Abstract
M’fundisi-Holloway explores the interface between Pentecostalism and African traditional religions in Africa. Focusing on the Zambian context, this chapter examines the product of this interface by interrogating themes of antagonism, negotiation, compromise, and incorporation. This contact explains postcolonial dynamics in Africa after independence, not only from colonial rule, but in the creation of churches that were independent of mission churches and classical Pentecostalism.
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Allan Anderson, Spreading Fires: The Missionary Nature of Early Pentecostalism (London: SCM Press, 2007), 149.
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Amos Yong, The Spirit Poured Out On All Flesh: Pentecostals and the Possibility of a Global Theology (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic Press, 2005), 35.
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Johnson Asamoah Gyadu, “Renewal within African Christianity. A Study of Some Current Historical and Theological Development within Independent Indigenous Pentecostalism in Ghana,” (PhD Thesis, The University of Birmingham, 2000), 25.
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Kalu, African Pentecostalism, preface, viii.
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Johnson Asamoah Gyadu, “Renewal within African Christianity. A Study of Some Current Historical and Theological Development within Independent Indigenous Pentecostalism in Ghana,” (PhD Thesis, The University of Birmingham, 2000), 16.
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Stanley M. Burgess and Gary B. McGee (eds.), Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1988), 810–830.
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Allan Anderson, “African Pentecostalism and the Ancestors: Confrontation or Compromise?,” Missionalia 21:1 (April 1993): 26.
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J.S. Mbiti, African Religions and Philosophy (Nairobi: E.A.E.P, 1969), 4.
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Lloyd Jarrison, “Pentecostal Doctrines, Beliefs and Practices and African Traditional Religion,” Augustine Research Fellowship. Last modified, November 6, 2015, accessed May, 2016. http://arfellowship.com/pentecostal-doctrines-beliefs-practices-and-african-traditional-religion/.
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Clement M. Doke, The Lambas of Northern Rhodesia. A Study of Their Customs and Beliefs (London: George G. Harp and Company Limited, 1931), 291.
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For example for hunters there would be a specific potion to protect them from Lions, Snakes and Hippos, in the wild. Ibid., 292.
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K.A. Opoku, West African Traditional Religion (Accra: FEP International Private Ltd, 1978).
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Oger Lous, The Lumpa Church: The Lenshina Movement in Northern Rhodesia (Serenje: The White Fathers Mission, 1960), 5.
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Ibid., 5.; W.M.J. van Binsbergen, “The Dynamics of Religious Change in Western Zambia,” IFAHAMU, A Journal for African Studies 6:3 (1976): 70.
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Van Binsbergen, “The Dynamics of Religious Change,” 69.
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Van Binsbergen, The Dynamics of Religious Change, 69.
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James A. Pritchett, Friends for Life, Friends for Death: Cohorts and Consciousness among the Lunda-Ndembu (Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2007), 35.
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Jarrison, “Pentecostal Doctrines.”
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Stenger Karibu, “Is African Traditional Religion Relevant Today?” Modern Ghana, January 28, 2013, accessed March 28, 2016. https://www.modernghana.com/thread/362362/441904/1.
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Jarrison, “Pentecostal Doctrines.”
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Allan Anderson, “The Pentecostal Gospel, Religion and Culture in African Perspective,” accessed March 28, 2016. http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/aanderson/publications/pentecostal_gospel.htm.
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F. Macpherson, The Anatomy of a Conquest: The British Occupation of Zambia (Harlow: Longman, 1981), 179.
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Maxwell and Lawrie, Christianity and the African Imagination, 3.
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Margaret E. George, “The Lumpa Church. An Investigation into Its Nature and Characteristics” (Religious Education Dissertation for Bachelor of Education, University and Year not cited), 2.
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H. Olu Atansuyi, “Gospel and Culture from the Perspective of African Instituted Churches,” Cyberjournal for Pentecostal-Charismatic Research (January 1998), accessed February 6, 2016. http://www.pctii.org/cyberj/cyberj3/aic.html.
- 30.
Deji Ayegboyin and S. Ademola Ishola, “African Indigenous Churches: An Historical Perspective,” Institute for Religious Research (1997): 10–17. http://irr.org/african-indigenous-churches-historical-perspective; Jarrison, “Pentecostal Doctrines.”
- 31.
Anderson, Spreading Fires, 161; Ogbu U. Kalu, “The Third Response: Pentecostalism and the Reconstruction of Christian Experience in Africa, 1970–1995,” Journal of African Christian Thought 1:2 (1998): 3.
- 32.
Anderson, “The Pentecostal Gospel.”
- 33.
Ayegboyin and Ishola, “African Indigenous Churches,” 5–8.
- 34.
Kwabena J. Asamoah-Gyadu, “The Church in the African State: The Pentecostal/Charismatic Experience in Ghana,” Journal of African Christian Thought 1:2 (1998): 56.
- 35.
Atansuyi, “Gospel and Culture.”
- 36.
Adrian Hastings, The History of African Christianity 1950–1975 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 121; Robert I. Rotberg, Christian Missionaries and the Creation of Northern Rhodesia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965), 158; Allan Anderson, African Reformation (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2001), 212.
- 37.
If a person in a given family who was part of the wider community was ill, this affected the social role that they occupied. This could be the role of a grandfather, mother, father, uncle, aunty, child, and so on. Their absence in that particular role due to illness or death would certainly leave a void within that community.
- 38.
T. Adeoye Lambo, “Patterns of Psychiatric Care in Developing African Countries,” in Ari Kiev (ed.), Magic, Faith, and Healing (New York: The Free Press 1964), 446.
- 39.
George, “The Lumpa Church,” 21.
- 40.
Clive Dillone Malone, “The Mutumwa Church of Peter Mulenga, Part 1,” Journal of Religion in Africa 15:2 (1985): 12.
- 41.
Lous, The Lumpa Church, 24.
- 42.
Mallone, “The Mutumwa Churches,” 205.
- 43.
Lous, “The Lumpa Church,” 21; James W. Fernandez, “The Lumpa Uprising, Why?,” Africa Report 9:10 (1964): 31.
- 44.
Malone, “The Mutumwa Churches,” 206.
- 45.
B.S. Chuba, The Character of The Lumpa Church and its Conflicts with Government, unpublished paper, 1984, 10.
- 46.
Allan Anderson and Walter J. Hollenweger (eds.), Pentecostals after a Century: Global Perspectives on a Movement in Transition. JPT Sup. 15 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999), 128.
- 47.
Jarrison, “Pentecostal Doctrines.”
- 48.
Anderson, Spreading fires, 162.
- 49.
Anderson, “African Pentecostalism and the Ancestors,” 38; Jarrison, “Pentecostal Doctrines.”
- 50.
Anderson, “The Pentecostal Gospel.”
- 51.
Anderson, Spreading Fires, 164–167.
- 52.
Anderson, “African Pentecostalism and the Ancestors,” 30–38.
- 53.
Jarrison, “Pentecostal Doctrines.”
- 54.
Anderson, “The Pentecostal Gospel.”
- 55.
J. Mbiti, Africa Traditional Religions in Contemporary Society (New York: Paragon House, 1991), 18.
- 56.
Anderson, Spreading Fires, 163.
- 57.
Gyadu, “The Church in the African State,” 56; Kalu, “The Third Response,” 3–16.
- 58.
Jarrison, “Pentecostal Doctrines.”
- 59.
Atansuyi, “Gospel and Culture.”
- 60.
Ibid.
- 61.
Allan H. Anderson, “The Gospel and Culture in Pentecostal Missions in the Third World,” Missionalia 27:2 (1999): 220–230.
- 62.
Jarrison, “Pentecostal Doctrines.”
- 63.
Anderson, “The Gospel and Culture,” 2; Kalu, African Pentecostalism, 178.
- 64.
Allan Anderson, “Evangelism and the Growth of Pentecostal in Africa,” accessed March 20, 2016. http://www.artsweb.bham.ac.uk/aanderson/publications/evangelism_and_the_growth_of_pen.htm.
- 65.
Walter J Hollenweger, Pentecostalism: Origins and Developments Worldwide (Peabody: Hendrickson, 1997), 23; Harvey Cox, Fire from Heaven: The Rise of Pentecostal Spirituality and the Reshaping of Religion in the Twenty-First Century (London: Cassell, 1996), 259.
- 66.
Kalu, African Pentecostalism, 186.
- 67.
Ayegboyin and Ishola, “African Indigenous Churches,” 81.
- 68.
Jarrison, “Pentecostal Doctrines.”
- 69.
Atansuyi, “Gospel and Culture.”
- 70.
Ibid.
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M’fundisi-Holloway, N. (2018). When Pentecostalism Meets African Indigenous Religions: Conflict, Compromise, or Incorporation?. In: Afolayan, A., Yacob-Haliso, O., Falola, T. (eds) Pentecostalism and Politics in Africa. African Histories and Modernities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74911-2_5
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