Abstract
Acting as a professional means responsibly addressing patients’ needs and expectations. This requires first that genetic counselors understand themselves and the personal characteristics (e.g., motivations, values, cultural influences) they bring with them into their genetic counseling sessions. This chapter begins with a discussion of motivations for choosing a career in genetic counseling and how those motivations affect practice. Next, principles that guide students and health-care professionals’ ethical behavior are described; ethical challenges that arise when patients have genetic concerns are delineated; and strategies are presented for managing ethical challenges. The importance of professional growth and development and reflective practice are discussed next, including an empirically derived model of genetic counselor professional development. The chapter concludes with activities and written assignment that allow students to reflect upon and identify their motivations, values, and cultural and personal characteristics and to work through examples of ethical dilemmas.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abad-Perotín R, Asúnsolo-Del Barco Á, Silva-Mato A. A survey of ethical and professional challenges experienced by Spanish health-care professionals that provide genetic counseling services. J Genet Couns. 2012;21:85–100.
Accreditation Council for Genetic Counseling. Practice based competencies for genetic counselors. 2015. http://gceducation.org/Documents/ACGC%20Core%20Competencies%20Brochure_15_Web.pdf. Accessed 18 Aug 2017.
Alliman S, Veach PM, Bartels DM, Lian F, James C, LeRoy BS. A comparative analysis of ethical and professional challenges experienced by Australian and US genetic counselors. J Genet Couns. 2009;18:379–94.
Balcom JR, Kotzer KE, Waltman LA, Kemppainen JL, Thomas BC. The genetic counselor’s role in managing ethical dilemmas arising in the laboratory setting. J Genet Couns. 2016;25:838–54.
Bartels DM, LeRoy BS, McCarthy PR, Caplan AL. Nondirectiveness in genetic counseling: a survey of practitioners. Am J Med Genet A. 1997;72:172–9.
Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of biomedical ethics. 7th ed. London: Oxford University Press; 2012.
Billings PR, Kohn MA, de Cuevas M, Beckwith J, Alper JS, Natowicz M. Discrimination as a consequence of genetic testing. Am J Hum Genet. 1992;50:476–82.
Blackburn HL, Schroeder B, Turner C, Shriver CD, Ellsworth DL, Ellsworth RE. Management of incidental findings in the era of next-generation sequencing. Curr Genomics. 2015;16:159–74.
Bower MA, Veach PM, Bartels DM, LeRoy BS. A survey of genetic counselors’ strategies for addressing ethical and professional challenges in practice. J Genet Couns. 2002;11:163–86.
Cavanagh M, Levitov JE. The counseling experience a theoretical and practical approach. 2nd ed. Prospect Heights IL: Waveland Press; 2002.
Chapman E. Ethical dilemmas in testing for late onset conditions: reactions to testing and perceived impact on other family members. J Genet Couns. 2002;11:351–67.
Crisham P. How can I do what’s right? Nurs Manag. 1985;16:42A–N.
Davis BJ, Voegtle KH. Culturally competent health care for adolescents. Chicago: Department of Adolescent Health, American Medical Association; 1994. p. 19–24.
Eliason BC, Guse C, Gottlieb MS. Personal values of family physicians, practice satisfaction, and service to the underserved. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9:228–32.
Eliason BC, Schubot DB. Personal values of exemplary family physicians: implications for professional satisfaction in family medicine. J Fam Pract. 1995;41:251–6.
Groepper D, McCarthy Veach P, LeRoy BS, Bower M. Who are laboratory genetic counselors and what ethical and professional challenges do they encounter? J Genet Couns. 2015;24:580–96.
Gschmeidler B, Flatscher-Thoeni M. Ethical and professional challenges of genetic counseling–the case of Austria. J Genet Couns. 2013;22:741–52.
Hodgson J, Gaff C. Enhancing family communication about genetics: ethical and professional dilemmas. J Genet Couns. 2013;22:16–21.
Lewis L. Honoring diversity: cultural competence in genetic counseling. In: LeRoy BS, McCarthy Veach P, Bartels DM, editors. Genetic counseling practice. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010. p. 201–34.
Lohn Z, Adam S, Birch PH, Friedman JM. Incidental findings from clinical genome-wide sequencing: a review. J Genet Couns. 2014;23:463–73.
McCarthy Veach P, Bartels DM, LeRoy BS. Ethical and professional challenges posed by patients with genetic concerns: a report of focus group discussions with genetic counselors, physicians, and nurses. J Genet Couns. 2001;10:97–119.
McCarthy Veach P, Bartels DM, LeRoy BS. Coming full circle: a Reciprocal-Engagement Model of genetic counseling practice. J Genet Couns. 2007;16:713–28.
Miranda C, Veach PM, Martyr MA, LeRoy BS. Portrait of the master genetic counselor clinician: a qualitative investigation of expertise in genetic counseling. J Genet Couns. 2016;25:767–85.
National Society of Genetic Counselors. National society of genetic counselors code of ethics. J Genet Couns. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-017-0166-8. [Epub ahead of print].
National Society of Genetic Counselors. n.d.. http://www.nsgc.org/page/frequently-asked-questions-students. Accessed 1 Nov 2017.
Pirzadeh S, McCarthy Veach P, Bartels DM, Kao J, LeRoy BS. A national survey of genetic counselor personal values. J Genet Couns. 2007;16:763–73.
Richardson A, Ormond KE. Ethical considerations in prenatal testing: genomic testing and medical uncertainty. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2017.10.001. [Epub ahead of print].
Runyon M, Zahm KW, Veach PM, MacFarlane IM, LeRoy BS. What do genetic counselors learn on the job? A qualitative assessment of professional development outcomes. J Genet Couns. 2010;19:371–86.
Schwartz SH. Universals in the content and structure of values: theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Adv Exp Soc Psychol. 1992;25:1–65.
Trepanier A, Ahrens M, McKinnon W, Peters J, Stopfer J, Campbell Grumet S, et al. Genetic cancer risk assessment and counseling: recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. J Genet Couns. 2004;13:83–114.
Wells DM, Veach PM, Martyr MA, LeRoy BS. Development, experience, and expression of meaning in genetic counselors’ lives: an exploratory analysis. J Genet Couns. 2016;25:799–817.
Zahm KW, Veach PM, Martyr MA, LeRoy BS. From novice to seasoned practitioner: a qualitative investigation of genetic counselor professional development. J Genet Couns. 2016;25:818–34.
Zahm KW. Professional development: reflective genetic counseling practice. In: LeRoy BS, McCarthy Veach P, Bartels DM, editors. Genetic counseling practice. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010. p. 353–80.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McCarthy Veach, P., LeRoy, B.S., Callanan, N.P. (2018). Professionalism: Ethically Based Reflective Practice. In: Facilitating the Genetic Counseling Process. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74799-6_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74799-6_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74798-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-74799-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)