Abstract
This paper presents the methodology developed for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of antifouling marine coatings with regard to fouling accumulation on hulls and maintenance of ships. The methodology is based on mathematical models vis-à-vis the environmental and monetary impacts involved in the production and application of hull coatings, added fuel consumption due to fouling accumulation on ship hulls, and hull maintenance. This subject was investigated in a recently completed EU-Funded FP7 Project entitled FOUL-X-SPEL. The LCA methodology was developed using the results of the studies conducted by FOUL-X-SPEL Consortium as well as additional data provided by coating manufacturers, shipyards and shipping companies. Following the introduction of the new LCA model, a case study was carried out to show how to utilize the model using a real tanker which is assumed to be coated with two different types of existing coatings, namely a silicone-based fouling-release coating and a tin-free self-polishing antifouling paint. The total costs and emissions due to the use of different coating types were calculated for the whole life-cycle of the ship. It has been found that CO2 emission reduction due to mitigation of fouling can be achieved using a silicone-based fouling release coating while reducing the cost by means of fuel cost reductions for the ship-owners despite the additional capital expenses. The developed LCA model can help stakeholders determine the most feasible paint selection as well as the optimal hull-propeller maintenance schedules and make condition-based maintenance decisions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Defra & DECC. (2010). Guidelines to Defra/DECC’s GHG conversion factors for company reporting: Methodology paper for emission factors. http://archive.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/reporting/pdf/101006-guidelines-ghg-conversion-factors-method-paper.pdf. Accessed 30 July 2014.
Demirel, Y. K. (2015). Modelling the roughness effects of marine coatings and bio-fouling on ship frictional resistance. Dissertation, University of Strathclyde.
Demirel, Y. K., Turan, O., & Incecik, A. (2017). Predicting the effect of biofouling on ship resistance using CFD. Applied Ocean Research, 62, 100–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2016.12.003
FOUL-X-SPEL. (2011). FOUL-X-SPEL: Environmentally friendly antifouling technology to optimize the energy efficiency of ships. http://www.foulxspel-antifouling.com/. Accessed 01 February 2017.
Granville, P. S. (1978). Similarity-law characterization methods for arbitrary hydrodynamic roughnesses. Final Report Naval Ship Research and Development Center, Bethesda, MD Ship Performance Dept. 1978;1.
Haslbeck, E. G., & Bohlander, G. (1992). Microbial biofilm effects on drag-lab and field. 1992 Ship Production Symposium Proceedings, SNAME1992.
Hole, W. (1952). Marine fouling and its prevention bureau of ships. Navy Department (580).
Hundley, L., & Tate, C. (1980). Hull-fouling studies and ship powering trial results on seven FF 1052 class ships. D W Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center Report # DTNSRDC-80/027 111 p. 1980.
Schultz, M. P. (2007). Effects of coating roughness and biofouling on ship resistance and powering. Biofouling, 23(5–6), 331–341. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17852068.
Schultz, M. P., & Flack, K. (2007). The rough-wall turbulent boundary layer from the hydraulically smooth to the fully rough regime. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 580, 381–405.
Tupper, E. C., & Rawson, K. J. (2001). Basic ship theory, combined volume. Butterworth Heinemann.
Turan, O., Demirel, Y. K., Day, S., & Tezdogan, T. (2016). Experimental determination of added hydrodynamic resistance caused by marine biofouling on ships. Transportation Research Procedia, 14, 1649–1658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.130.
Van Manen, J. D., & Van Oossanen, P. (1988). Resistance. In E. V. Lewis (Ed.), Principles of naval architecture second revision: Volume II: Resistance, propulsion and vibration. Jersey City, NJ: The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.
Further Reading
Naval Ships’ Technical Manual. (2002). Waterborne underwater hull cleaning of navy ships. S9086-CQ-STM-010/CH-081R5. Naval Sea Systems Command.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Demirel, Y.K., Uzun, D., Zhang, Y., Turan, O. (2018). Life Cycle Assessment of Marine Coatings Applied to Ship Hulls. In: Ölçer, A., Kitada, M., Dalaklis, D., Ballini, F. (eds) Trends and Challenges in Maritime Energy Management. WMU Studies in Maritime Affairs, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74576-3_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74576-3_23
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74575-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-74576-3
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)