Mediation: A Global Survey

Andrews, Neil

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74832-0_11

Neil Andrews⁴

Part of the book series: Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice ((IUSGENT,volume 65))

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Abstract

This chapter contains analysis of substantial global investigation of the practice of mediation. The main finding is that there is general support for the ‘voluntary principle’, namely; (i) parties should not be compelled to mediate; (ii) at all times the process should be under their joint consensual control; and (iii) the parties must be completely free to agree whether to settle and on what terms.

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Notes

1.
C Esplugues and S Barona (eds), Global Perspectives on ADR (Intersentia Publishing, Cambridge, 2014) (hereafter ‘E & B (2014)’); C Esplugues-Mota (ed) (and others) Civil and Commercial Mediation in Europe (Intersentia Publishing, Cambridge, 2013 and 2014), vol 1 (National Mediation Rules and Procedures’), vol 2 (Cross-Border Mediation) (hereafter ‘Esplugues (2013–2014)’); K Hopt and F Steffek (eds), Mediation: Principles and Regulation in Comparative Perspective (Oxford University Press, 2013) (hereafter, ‘H & S (2013)’); F Steffek and H Unberath (eds), Regulating Dispute Resolution: ADR and Access to Justice at the Crossroads (Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2013) (hereafter ‘S & U (2013)’). Regional studies include: G De Palo and MB Trevor (eds), EU Mediation: Law and Practice (Oxford University Press, 2012) (hereafter ‘De P and T (2012)’); Wang Guiguo and Yang Fan, Mediation in Asia-Pacific (CCH Publishing, Hong Kong, 2013) (hereafter ‘Wang and Yang (2013)’). On the English material, Bibliography, Sect. 9. See also N Alexander, International and Comparative Mediation (Kluwer Law International, Netherlands, 2009) (hereafter ‘Alexander (2009)’); C Hodges and A Stadler (eds), Resolving Mass Disputes: ADR and Settlement of Mass Claims (Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, 2013).
2.
E & B (2014) (note 1 above), 52.
3.
N Alexander, in H & S (2013) (note 1 above), 152, 175.
4.
On the various types of legal support and regulation: Alexander (2009) (note 1 above), Chap. 2.
5.
N Alexander, in H & S (2013) (note 1 above), 152–153, 174–176.
6.
Alexander (2009) (note 1 above), 172–3, including literature therein at fn 5.
7.
D de Girolamo, ‘Rhetoric and Civil Justice: A Commentary on the Promotion of Mediation without Conviction in England and Wales’ (2016) 35 CJQ 162, 164 (and noting the ambivalence of the ‘official’ attitude to compulsion to mediation, or no-compulsion, in the UK).
8.
‘The Role of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Furthering the Aims of the Civil Litigation Costs Review’ (RICS Expert Witness Conference, 8 March 2012), 5.2, 5.4: (http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/Resources/JCO/Documents/Speeches/lj-jackson-speech-eleventh-lecture-implementation-programme.pdf).
9.
Faidi v Elliot Corporation [2012] EWCA Civ 287, [2012] HLR 27, at [35] (Jackson LJ).
10.
Tony Allen, Mediation Law and Civil Practice (Bloomsbury Publishing, London, 2013), Chaps. 6 and 7; Andrews ACP (2018), 28.46; E Crawford and J Carruthers, in Esplugues (2013–2014), vol 1 (note 1 above), 539, n 98.
11.
H Genn, ‘Twisting Arms: Court Referred and Court Linked Mediation under Judicial Pressure’ (Ministry of Justice Research Series, 1/07: London, 2007), at p iii; H Genn, Judging Civil Justice (Cambridge University Press, 2010), 107–8.
12.
(C-317/08: 2010); on which, H & S (2013) (note 1 above), above, 175.
13.
C Morris, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), 3.54 ff; R Ellger, in H & S (2013) (note 1 above), 932–941 (Canada, Ontario, mandatory participation for at least 30 min in one mediation session within 180 days after defence has been filed, and obligation to provide a statement of the issues; mediation fees shared).
14.
S Prince, Mandatory Mediation: The Ontario Experience’ (2007) 26 CJQ 79; and the summary by H Genn, Twisting Arms (2007) (note 11 above), 10; H Genn, Judging Civil Justice (Cambridge University Press, 2010), 107–8.
15.
C Morris, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), 3.37–3.39.
16.
Ibid, 3.40 ff.
17.
Ministry of Justice, ‘Implementation of the EU Directive on Mediation: Policy Information Paper’ (2010) (a consultation paper), at [12].
18.
For implementation of the Directive Cross-Border Mediation (EU Directive) Regulations 2011/1133; A Hildebrand, in De P and T (2012) (note 1 above), 28.19–28.25; 28.40–28.45; 28.46–28.52; 28.53–28.57; 28.58–28.67; 28.115–28.116; J Scherpe and B Marten, in H & S (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 6.
19.
CPR Part 78, Section III.
20.
Directive Cross-Border Mediation (EU Directive) Regulations 2011/1133, Reg 26.
21.
s 33A, Limitation Act 1980; Alexander (2009) (note 1 above), 294 ff on limitation periods and mediation proceedings.
22.
Cross-Border Mediation (EU Directive) Regulations 2011/1133, Reg’s 9 and 10.
23.
Implemented in the UK vy Cross-Border Mediation (EU Directive) Regulations 2011/1133, Reg 10.
24.
M Roth and D Gherdane, in H & S (2013) (note 1 above), 249.
25.
C Leon and I Rohraher, in De P and T (2012) (note 1 above), 2-05, 2.22–2.24.
26.
P Mayr and K Nemeth, in S & U (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 4 (65–91, including bibliography).
27.
M Roth and D Gherdane, in H & S (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 4.
28.
M Roth and D Gherdane, ibid, 251–252; 261.
29.
U Frauenberger-Pfeiler, in Esplugues (2013–2014) (note 1 above), vol 1, pp 1 to 28, vol 2, pp 1 to 27.
30.
Ibid, 2.03.
31.
Ibid, 2.28.
32.
Ibid, 2.34.
33.
I Verougstraete, in De P and T (2012) (note 1 above), 3.06.
34.
Ibid, 3.10 and 3.85.
35.
Ibid, 3.19.
36.
Ibid, 3.59.
37.
I Verougstraete, in S & U (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 5 (93–113, including bibliography).
38.
M Traest, in Esplugues (2013–2014) (note 1 above), vol 1, 45–68, vol 2, 39–54.
39.
E Crawford and JM Carruthers, in Esplugues (2013–2014) (note 1 above), vol 1, 515–539, vol 2, 461–484; H Genn, S Riahi and K Pleming, in S & U (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 7; A Hildebrand, in De P and T (2012) (note 1 above), 28.19–28.25; 28.40–28.45; 28.46–28.52; 28.53–28.57; 28.58–28.67; 28.115–28.116.
40.
J-G Betto and A Canivet, in De P and T (2012) (note 1 above), 10.20–10.40.
41.
Ibid, 10.68.
42.
Ibid, 10.69.
43.
Ibid, 10.73–10.74.
44.
F Ferrand, in S & U (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 8 (175–207, including bibliography).
45.
K Deckert, in H & S (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 7.
46.
E Guinchard (and Boucaron-Nardetto, vol 1 only), in Esplugues (2013–2014) (note 1 above), vol 1, 131–158, vol 2, 139–154.
47.
S Koenig, in De P and T (2012) (note 1 above), 11.15.
48.
Ibid, 11.12.
49.
Ibid, 11.18–11.21.
50.
Ibid, 11.44–11.46.
51.
B Hess and N Pelzer, in S & U (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 9 (209–238, including bibliography).
52.
P Tochtermann, in H & S (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 8.
53.
I Bach and UP Gruber, in Esplugues (2013–2014) (note 1 above) vol 1, 159–192, vol 2, 155–180.
54.
M Marinari, in De P and T (2012) (note 1 above), 15.01–15.14; 15.38.
55.
See the list at M Marinari, op cit, 15.40.
56.
Ibid, 15.39.
57.
Ibid, 15.63–15.67.
58.
Ibid, 15.15–15.17.
59.
Ibid, 15.65.
60.
N Trocker and G Pailli, ‘Italy’s New Law on Mediation in Civil and Commercial Matters: Solutions, Challenges and Unresolved Issues’ (2013) 18 ZZP Int 75.
61.
Ibid, 94–95.
62.
Ibid, 82.
63.
Ibid, 86.
64.
Ibid, 88.
65.
Ibid, 88–92.
66.
Ibid, 93.
67.
Ibid, 93.
68.
Ibid, 93.
69.
Ibid, 98.
70.
Ibid, 99.
71.
Ibid, 100.
72.
G De Palo and A Oleson, in S & U (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 10.
73.
G De Palo and L Keller, in H & S (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 12.
74.
I Queirolo, (L Carpaneto, S Dominelli, vol 1 only), (C Gambino, vol 2 only) in Esplugues (2013–2014) (note 1 above), vol 1, 251–282, vol 2, 221–252.
75.
Trocker and Pailli (note 1 above), at 100.
76.
Ibid, 101.
77.
Ibid, 101.
78.
Ibid, 94–95.
79.
Ibid, 101.
80.
Ibid, 101.
81.
Ibid, 102.
82.
P Albers, in De P and T (2012) (note 1 above), 27.18.
83.
Ibid, 27.21, 27.41.
84.
Ibid, 27.55.
85.
Ibid, 27.55.
86.
M Pel, in S & U (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 12 (pp 297–328, including bibliography).
87.
L Schmiedel, in H & S (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 13.
88.
A van Hoek and J Kocken, in Esplugues (2013–2014) (note 1 above), vol 1, 491–514, vol 2, 443–460.
89.
E Gmurzynska and R Morek, in De P and T (2012) (note 1 above), 10.05–10.11.
90.
Ibid, 20.27–20.29.
91.
Ibid, 20.33–20.34.
92.
Ibid, 20.35.
93.
R Morel and L Rozdeiczer, in H & S (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 14.
94.
K Grzybczyk and G Fraczek (vol 1), M Zachariasiewicz in Esplugues (2013–2014) (note 1 above), vol 1, 299–326, vol 2, 273–304.
95.
A Sanchez-Pedreno, in De P and T (2012) (note 1 above), 25.13.
96.
Ibid, 25.36–56.
97.
Ibid, 25.64–25.76.
98.
ML Villamarin Lopez, in H & S (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 16.
99.
J Buhigues and colleagues, in Esplugues (2013–2014) (note 1 above), vol 1, 445–490, vol 2, 419–442.
100.
E Ficks, in De P and T (2012) (note 1 above), 26.9–26.17; 26.51.
101.
Ibid, 26.70.
102.
Ibid, 26.52–26.55.
103.
Ibid, 26.51.
104.
L Ervo and L Sippel, in Esplugues (2013–2014) (note 1 above), vol 1, 371–426, vol 2, 359–384.
105.
D Bamford, in E & B (2014) (note 1 above), 64–5; 68–69.
106.
Ibid, 66–7.
107.
Ibid, 77–8.
108.
D Bagshaw, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), 1.21.
109.
Ibid, 1.22.
110.
Ibid, 1.22.
111.
Ibid, 1.48, 1.62–1.64.
112.
U Magnus, in H & S (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 17.
113.
C Morris, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), 3.79.
114.
Ibid, 3.80.
115.
Ibid, 3.37–3.39.
116.
Ibid, 3.40 ff.
117.
Ibid, 3.41–3.42.
118.
Ibid, 3.54 ff.
119.
Ibid, 3.75.
120.
R Ellger, in H & S (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 18.
121.
Y Bu, in E & B (2014) (note 1 above), 79–101.
122.
H Tang, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), 4.1.21.
123.
Ibid, 4.1.29.
124.
C Wang, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), 4.2.17.
125.
Ibid, 4.2.33.
126.
Ibid, 4.2.35.
127.
J Yao, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), 4.3.16.
128.
Ibid, 4.3.17.
129.
Ibid, 4.3.17.
130.
Ibid, 4.3.20.
131.
Ibid, 4.3.19.
132.
T Zou, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), 4.5.19.
133.
Ibid, 4.5.21.
134.
T Zou, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), 4.5.26.
135.
Ibid, 4.5.22–4.5.25.
136.
K Pissler, in H & S (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 19.
137.
J Yao, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), 4.4.15–4.4.16.
138.
G Denton and Fan Kun, in E & B (2014) (note 1 above), 156–7.
139.
Ibid, 157–8.
140.
S Ali and A Koo, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), 6.1.12–6.1.13.
141.
S Zhao, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), 6.2.16; 6.2.23 ff.
142.
Ibid, 6.2.26; 6.2.50–6.2.54.
143.
D Khambata, A Mehta, N Jejeebhoy, in E & B (2014) (note 1 above), 167, 199–200.
144.
R Sharma, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 7.
145.
Ibid, 7.01 and 7.57.
146.
M Simandjuntak, V Suroto, B Resti Nurhayati, in E & B (2014) (note 1 above), 214–8.
147.
K Mills, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 8.
148.
M Haga, in E & B (2014) (note 1 above), 256.
149.
Ibid, 271 ff.
150.
Ibid, 258.
151.
Ibid, 258.
152.
Ibid, 259 ff.
153.
Ibid, 284–5.
154.
Ibid, 285.
155.
H Baum, in H & S (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 20.
156.
H Sakai, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 9.
157.
Ibid, 9.04.
158.
Ibid, 9.04.
159.
Ibid, 9.07–9.08.
160.
S Kakiuchi, in S & U (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 11 (269–296, including bibliography).
161.
D-N Hwang, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), 10.1.57.
162.
L Yi, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), 10.2.14.
163.
Ibid, 10.2.44.
164.
Ibid, 10.2.26–10.2.28.
165.
Ibid, 10.2.29–10.2.35.
166.
Ibid, 10.2.32.
167.
Ibid, 10.2.30.
168.
Ibid, 10.2.35.
169.
D Hart, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), 11.29.
170.
H Berg, in H & S (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 21.
171.
D Calimon, in E & B (2014) (note 1 above), 372.
172.
Ibid, 373.
173.
Ibid, 373 ff.
174.
Ibid, 373 n 195, and 375.
175.
J Lee, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 12.
176.
E & B (2014) (note 1 above), 403–5.
177.
Ibid, 400.
178.
Ibid, 403.
179.
Ibid, 405–9.
180.
Ibid, 413.
181.
Ibid, 413–4.
182.
Ibid, 414.
183.
Ibid, 414–5.
184.
Implicit in the rules summarised, ibid, 414.
185.
Ibid, 415–420.
186.
V Ariyanuntaka, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 13.
187.
S Vongkiatkachorn, in E & B (2014) (note 1 above), 423–7.
188.
Ibid, 429–431; 458–460.
189.
Ibid, 459.
190.
Ibid, 459.
191.
Ibid, 473–474.
192.
V Ariyanuntaka, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), 13.22.
193.
E van Ginkel, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), 14.19–14.21.
194.
Ibid, 14.22.
195.
Ibid, 14.22.
196.
Ibid, Chap. 14.
197.
Ibid, 14.27.
198.
Ibid, 14.35.
199.
Ibid, 14.37.
200.
S Specter and J Pearlman, in E & B (2014) (note 1 above), 549.
201.
Ibid, 544–7.
202.
Ibid, 548–9.
203.
Ibid, 548–9; and see 549 n 73 on the position in State courts.
204.
Ibid, 548 at n 69.
205.
Ibid, 548 at n 69.
206.
Ibid, 551–552.
207.
Ibid, 553–554.
208.
Ibid, 554.
209.
C Menkel-Meadow, in S & U (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 15 (pp 419–454, including bibliography).
210.
R Kulms, in H & S (2013) (note 1 above), Chap. 25.
211.
Alexander (2009) (note 1 above), 95–7 on ‘triggering devices’; on criteria for selective judicial referral to mediation, and on such referrals, 148–169.
212.
I Verougstraete, in S & U (2013) (note 1 above), 112.
213.
Alexander (2009) (note 1 above), 225 ff for comparative sources on this requirement; and at 231–2 tabulating the various possible grounds of defective participation.
214.
On this dimension, Alexander (2009) (note 1 above), 233–9.
215.
Some jurisdictions adopt this approach vis-à-vis failure to comply with a mediation clause: Alexander (2009) (note 1 above), 178; see also 186.
216.
F Ferrand, in S & U (2013) (note 1 above), 192 at fnn 80–82.
217.
K Mills, in Wang and Yang (2013) (note 1 above), 8.06.
218.
Alexander (2009) (note 1 above) , 331–335.
219.
Jackson RCJ (2018), Chap. 12; Andrews ACP (2018) 18.55 ff; Foskett on Compromise (8th edn, Sweet & Maxwell, London, 2015), Chaps. 14–18.

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Andrews, N. (2018). Mediation: A Global Survey. In: The Three Paths of Justice. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol 65. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74832-0_11

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74832-0_11
Published: 09 May 2018
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