Boko Haram: On the Road to Algiers?

Ogunfolu, Adedokun; Assim, Usang Maria; Adejumo, Oludamilola

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74957-0_9

Boko Haram: On the Road to Algiers?

Adedokun Ogunfolu³,
Usang Maria Assim⁴ &
Oludamilola Adejumo⁵

Chapter
First Online: 28 June 2018

633 Accesses

Abstract

This paper establishes a chilling parallel between Algerian Islamic insurgency and Boko Haram terrorist attacks in Nigeria and parts of West and Central Africa and maps out Nigeria’s reaction to the Boko Haram insurgency, including mass atrocities perpetrated by Nigerian security troops. The paper lays out violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law perpetrated by both sides of the conflict, belatedly recognised as a non-international armed conflict in 2013 by the International Criminal Court (ICC). Focusing on Boko Haram’s most horrendous atrocities from 2010 to 2015, media coverage of these attacks is synthesised without discountenancing the horror and unimaginable pains experienced by the victims and the survivors of more numerous but lower casualty rates of Boko Haram attacks. Foreign response to the emergence of Boko Haram is also examined against the background of the requirements of international humanitarian law and international criminal law. Boko Haram insurgency in northern Nigeria evolved from a peaceful religious reaction to corrupt governance, by western educated elites, into violent murderous attacks against symbols of the Nigerian state and unarmed civilians. Most sections of northern Nigeria seem caught up in a time warp of arrested socio-economic development and never-ceasing endemic poverty, while tiny elites continue to live off state revenues. Accountable political leadership, with a clear focus and plan on tackling the socio-economic imbalances within the region and across the country, is the panacea to Boko Haram.

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Notes

1.
Amnesty International (2015).
2.
The Punch Editorial (2015), p. 28.
3.
One of the authors traversed several towns in 16 of the 19 northern Nigerian states between 1981 and 2007. Another studied for admission into the Nigerian Bar in Abuja and undertook her Court Attachment programme (a prerequisite for admission into the Nigerian Bar) in the central Nigerian city of Jos, Plateau State between 2006 and 2007. She made regular visits to family members living in parts of northern Nigeria, including Plateau and Jigawa states, between 2008 and 2010, and she lost a cousin to the Nyanya Abuja bomb blast by Boko Haram in April 2014. Another author in 2009, commenced the mandatory 1 year national youth service, for fresh college graduates, in the central Nigerian city of Jos; the epicentre of bouts of horrendous violence and she had to be evacuated from Jos a few months later.
4.
Ishaku (2009), p. 170.
5.
Adibe (2012), pp. 60–66.
6.
Anozie (2012), pp. 206–225.
7.
Anozie (2012), p. 220.
8.
Usman (2008), pp. 67–68.
9.
Winters (1987), pp. 177–178.
10.
Somorin (2014).
11.
York (2014).
12.
Audu (2012), pp. 184–194.
13.
Onuoha (2012a, b), pp. 136–137, 159–163.
14.
Umar (2012), pp. 118–144; “In light of the continuing violence in Nigeria, it is imperative and prudent to publish this essay anonymously to avoid the very real threat of violence against the author or the author’s colleagues and informants.” Umar (2012), p. 142.
15.
Mohammed (2010), pp. 27–30.
16.
Mohammed (2010), pp. 42–43.
17.
Mohammed (2010), pp. 44–57, 86.
18.
Mohammed (2010), p. 176.
19.
Human Rights Watch (2012), pp. 32–34.
20.
Human Rights Watch (2012), p. 41.
21.
Human Rights Watch (2012), pp. 33–35.
22.
Human Rights Watch (2012), pp. 63–64.
23.
Human Rights Watch (2012), pp. 62–63.
24.
Human Rights Watch (2012), p. 61.
25.
Human Rights Watch (2012), p. 64.
26.
Human Rights Watch (2012), pp. 65–66.
27.
Human Rights Watch (2012), p. 36.
28.
Pham (2012), p. 4.
29.
Amnesty International (2012), p. 11.
30.
Amnesty International (2012), pp. 19–26.
31.
Amnesty International (2012), pp. 27–28.
32.
Amnesty International (2012), pp. 29–33.
33.
Amnesty International (2012), pp. 34–38, 39–43.
34.
Maiangwa et al. (2012), pp. 40–48.
35.
Alechenu (2011), pp. 1, 3–6.
36.
Iroegbu and Obi (2011), pp. 1, 8.
37.
Oloja et al. (2011), p. 63.
38.
Abonyi (2011), pp. 1, 7.
39.
Adepegba (2011), pp. 1–2.
40.
Onogu (2011), pp. 1, 3.
41.
Daily (2011), pp. 1, 4, 6–9.
42.
Ali et al. (2011), p. 1.
43.
Odebode et al. (2011), pp. 1–2.
44.
Akinmutimi and Adeyemi (2011), pp. 1, 5.
45.
Blair (2011).
46.
Soriwei et al. (2014a, b), pp. 1–2.
47.
Sowerei et al. (2014a, b), p. 12.
48.
Jimoh et al. (2014), pp. 1–2; Soriwei et al. (2014a, b), pp. 1–2.
49.
Jimoh et al. (2014), pp. 1–2; Soriwei et al. (2014a, b), pp. 1–2.
50.
Ehikioya (2014a), p. 4.
51.
Ameh et al. (2014), p. 1: 1–2; The Nation (2014a, b), p. 1.
52.
Ameh and Owuamanam (2014), p. 2.
53.
Soriwei and Idowu (2014), p. 2.
54.
Adetayo et al. (2015), p. 2.
55.
Josiah and Adetayo (2011), p. 11.
56.
Crowley and Wilkinson (2013), pp. 99–103.
57.
International Crisis Group (2014), p. 25.
58.
Soniyi (2014).
59.
Botha (2013), p. 92.
60.
Botha (2013), p. 105.
61.
Evans (2012), p. 365.
62.
Hussey (2014), pp. 225–229.
63.
Hussey (2014), p. 235.
64.
Fisk (2005), pp. 513–585.
65.
Fisk (2005), p. 572.
66.
Evans and Phillips (2007), p. 219.
67.
Evans and Phillips (2007), pp. 238–245.
68.
Evans and Phillips (2007), p. 297.
69.
Le Sueur (2010), p. 77.
70.
Le Sueur (2010), pp. 90–91.
71.
Le Sueur (2010), pp. 155–156. See also, an interview with Abdelmalek Droukdal – New York Times.com (2008).
72.
Le Sueur (2010), p. 166.
73.
Cohen (2013), pp. 63–68.
74.
Available at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CPRT-112HPRT71725/pdf/CPRT-112HPRT71725.pdf. Accessed 20 Jun 2014.
75.
Available at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg74645/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg74645.pdf. Accessed 20 Jun 2014.
76.
Available at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg74645/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg74645.pdf. Accessed 20 Jun 2014, at 41.
77.
Committee on Foreign Affairs House of Representatives Hearing (2012).
78.
Committee on Foreign Affairs House of Representatives Hearing (2012), p. 15.
79.
Committee on Foreign Affairs House of Representatives Hearing (2012), p. 16.
80.
Committee on Foreign Affairs House of Representatives Hearing (2012), p. 18.
81.
Office of the Spokesperson, U.S. Department of State (2012).
82.
U.S. Policy Toward Nigeria: West Africa’s Troubled Titan (2012).
83.
U.S. Policy Toward Nigeria: West Africa’s Troubled Titan (2012), p. 4.
84.
U.S. Policy Toward Nigeria: West Africa’s Troubled Titan (2012), p. 5.
85.
U.S. Policy Toward Nigeria: West Africa’s Troubled Titan (2012), pp. 12–13.
86.
U.S. Policy Toward Nigeria: West Africa’s Troubled Titan (2012), p. 14.
87.
U.S. Policy Toward Nigeria: West Africa’s Troubled Titan (2012), p. 29.
88.
U.S. Policy Toward Nigeria: West Africa’s Troubled Titan (2012), pp. 31–32.
89.
U.S. Policy Toward Nigeria: West Africa’s Troubled Titan (2012), p. 32.
90.
U.S. Policy Toward Nigeria: West Africa’s Troubled Titan (2012), p. 44.
91.
US State Department (2013).
92.
US State Department (2013), p. 15.
93.
Available at http://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/resources/Final%20Nigeria%20Factsheet%20%20August%2019,2013.pdf. Accessed 20 Jun 2014.
94.
Amnesty International (2014).
95.
Ero (2014), p. 9.
96.
The Nation (2014a, b).
97.
Soniyi et al. (2014), p. 4.
98.
Nossiter (2014), p. A1.
99.
The Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee, available at http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/NSQE13814E.shtml. Accessed 20 Jun 2014.
100.
BBC News (2014a, b, c, d).
101.
Miller (2014).
102.
BBC News (2014a, b, c, d).
103.
The Nation (2014a, b).
104.
Nixon (2014).
105.
Forest (2012), p. 105.
106.
BBC News (2014a, b, c, d).
107.
Nwaubani (2014).
108.
Adepegba and Soriwei (2012), p. 6.
109.
Ikhiale (2014).
110.
Josiah and Adetayo (2011), pp. 1, 11.
111.
Balogun et al. (2012), pp. 1, 7.
112.
Okpi (2012), p. 3.
113.
The Guardian (2014), pp. 1–2.
114.
Salihu (2012), p. 8.
115.
Soriwei and Adetayo (2014), p. 2.
116.
BBC News—Walker (2014).
117.
BBC News (2014a, b, c, d).
118.
THISDAY LIVE—Iroegbu (2014); Hinshaw (2014), pp. A1, A8.
119.
Shelton and Carozza (2013), pp. 647–649.
120.
Oraá (1992), pp. 96–97. See also Articles 27, American Convention on Human Rights and 15 European Convention on Human Rights.
121.
Oraá (1992), pp. 209–210.
122.
Heyns (2003–2004), pp. 679–689.
123.
Available at http://www.nassnig.org/nass/acts.php?pageNum_bill=1&totalRows_bill=214. Accessed 20 Jun 2014.
124.
Available at http://www.sec.gov.ng/files/TERRORISM%20PREVENTION%20AMENDMENT%20ACT%202013.pdf. Accessed 20 Jun 2014; http://www.nassnig.org/nass/acts.php. Accessed 20 Jun 2014.
125.
§1(4)(1)(a) Terrorism Prevention (Amendment) Act (2013).
126.
Terrorism (Prevention) (Proscription Order) Notice (2013), available at http://www.cenbank.org/Out/2013/FPRD/TERRORISM%20(PREVENTION)%20(PROSCRIPTION%20ORDER)%20NOTICE,%202013.pdf. Accessed 20 Jun 2014.
127.
Available at https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1997/12/19971215%2007-07%20AM/ch_XVIII_9p.pdf. Accessed 20 Jun 2014.
128.
It was adopted in 1999 and entered into force in 2002, in compliance with its Article 26.
129.
S.6(1)(d), Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act (2011).
130.
S.6(1)(d), Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act (2011). §6(2).
131.
S.6(1)(d), Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act (2011). §6(5)(b).
132.
S.6(1)(d), Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act (2011). §6(7)(8).
133.
S.6(1)(d), Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act (2011). §6(9).
134.
Dasuki (2014).
135.
Dasuki (2014).
136.
Dasuki (2014).
137.
Dasuki (2014).
138.
Dasuki (2014).
139.
Dasuki (2014).
140.
The Nation—Ehikioya (2014b).
141.
Available at http://www.icty.org/x/cases/tadic/acdec/en/51002.htm. Accessed 20 Jun 2014.
142.
Id at 70; The Prosecutor v. Tadic Case No. 160 ICTY (1995), reproduced in Sassoli and Bouvier (1999), p. 1169.
143.
Haug (1993), p. 491.
144.
Article 43 Additional Protocol I (of 8 June 1977) to the Geneva Conventions of 1949.
145.
Dinstein (2013), pp. 72–85. See also Article 57 of Additional Protocol I (of 8 June 1977) to the Geneva Conventions of 1949.
146.
International Committee of the Red Cross Opinion Paper (2008), p. 1.
147.
BBC News Africa (2014).
148.
Paulus and Vashakmadze (2009), p. 98.
149.
It is striking to note that, Osama Bin Laden’s declassified letters retrieved by American soldiers who killed him on 2 May 2011, in Abbot Tad, Pakistan, expressed strong disagreement with al-Qaeda affiliated insurgent groups who killed non-combatants. See Lahoud et al. (2012), p. 14.
150.
Paulus and Vashakmadze (2009), p. 104.
151.
Paulus and Vashakmadze (2009), p. 104.
152.
Paulus and Vashakmadze (2009), p. 99. See also International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Opinion Paper (2008); See also Article 8(2)(f) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998).
153.
Article 4(1) Additional Protocol II (of 12 August 1949) to the Geneva Conventions of 1949.
154.
Article 4(2) Additional Protocol II (of 12 August 1949) to the Geneva Conventions of 1949.
155.
Article 4(3) AP II to the Geneva Conventions.
156.
OTP Report on Preliminary Examinations (2011), pp. 12–13.
157.
OTP Report on Preliminary Examinations (2012), p. 89.
158.
OTP Report on Preliminary Examinations (2012), p. 90.
159.
SAS - NGA - Public version Article 5 Report (2013), p. 131.
160.
OTP Report on Preliminary Examination Activities (2013), p. 18.
161.
OTP Report on Preliminary Examination Activities (2013), pp. 214–219.
162.
See generally, Articles 5–9 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. See also Maiese (2003).
163.
See generally, Articles 11–14 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
164.
Paden (2012), pp. 64–65.
165.
A Closer Look at Nigeria: Security, Governance, and Trade (2012) available at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112shrg77372/pdf/CHRG-112shrg77372.pdf. Accessed 20 Jun 2014. See also Habermas (1975).
166.
Gurr (1970), p. 317.

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Faculty of Law, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Adedokun Ogunfolu
Dullah Omar Institute for Constitutional Law, Governance and Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
Usang Maria Assim
Legal Services Unit, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Nigeria
Oludamilola Adejumo

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Adedokun Ogunfolu
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Usang Maria Assim
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Oludamilola Adejumo
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School of Law, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
John-Mark Iyi
Faculty of Law, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Hennie Strydom

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Ogunfolu, A., Assim, U.M., Adejumo, O. (2018). Boko Haram: On the Road to Algiers?. In: Iyi, JM., Strydom, H. (eds) Boko Haram and International Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74957-0_9

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74957-0_9
Published: 28 June 2018
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