Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Assessment with Cognitive Screening Instruments

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Dementia in Clinical Practice: A Neurological Perspective

  • 846 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter examines the screening utility of selected cognitive screening instruments, including both multidomain and specific/single domain instruments, which have been examined in the author’s clinic for the assessment of cognitive complaints.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdel-Aziz K, Larner AJ. Six-Item Cognitive Impairment Test (6CIT) for detection of dementia and cognitive impairment. Int Psychogeriatr. 2015;27:991–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aji BM, Ghadiali EJ, Jacob A, Larner AJ. Passage of an iron bar through the head: 50-year follow-up. J Neurol. 2012;259:1247–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aji BM, Medley G, O’Driscoll K, Larner AJ, Alusi SH. Perry syndrome: a disorder to consider in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism. J Neurol Sci. 2013;330:117–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aji BM, Milburn-McNulty P, Larner AJ. Epilepsy: when family history holds the key to diagnosis. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 2016;20(5):11–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ala T, Hughes LF, Kyrouac GA, Ghobrial MW, Elble RJ. The Mini-Mental State exam may help in the differentiation of dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;17:503–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ali R, Barborie A, Larner AJ, White RP. Psychiatric presentation of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a challenge to current diagnostic criteria. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;25:335–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allison RS. The senile brain. A clinical study. London: Edward Arnold; 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee S, Willis R, Matthews D, Contell F, Chan J, Murray J. Improving the quality of care for mild to moderate dementia: an evaluation of the Croydon Memory Service Model. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22:782–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belmin J, Pariel-Madjlessi S, Surun P, Bentot C, Feteanu D, Lefebvre des Noettes V, et al. The cognitive disorders examination (Codex) is a reliable 3-minute test for detection of dementia in the elderly (validation study in 323 subjects). Presse Med. 2007;36:1183–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bier JC, Ventura M, Donckels V, et al. Is the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination effective to detect frontotemporal dementia? J Neurol. 2004;251:428–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonello M, Larner AJ, Marson AG, et al. Profound amnesia after temporal lobectomy: an autoimmune process resembling patient H.M.? Case Rep Neurol. 2014;6:251–5.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowie P, Branton T, Holmes J. Should the Mini Mental State Examination be used to monitor dementia treatments? Lancet. 1999;354:1527–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brooke P, Bullock R. Validation of a 6 item cognitive impairment test with a view to primary care usage. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;14:936–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown J. The use and misuse of short cognitive tests in the diagnosis of dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86:680–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown JM. TYM (Test Your Memory) testing. In: Larner AJ, editor. Cognitive screening instruments. A practical approach. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2017. p. 209–29.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brown J, Pengas G, Dawson K, Brown LA, Clatworthy P. Self administered cognitive screening test (TYM) for detection of Alzheimer’s disease: cross sectional study. BMJ. 2009;338:b2030.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown J, Wiggins J, Dong H, Harvey R, Richardson F, Dawson K, Parker RA. The H-TYM. Evaluation of a short cognitive test to detect mild AD and amnestic MCI. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;29:272–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown JM, Lansdall CJ, Wiggins J, et al. The Test Your Memory for Mild Cognitive Impairment (TYM-MCI). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017;88:1045–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brugnolo A, Nobili F, Barbieri MP, et al. The factorial structure of the mini mental state examination (MMSE) in Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009;49:180–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burkhardt H, Karaminejad E, Gladisch R. A short performance test can help to predict adherence to self-administration of insulin in elderly patients with diabetes. Age Ageing. 2006;35:449–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burns A, Lawlor B, Craig S. Assessment scales in old age psychiatry. 2nd ed. London: Martin Dunitz; 2004.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Buschke H, Kuslansky G, Katz M, et al. Screening for dementia with the Memory Impairment Screen. Neurology. 1999;52:231–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cagliarini AM, Price HL, Livemore ST, Larner AJ. Will use of the Six-Item Cognitive Impairment Test help to close the dementia diagnosis gap? Aging Health. 2013;9:563–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Can SS, Gencay-Can A, Gunendi Z. Validity and reliability of the clock drawing test as a screening tool for cognitive impairment in patients with fibromyalgia. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53:81–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cannon P, Larner AJ. Errors in the scoring and reporting of cognitive screening instruments administered in primary care. Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2016;6:271–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carnero-Pardo C. Should the Mini-Mental State Examination be retired? Neurologia. 2014;29:473–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carnero Pardo C, editor. Test cognitivos breves. Madrid: Ediciones SEN; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caslake R, Summers F, McConachie D, et al. The Mini-Mental Parkinson’s (MMP) as a cognitive screening tool in people with Parkinson’s disease. Curr Aging Sci. 2013;6:273–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castiglioni S, Pelati O, Zuffi M, et al. The Frontal Assessment Battery does not differentiate frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;22:125–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ciesielska N, Sokolowski R, Mazue E, Podhorecka M, Polak-Szabela A, Kedziora-Kornatowska K. Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test better suited than the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) detection among people aged over 60? Meta-analysis. Psychiatr Pol. 2016;50:1039–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Connon P, Larner AJ. Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome: cognitive presentations. Br J Hosp Med. 2017a;78:230–1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connon P, Larner AJ. Six-item Cognitive Impairment Test (6CIT): diagnostic test accuracy study in primary care referrals. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2017b;32:583–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland JR, Davidson IA, Dewey ME, et al. Alzheimer’s disease, other dementias, depression and pseudodementia: prevalence, incidence and three-year outcome in Liverpool. Br J Psychiatry. 1992;161:230–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland JR, McCracken CF, Dewey ME, Wilson KC, Doran M, Gilmore C, Scott A, Larkin BA. Undifferentiated dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia: age- and gender-related incidence in Liverpool. The MRC-ALPHA study. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;175:433–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox C, Larner AJ. Recurrent hypoglycaemia and cognitive impairment: a 14-year follow-up. Br J Hosp Med. 2016;77:540–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford S, Whitnall L, Robertson J, Evans JJ. A systematic review of the accuracy and clinical utility of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination and the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised in the diagnosis of dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;27:659–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crum RM, Anthony JC, Bassett SS, Folstein MF. Population-based norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by age and educational level. JAMA. 1993;269:2386–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen B, O’Neill B, Evans JJ, Coen RF, Lawlor BA. A review of screening tests for cognitive impairment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:790–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davey RJ, Jamieson S. The validity of using the mini mental state examination in NICE dementia guidelines. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:343–4.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davies RR, Dawson K, Mioshi E, Erzinclioglu S, Hodges JR. Differentiation of semantic dementia and Alzheimer’s disease using the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE). Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;23:370–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delaney BC, Hyde CJ, McManus RJ, et al. Systematic review of near patient test evaluations in primary care. BMJ. 1999;319:824–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dick JPR, Guiloff RJ, Stewart A, et al. Mini-mental state examination in neurological patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984;47:496–9.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doran M, Larner AJ. EEG findings in dementia with Lewy bodies causing diagnostic confusion with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Eur J Neurol. 2004;11:838–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubois B, Slachevsky A, Litvan I, Pillon B. The FAB: a Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside. Neurology. 2000;55:1621–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubois B, Touchon J, Portet F, Ousset PJ, Vellas B, Michel B. “The 5 words”: a simple and sensitive test for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease [in French]. Presse Med. 2002;31:1696–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dudas RB, Berrios GE, Hodges JR. The Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE) in the differential diagnosis of early dementias versus affective disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005;13:218–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duff Canning SJ, Leach L, Stuss D, Ngo L, Black SE. Diagnostic utility of abbreviated fluency measures in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Neurology. 2004;62:556–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis RJ, Mbizvo GK, Jacob A, Doran M, Larner AJ. Relapsing polychondritis complicated by cognitive dysfunction: two distinct clinical phenotypes? Int J Neurosci. 2017;127:124–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feher EP, Mahurin RK, Doody RS, Cooke N, Sims J, Pirozzolo FJ. Establishing the limits of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Arch Neurol. 1992;49:87–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferran J, Wilson K, Doran M, Ghadiali E, Johnson F, Cooper P, McCracken C. The early onset dementias: a study of clinical characteristics and service use. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1996;11:863–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher CAH, Larner AJ. Frequency and diagnostic utility of cognitive test instrument use by general practitioners prior to memory clinic referral. Fam Pract. 2007;24:495–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-Mental State.” A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman M, Leach L, Kaplan E, Winocur G, Shulman K, Delis DC. Clock drawing. A neuropsychological analysis. New York: Oxford University Press; 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galasko D, Klauber MR, Hofstetter CR, Salmon DP, Lasker B, Thal LJ. The Mini-Mental State Examination in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:49–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gale TM, Larner AJ. Six-Item Cognitive Impairment Test (6CIT). In: Larner AJ, editor. Cognitive screening instruments. A practical approach. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2017. p. 241–53.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Galvin JE, Roe CM, Powlishta KK, et al. The AD8. A brief informant interview to detect dementia. Neurology. 2005;65:559–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ganguli M, Ratcliff G, Huff FJ, et al. Serial sevens versus world backwards: a comparison of the two measures of attention from the MMSE. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1990;3:203–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghadiri-Sani M, Larner AJ. Cognitive screening instrument use in primary care: is it changing? Clin Pract. 2014;11:425–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golding E. The Middlesex Elderly Assessment of Mental State. Bury St Edmunds: Thames Valley Test Company; 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grober E, Buschke H. Genuine memory deficits in dementia. Dev Neuropsychol. 1987;3:13–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han L, Cole M, Bellevance F, McCusker J, Primeau F. Tracking cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease using the Mini-Mental State Examination: a meta-analysis. Int Psychogeriatr. 2000;12:231–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock P, Larner AJ. The diagnosis of dementia: diagnostic accuracy of an instrument measuring activities of daily living in a clinic-based population. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2007;23:133–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock P, Larner AJ. Diagnostic utility of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) and its combination with the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R) in a memory clinic-based population. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009;21:526–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock P, Larner AJ. Test Your Memory (TYM) test: diagnostic utility in a memory clinic population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;26:976–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock P, Larner AJ. Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia: clinical utility in a memory clinic. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2015;19:71–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock P, Wike J, Larner AJ. Clinical experience with CANTAB-PAL in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Poster presentation, 17th Alzheimer Europe Conference, Estoril, Portugal, 9–11 May 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatfield CF, Dudas RB, Dening T. Diagnostic tools for dementia. Maturitas. 2009;63:181–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Healey E. Elizabeth is missing. London: Penguin; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hennerici MG, Daffertshofer M, Caplan LR, Szabo K. Case studies in stroke. Common and uncommon presentations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2006.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Henry JD, Crawford JR, Phillips LH. Verbal fluency performance in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia. 2004;42:1212–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hessler J, Bronner M, Etgen T, et al. Suitability of the 6CIT as a screening test for dementia in primary care patients. Aging Ment Health. 2014;18:515–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges JR, Larner AJ. Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examinations: ACE, ACE-R, ACE-III, ACEapp, and M-ACE. In: Larner AJ, editor. Cognitive screening instruments. A practical approach. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2017. p. 109–37.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges JR, Patterson K, Ward R, et al. The differentiation of semantic dementia and frontal lobe dementia (temporal and frontal variants of frontotemporal dementia) from early Alzheimer’s disease: a comparative neuropsychological study. Neuropsychology. 1999;13:31–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoehn MM, Yahr MD. Parkinsonism: onset, progression and mortality. Neurology. 1967;17:427–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes C, Lovestone S. Long-term cognitive and functional decline in late onset Alzheimer’s disease: therapeutic implications. Age Ageing. 2003;32:200–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh S, Schubert S, Hoon C, Mioshi E, Hodges JR. Validation of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2013;36:242–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh S, McGrory S, Leslie F, et al. The Mini-Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination: a new assessment tool for dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2015;39:1–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim I, Young CA, Larner AJ. Fornix damage from solitary subependymal giant cell astrocytoma causing postoperative amnesic syndrome. Br J Hosp Med. 2009;70:478–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail Z, Mulsant BH, Herrmann N, Rapoport M, Nilsson M, Shulman K. Canadian Academy of Geriatric Psychiatry survey of brief cognitive screening instruments. Can Geriatr J. 2013;16:54–60.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Julayanont P, Nasreddine ZS. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): concept and clinical review. In: Larner AJ, editor. Cognitive screening instruments. A practical approach. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2017. p. 139–95.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kalbe E, Kessler J. DemTect. In: Larner AJ, editor. Cognitive screening instruments. A practical approach. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2017. p. 197–208.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kalbe E, Calabrese P, Schwalen S, Kessler J. The Rapid Dementia Screening Test (RDST): a new economical tool for detecting possible patients with dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2003;16:193–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalbe E, Kessler J, Calabrese P, et al. DemTect: a new, sensitive cognitive screening test to support the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and early dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19:136–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. MMSE subscores and the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18:855–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Use of MMSE to differentiate Alzheimer’s disease from dementia with Lewy bodies. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19:1209–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. “Dementia unmasked”: atypical, acute aphasic, presentations of neurodegenerative dementing disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2005a;108:8–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. An audit of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE) in clinical practice. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2005b;20:593–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. An audit of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE) in clinical practice. 2. Longitudinal change. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21:698–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Of clocks and mirrors: the Backward Clock Test. Eur J Neurol. 2007a;14(Suppl 1):100. (abstract P1265)

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE) for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dementia. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2007b;109:491–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R) in day-to-day clinical practice. Age Ageing. 2007c;36:685–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. DemTect in the diagnosis of dementia: first 100 patients. In: Iqbal K, Winblad B, Avila J, editors. Alzheimer’s disease: new advances. Collection of selected articles of papers presented at the 10th International Conference on Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. Madrid, Spain, July 15–20, 2006. Medimond: Bologna; 2007d. p. 177–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. DemTect: 1-year experience of a neuropsychological screening test for dementia. Age Ageing. 2007e;36:326–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised in day-to-day clinical practice. Reply. Age Ageing. 2008a;37:350–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Cambridge Behavioural Inventory: diagnostic and differential diagnostic utility. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008b;79:351–2. (abstract 61)

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. ACE-R: cross-sectional and longitudinal use for cognitive assessment. In: Fisher A, Hanin I, editors. New trends in Alzheimer and Parkinson related disorders: ADPD 2009. Collection of selected free papers from the 9th International Conference on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease AD/PD. Prague, Czech Republic, March 11–15, 2009. Bologna: Medimond International Proceedings; 2009a. p. 103–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised: cross-sectional and longitudinal use for cognitive assessment. Neurodegener Dis. 2009b;6(Suppl 1):194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Intrafamilial clinical phenotypic heterogeneity with MAPT gene splice site IVS10+16C>T mutation. J Neurol Sci. 2009c;287:253–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Is Mini-Mental Parkinson (MMP) a useful screening test in a cognitive clinic population? Eur J Neurol. 2010;17(Suppl 3):205. (abstract P1342)

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB): a pragmatic study. Neurodegener Dis. 2011;8(Suppl 1):565.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Screening utility of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): in place of—or as well as—the MMSE? Int Psychogeriatr. 2012a;24:391–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Mini-Mental Parkinson (MMP) as a dementia screening test: comparison with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Curr Aging Sci. 2012b;5:136–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. FTDP-17: 2-year follow-up of motor and cognitive features after autologous stem-cell transplantation. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012c;24(2):E1–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, editor. Cognitive screening instruments. A practical approach. London: Springer; 2013a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R): pragmatic study of cross-sectional use for assessment of cognitive complaints of unknown aetiology. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013b;28:547–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Codex (cognitive disorders examination) for the detection of dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Codex pour la détection de la démence et du mild cognitive impairment. Presse Med. 2013c;42:e425–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination standardized verbal fluency scores for differential diagnosis of AD and FTLD. J Neurol Sci. 2013d;333:e292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Can the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) help in the diagnosis of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia? A pragmatic study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013e;28:106–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. AD8 informant questionnaire for cognitive impairment: pragmatic diagnostic test accuracy study. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2015a;28:198–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Mini-Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination: a pragmatic diagnostic accuracy study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015b;30:547–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Mini-Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination diagnostic accuracy for dementia: reproducibility study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015c;30:1103–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Optimizing the cutoffs of cognitive screening instruments in pragmatic diagnostic accuracy studies: maximising accuracy or Youden index? Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2015d;39:167–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Implications of changing the Six-item Cognitive Impairment Test cutoff. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015e;30:778–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Six Item Cognitive Impairment Test: suitable for the visually impaired? Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 2015f;19(6):20–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Hard-TYM: a pragmatic study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015g;30:330–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Cognitive screening instruments for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 2016a;20(2):21–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Correlation or limits of agreement? Applying the Bland-Altman approach to the comparison of cognitive screening instruments. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2016b;42:247–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. M-ACE vs. MoCA: a weighted comparison. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016c;31:1089–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, editor. Cognitive screening instruments. A practical approach. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2017a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Introduction to cognitive screening instruments: rationale and desiderata. In: Larner AJ, editor. Cognitive screening instruments. A practical approach. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2017b. p. 3–13.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. MMSE variants and subscores. In: Larner AJ, editor. Cognitive screening instruments. A practical approach. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2017c. p. 49–66.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. MACE versus MoCA: equivalence or superiority? Pragmatic diagnostic test accuracy study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2017d;29:931–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Short Montreal Cognitive Assessment: validation and reproducibility. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2017e;30:104–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. The usage of cognitive screening instruments: test characteristics and suspected diagnosis. In: Larner AJ, editor. Cognitive screening instruments. A practical approach. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2017f. p. 315–39.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. FRONTIER Executive Screen (FES). Poster P0034, Association of British Neurologists annual meeting, Liverpool, 3–5 May 2017g.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Assessment of cognitive function. In: Severn A, editor. Cognitive changes after surgery. London: Springer; 2018a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ. Metamemory: a construct with diagnostic utility in a cognitive disorders clinic? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018b;33:553–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Bracewell RM. A new FRONTIER in dementia differential diagnosis? J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2016;46:172–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Doran M. Broader assessment needed for treatment decisions in AD. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 2002;6(3):5–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Hancock P. Does combining cognitive and functional scales facilitate the diagnosis of dementia? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2012;27:547–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Hancock P. ACE-R or MMSE? A weighted comparison. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014;29:767–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Mitchell AJ. A meta-analysis of the accuracy of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE) and the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R) in the detection of dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26:555–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Young CA. Acute amnesia in multiple sclerosis revisited. Int MS J. 2009;16:102–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Moffat MA, Ghadiali E, Majid S, English P, Williams G. Amnesia following profound hypoglycaemia in a type 1 diabetic patient. Eur J Neurol. 2003a;10(Suppl 1):92. (abstract P1170)

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Downes JJ, Hanley JR, Tsivilis D, Doran M. Developmental prosopagnosia: a clinical and neuropsychological study. J Neurol. 2003b;250(Suppl 2):II156. (abstract P591)

    Google Scholar 

  • Larner AJ, Ray PS, Doran M. The R269H mutation in presenilin-1 presenting as late-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 2007;252:173–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Law E, Connelly PJ, Randall E, et al. Does the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-revised add to the Mini-Mental State Examination in established Alzheimer disease? Results from a national dementia research register. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2013;28:351–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leslie FVC, Foxe D, Daveson N, Flannagan E, Hodges JR, Piguet O. FRONTIER Executive Screen: a brief executive battery to differentiate frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87:831–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levin P, editor. The Penguin book of the sonnet. 500 years of a classic tradition in English. London: Penguin; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Bigler ED, Tranel D. Neuropsychological assessment. 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindeboom J, Schmand B, Tulner L, Walstra G, Jonker C. Visual association test to detect early dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73:126–33.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipton AM, Ohman KA, Womack KB, Hynan LS, Ninman ET, Lacritz LH. Subscores of the FAB differentiate frontotemporal lobar degeneration from AD. Neurology. 2005;65:726–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lozsadi DA, Larner AJ. Prevalence and causes of seizures at the time of diagnosis of probable Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;22:121–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magni E, Binetti G, Padovani A, Cappa SF, Bianchetti A, Trabucchi M. The Mini-Mental State Examination in Alzheimer’s disease and multi-infarct dementia. Int Psychogeriatr. 1996;8:127–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahieux F, Michelet D, Manifacier M-J, Boller F, Fermanian J, Guillard A. Mini-Mental Parkinson: first validation study of a new bedside test constructed for Parkinson’s disease. Behav Neurol. 1995;8:15–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mainland BJ, Shulman KI. Clock Drawing Test. In: Larner AJ, editor. Cognitive screening instruments. A practical approach. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2017. p. 67–108.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Malloy PF, Cummings JL, Coffey CE, et al. Cognitive screening instruments in neuropsychiatry: a report of the Committee on Research of the American Neuropsychiatric Association. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997;9:189–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maruta C, Guerreiro M, de Mendonca A, Hort J, Scheltens P. The use of neuropsychological tests across Europe: the need for a consensus in the use of assessment tools for dementia. Eur J Neurol. 2011;18:279–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathuranath PS, Nestor PJ, Berrios GE, Rakowicz W, Hodges JR. A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 2000;55:1613–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick LJ, Larner AJ. “Could you repeat that?”: Not always a hearing problem! Br J Hosp Med. 2018;79. (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • McDicken JA, Blayney G, Elliott E, Makin S, Ali M, Larner AJ. Quinn TJ. Accuracy of the short form Montreal Cognitive Assessment: systematic review and external validation; 2018. (submitted).

    Google Scholar 

  • Menon R, Larner AJ. Use of cognitive screening instruments in primary care: the impact of national dementia directives (NICE/SCIE, National Dementia Strategy). Fam Pract. 2011;28:272–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mioshi E, Dawson K, Mitchell J, Arnold R, Hodges JR. The Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised: a brief cognitive test battery for dementia screening. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;21:1078–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell AJ. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE): update on its diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility for cognitive disorders. In: Larner AJ, editor. Cognitive screening instruments. A practical approach. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2017. p. 37–48.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell AJ, Malladi S. Screening and case-finding tools for the detection of dementia. Part I: evidence-based meta-analysis of multidomain tests. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010a;18:759–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell AJ, Malladi S. Screening and case-finding tools for the detection of dementia. Part II: evidence-based meta-analysis of single-domain tests. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010b;18:783–800.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitrushina M, Boone KB, Razani J, D’Elia LF. Handbook of normative data for neuropsychological assessment. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Möller WD, Vetter P, Sprenger S, Kropp P. Importance of tests for diagnosing dementia. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(Suppl3):368. (abstract P2090)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:695–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Guidance on the use of donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (Technology Appraisal Guidance No. 19). London: NICE; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman CGJ, Bevins AD, Zajicek JP, et al. Improving the quality of cognitive screening assessments: ACEmobile, an iPad-based version of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-III. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2017;10:182–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman JC, Feldman R. Copyright and open access at the bedside. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2447–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nieuwenhuis-Mark RE. The death knoll for the MMSE: has it outlived its purpose? J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2010;23:151–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olazaran J, Hoyos-Alonso MC, del Ser T, et al. Practical application of brief cognitive tests. Neurologia. 2016;31:183–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papageorgiou S, Nikaki M, Kontaxis T, et al. Can the frontal assessment battery differentiate between frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD)? Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(Suppl 3):442. (abstract P2317)

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen RC, Thomas RG, Grundman M, et al. Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2379–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poppelreuter W (Zihl J, Weiskrantz L, transl.). Disturbances of lower and higher visual capacities caused by occipital damage with special reference to the psychopathological, pedagogical, industrial, and social implications. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1917a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poppelreuter W. Die psychischen Schädigungen durch Kopfschuss im Kriege 1914/17: mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der pathopsychologischen, pädagogischen, gewerblichen und sozialen Beziehungen (2 volumes: Band 1: Die Störungen der niederen und höheren Sehleistungen durch Verletzungen des Okzipitalhirns; Band 2: Die Herabsetzung der körperlichen Leistungsfähigkeit und des Arbeitswillens durch Hirnverletzung im Vergleich zu Normalen und Psychogenen). Leipzig: Voss; 1917b–1918.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randolph C, Tierney MC, Mohr E, Chase TN. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS): preliminary clinical validity. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1998;20:310–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rawle MJ, Larner AJ. NARP syndrome: a 20-year follow-up. Case Rep Neurol. 2013;5:204–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rawle M, Larner A. MoCA subscores to diagnose dementia subtypes: initial study. J Neurol Neursurg Psychiatry. 2014;85:e4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ridha B, Rossor M. How to do it. The Mini Mental State Examination. Pract Neurol. 2005;5:298–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roalf DR, Moore TM, Wolk DA, et al. Defining and validating a short form Montreal Cognitive Assessment (s-MoCA) for use in neurodegenerative disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87:1303–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheurich A, Muller MJ, Slessmeier T, et al. Validating the DemTect with 18-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography as a sensitive neuropsychological screening test for early Alzheimer disease in patients of a memory clinic. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2005;20:271–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sells R, Larner AJ. The Poppelreuter figure visual perceptual function test for dementia diagnosis. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 2011;15(2):17–8, 20–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seshadri M, Mazi-Kotwal N. A copyright-free alternative is needed. BMJ. 2012;345:e8589.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slachevsky A, Villalpando JM, Sarazin M, Hahn BV, Pillon B, Dubois B. Frontal assessment battery and differential diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2004;61:1104–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smithson E, Larner AJ. Glioblastoma multiforme masquerading as herpes simplex encephalitis. Br J Hosp Med. 2013;74:52–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • St John L, Larner AJ. Muscle wasting, bone pain and cognitive decline: a unifying diagnosis. Br J Hosp Med. 2015;76:602–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stagg B, Larner AJ. Zarit Burden Interview: pragmatic study in a dedicated cognitive function clinic. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 2015;19(4):23–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Storton K, Larner AJ. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): diagnostic utility in a cognitive clinic population. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(Suppl1):S166. (abstract P1–171)

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss E, Sherman EMS, Spreen O. A compendium of neuropsychological tests: administration, norms, and commentary. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tangalos EG, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, et al. The Mini-Mental State Examination in general medical practice: clinical utility and acceptance. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996;71:829–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tate RL. A compendium of tests, scales, and questionnaires. The practitioner’s guide to measuring outcomes after acquired brain impairment. Hove: Psychology Press; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tombaugh TN, McIntyre NJ. The Mini-Mental State Examination: a comprehensive review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:922–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsoi KK, Chan JY, Hirai HW, Wong SY, Kwok TC. Cognitive tests to detect dementia. A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:1450–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valcour VG, Masaki KH, Blanchette PL. The phrase: “no ifs, ands, or buts” and cognitive testing. Lessons from an Asian-American community. Hawaii Med J. 2002;61:72–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werner P, Heinik J, Lin R, Bleich A. “Yes” ifs, ands or buts: examining performance and correlates of the repetition task in the mini-mental state examination. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;14:719–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson J, Larner AJ. Fibromyalgia: cognitive aspects. Br J Hosp Med. 2016;77:116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson J, Larner AJ. MACE for diagnosis of dementia and MCI: 3-year pragmatic diagnostic test accuracy study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2018;45. (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson M, Doran M, Enevoldson TP, Larner AJ. Cognitive profiles associated with intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula. Age Ageing. 2010;39:389–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wojtowicz A, Larner AJ. General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition: use in primary care prior to memory clinic referral. Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2015;5:505–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wojtowicz A, Larner A. Scoring errors in cognitive screening instruments administered in primary care. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87:e1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wojtowicz A, Schott JM, Larner AJ. CSF biomarkers and the diagnosis of variant forms of Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Neurol Psychiatry. 2017;21(2):13–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong S, Hart IK, Larner AJ. Revised Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination in the assessment of voltage-gated potassium channel antibody-positive non-paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis. Eur J Neurol. 2008;15(Suppl 3):303. (abstract P2368)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong SH, Saunders M, Larner AJ, Das K, Hart IK. An effective immunotherapy regimen for VGKC antibody-positive limbic encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81:1167–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodford HJ, George J. Cognitive assessment in the elderly: a review of clinical methods. Q J Med. 2007;100:469–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodward M, Brodaty H, Boundy K, Ames D, Blanch G, Balshaw R. PRIME Study Group. Does executive impairment define a frontal variant of Alzheimer’s disease? Int Psychogeriatr. 2010;22:1280–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zaccai J, McCracken C, Brayne C. A systematic study of prevalence and incidence studies of dementia with Lewy bodies. Age Ageing. 2005;34:561–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ziso B, Larner AJ. Codex (cognitive disorders examination) for the detection of dementia and mild cognitive impairment: diagnostic utility. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84:e2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ziso B, Larner A. Levodopa response in paroxysmal exercise-induced dystonia without GLUT1 deficiency. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22(Suppl1):394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziso B, Larner AJ. STOP-Bang: screening for obstructive sleep apnoea in a cognitive disorders clinic. J Sleep Disord Ther. 2016;5:223.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cognitive Function Clinic, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, UK

    A. J. Larner

Authors
  1. A. J. Larner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Larner, A.J. (2018). Assessment with Cognitive Screening Instruments. In: Dementia in Clinical Practice: A Neurological Perspective. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75259-4_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75259-4_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-75258-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-75259-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation