Abstract
In order to understand the pathologies afflicting the underserved an examination of who this population is key. According to the World Bank’s OVC toolkit, children in general are more vulnerable than adults, and some children are more vulnerable than others (World Bank’s Africa Region and World Bank Institute 2005). The World Bank talks about a downward spiral that may put a child at risk (World Bank’s Africa Region and World Bank Institute 2005). The World Bank OVC Toolkit highlights how changes to the social situation can slowly accumulate resulting in children that are disconnected from the family and without support making them the most vulnerable. These children are then at risk for exploitation, living in poor conditions, poor health outcomes, trauma causing mental health issues and many other problems. This situation occurs in many settings all across the world and affects many children.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Action Against Hunger (2017) Underlying cause of malnutrition poverty. https://actionagainsthunger.ca/what-is-acute-malnutrition/underlying-causes-of-malnutrition/. Accessed July 2017
Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P, de Onis M, Ezzati M, Grantham-McGregor S, Katz J, Martorell R, Uauy R (2013) Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 382(9890):427–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60937-X
Caserta MT, O’Connor TG, Wyman PA, Wang H, Moynihan J, Cross W, Tu X, Jin X (2008) The associations between psychosocial stress and the frequency of illness, and innate and adaptive immune function in children. Brain Behav Immun 22(6):933–940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2008.01.007
Centers for Disease Control (2015) Micronutrient facts.. https://www.cdc.gov/immpact/micronutrients/index.html. Accessed Aug 2017
Christian P (2010) Impact of the economic crisis and increase in food prices on child mortality: exploring nutritional pathways. J Nutr 140(1):177S–181S. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.111708
Fagundes CP, Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK (2013) Stressful early life experiences and immune dysregulation across the lifespan. Brain Behav Immun 27(Supplement C):8–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.06.014
Food and Agriculture Organization, World Food Programme (2016) Syria food production at all-time low. Rome, Italy
Gettleman J (2015) Meant to keep malaria out, mosquito nets are used to haul fish in. New York Times
Grantham-McGregor S, Cheung YB, Cueto S, Glewwe P, Richter L, Strupp B, the International Child Development Steering G (2007) Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet 369(9555):60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4
Hack M, Klein N, Taylor H (1995) Long-term developmental outcomes of low birth weight infants. Future Child/Center for the Future of Children, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation 5(1):176–196
Harris JB, Pietroni M (2017) Approach to the child with acute diarrhea in resource-limited countries. UpToDate
Hategeka C, Shoveller J, Tuyisenge L, Kenyon C, Cechetto DF, Lynd LD (2017) Pediatric emergency care capacity in a low-resource setting: an assessment of district hospitals in Rwanda. PLoS One 12(3):e0173233. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173233
Hernandez O, Castillo M, Bloom D (2017) Venezuelan food crisis reflected in skipped meals and weight loss. CNN. Atlanta, GA
Hotez PJ (2013a) The disease next door. Foreign Policy.. http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/25/the-disease-next-door/. Accessed July 2017
Hotez PJ (2013b) NTDs V.2.0: “blue marble health”—neglected tropical disease control and elimination in a shifting health policy landscape. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7(11):e2570. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002570
Mathers C (2009) Global burden of disease among women, children, and adolescents. In: Ehiri J (ed) Maternal and child health: global challenges, programs, and policies. Springer, Boston
Mayo Clinic (n.d.) Meningitis. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/meningitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350514. Accessed Oct 2017
Micronutrient Initiative (2009) Investing in the Future: A united call to action on vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Micronutrient Initiative and the Government of Canada, Ottawa, CA
National Health Service (2015) Malaria- causes. https://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Malaria/Pages/Causes.aspx. Accessed Sept 2017
National Scientific Council on the Developing Child (2005/2014) Excessive stress disrupts the architecture of the developing brain. 3rd edn. National Scientific Council on the Developing Child, Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University at Boston, MA
Proimos J, Klein JD (2012) Noncommunicable diseases in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 130:379–381
Stevens GA, Finucane MM, De-Regil LM, Paciorek CJ, Flaxman SR, Branca F, Peña-Rosas JP, Bhutta ZA, Ezzati M, on behalf of Nutrition Impact Model Study G (2013) Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data. Lancet Glob Health 1(1):e16–e25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70001-9
Stuckey-Schrock K, Hayes B, George C (2012) Community-acquired pneumonia in children. Am Fam Physician 86(7):661–667
Tchervenkov CI, Jacobs JP, Bernier P-L, Stellin G, Kurosawa H, Mavroudis C, Jonas RA, Cicek SM, Al-Halees Z, Elliott MJ, Jatene MB, Kinsley RH, Kreutzer C, Leon-Wyss J, Liu J, Maruszewski B, Nunn GR, Ramirez-Marroquin S, Sandoval N, Sano S, Sarris GE, Sharma R, Shoeb A, Spray TL, Ungerleider RM, Yangni-Angate H, Ziemer G (2008) The improvement of care for paediatric and congenital cardiac disease across the world: a challenge for the World Society for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery. Cardiol Young 18(S2):63–69. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951108002801
UN Country Team in Swaziland (2016) Swaziland: drought – office of the resident coordinator situation report no. 1 (as of 24 Feb 2016). ReliefWeb
UNICEF (2013) Improving child nutrition the achievable imperative for global progress. United Nation’s Children’s Fund location. New York, NY
United Nations Children’s Fund, University of Wisconsin (2008) Monitoring child disability in developing countries results from the multiple indicator cluster surveys. United Nations Childrens Fund, New York, NY
University of Florida Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory (n.d.) Mosquito habitats. http://mosquito.ifas.ufl.edu/Mosquito_Habitats.htm. Accessed July 2017
US Census Bureau (2017) U.S. and world population clock. https://www.census.gov/popclock/. Accessed July 2017
Wang J, Harris M, Amos B, Mu L, Wang X, Zhang J, Chen J (1997) A ten year review of the iodine deficiency disorders program of the People’s Republic of China. J Public Health Policy 18(2):219–241
Wessells KR, Brown KH (2012) Estimating the global prevalence of zinc deficiency: results based on zinc availability in national food supplies and the prevalence of stunting. PLoS One 7(11):e50568. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050568
Wheat JC (2002) Nutritional management of children with congenital heart disease. Nutr Bytes 8(2). https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6jh767ps
World Bank’s Africa Region, World Bank Institute (2005) A toolkit on how to support orphans and Other Vulnerable Children (OVC) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). 2nd edn. World Bank, Washington, DC
World Health Organization (1999) Management of severe malnutrition: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/41999/1/a57361.pdf
World Health Organization (2008) The global burden of disease 2004 update. World Health Organization, Geneva
World Health Organization (2011) World report on disability. World Health Organization, Geneva
World Health Organization (2013) Guideline: updates on the management of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children. World Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/95584/1/9789241506328_eng.pdf
World Health Organization (2016) What is malnutrition?. http://www.who.int/features/qa/malnutrition/en/. Accessed Aug 2017. Rome, Italy
World Health Organization (2017a) Dengue and severe dengue.. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/. Accessed Sept 2017
World Health Organization (2017b) Noncommunicable diseases.. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en/. Accessed July 2017
Wyman PA, Moynihan J, Eberly S et al (2007) Association of family stress with natural killer cell activity and the frequency of illnesses in children. Arch Pediatr Adoles Med 161(3):228–234. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.161.3.228
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Subrahmanian, K., Swamy, P. (2018). Pathologies Disproportionately Affecting the Underserved. In: Global Child Health. SpringerBriefs in Public Health(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75136-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75136-8_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-75135-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-75136-8
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)