantation: percutaneous transhepatic primary stent placement. Liver Transpl. 2007;13(4):530–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Brouwers MA, de Jong KP, Peeters PM, Bijleveld CM, Klompmaker IJ, Slooff MJ. Inferior vena cava obstruction after orthotopic liver transplantation. Clin Transplant. 1994;8(1):19–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Cheng YF, Chen CL, Huang TL, Chen TY, Chen YS, Wang CC, et al. Angioplasty treatment of hepatic vein stenosis in pediatric liver transplants: long-term results. Transpl Int. 2005;18(5):556–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Navarro F, Le Moine MC, Fabre JM, Belghiti J, Cherqui D, Adam R, et al. Specific vascular complications of orthotopic liver transplantation with preservation of the retrohepatic vena cava: review of 1361 cases. Transplantation. 1999;68(5):646–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Darcy MD. Management of venous outflow complications after liver transplantation. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;10(3):240–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Wang SL, Sze DY, Busque S, Razavi MK, Kee ST, Frisoli JK, et al. Treatment of hepatic venous outflow obstruction after piggyback liver transplantation. Radiology. 2005;236(1):352–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Kubo T, Shibata T, Itoh K, Maetani Y, Isoda H, Hiraoka M, et al. Outcome of percutaneous transhepatic venoplasty for hepatic venous outflow obstruction after living donor liver transplantation. Radiology. 2006;239(1):285–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Weeks SM, Gerber DA, Jaques PF, Sandhu J, Johnson MW, Fair JH, et al. Primary Gianturco stent placement for inferior vena cava abnormalities following liver transplantation. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2000;11(2 Pt 1):177–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Akamatsu N, Sugawara Y, Hashimoto D. Biliary reconstruction, its complications and management of biliary complications after adult liver transplantation: a systematic review of the incidence, risk factors and outcome. Transpl Int. 2011;24(4):379–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Atwal T, Pastrana M, Sandhu B. Post-liver transplant biliary complications. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2012;2(1):81–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Kothary N, Patel AA, Shlansky-Goldberg RD. Interventional radiology: management of biliary complications of liver transplantation. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2004;21(4):297–308.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Verdonk RC, Buis CI, Porte RJ, van der Jagt EJ, Limburg AJ, van den Berg AP, et al. Anastomotic biliary strictures after liver transplantation: causes and consequences. Liver Transpl. 2006;12(5):726–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Londoño MC, Balderramo D, Cárdenas A. Management of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation: the role of endoscopy. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(4):493–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Kochhar G, Parungao JM, Hanouneh IA, Parsi MA. Biliary complications following liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(19):2841–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Rerknimitr R, Sherman S, Fogel EL, Kalayci C, Lumeng L, Chalasani N, et al. Biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation with choledochocholedochostomy anastomosis: endoscopic findings and results of therapy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;55(2):224–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Sung RS, Campbell DA, Rudich SM, Punch JD, Shieck VL, Armstrong JM, et al. Long-term follow-up of percutaneous transhepatic balloon cholangioplasty in the management of biliary strictures after liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2004;77(1):110–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Roumilhac D, Poyet G, Sergent G, Declerck N, Karoui M, Mathurin P, et al. Long-term results of percutaneous management for anastomotic biliary stricture after orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2003;9(4):394–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Thuluvath PJ, Pfau PR, Kimmey MB, Ginsberg GG. Biliary complications after liver transplantation: the role of endoscopy. Endoscopy. 2005;37(9):857–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Stratta RJ, Wood RP, Langnas AN, Hollins RR, Bruder KJ, Donovan JP, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Surgery. 1989;106(4):675–83; discussion 683–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Greif F, Bronsther OL, Van Thiel DH, Casavilla A, Iwatsuki S, Tzakis A, et al. The incidence, timing, and management of biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Ann Surg. 1994;219(1):40–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Scanga AE, Kowdley KV. Management of biliary complications following orthotopic liver transplantation. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2007;9(1):31–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Macías-Gómez C, Dumonceau J-M. Endoscopic management of biliary complications after liver transplantation: an evidence-based review. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;7(6):606–16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Morelli J, Mulcahy HE, Willner IR, Cunningham JT, Draganov P. Long-term outcomes for patients with post-liver transplant anastomotic biliary strictures treated by endoscopic stent placement. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;58(3):374–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alexander Y. Kim M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Miller, A., Kim, A.Y. (2018). Liver Transplant Interventions. In: Fananapazir, G., Lamba, R. (eds) Transplantation Imaging. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75266-2_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75266-2_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-75264-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-75266-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics