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Small States and Integration: An Introduction

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Integration and International Dispute Resolution in Small States

Part of the book series: The World of Small States ((WSS,volume 3))

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of the themes the authors explore in the remainder of the book. It does so by weaving a red thread through the contributions. Importantly, the chapter lays the foundations for an in-depth understanding of what is a Small State and what makes scholarship regarding Small States so important.

Carina Alcoberro Llivina, Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, provided invaluable assistance in preparing this chapter.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    At the time of the conference Herbert Smith Freehills Senior Research Fellow at the British Institute of International and Comparative Law (BIICL).

  2. 2.

    My efforts to summarise participants’ contributions will undoubtedly be incomplete, and, while I am certain I have been inadequate in capturing the points made by participants, I hope I have not misstated or misattributed anyone’s contributions.

  3. 3.

    Thorhallsson and Wivel (2006), p. 653 et seq.

  4. 4.

    See Commonwealth Secretariat/World Bank Joint Task Force on Small States (2000), p. 3.

  5. 5.

    Thorhallsson (2012), p. 136.

  6. 6.

    Thorhallsson (2012), p. 136. Cf. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/smallstates/overview#1.

  7. 7.

    Cf. World Bank (2016), Small States, available at http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/smallstates (last accessed 15 Oct 2017).

  8. 8.

    See Kurečić and Luša (2014), p. 272; Commonwealth Secretariat/World Bank Joint Task Force on Small States (2000), p. i.

  9. 9.

    Aiyar (2008), p. 462.

  10. 10.

    http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/smallstates/overview#1 (last accessed 15 Oct 2017).

  11. 11.

    http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/smallstates/overview#1 (last accessed 15 Oct 2017).

  12. 12.

    http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/smallstates/overview#1 (last accessed 15 Oct 2017).

  13. 13.

    http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/smallstates/overview#1 (last accessed 15 Oct 2017).

  14. 14.

    http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/smallstates/overview#1 (last accessed 15 Oct 2017).

  15. 15.

    http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/smallstates/overview#1(last accessed 15 Oct 2017).

  16. 16.

    Berry (2014), p. 32.

  17. 17.

    Hilpold (2003), p. 224.

  18. 18.

    Small states members: Cape Verde, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau.

  19. 19.

    Small states members: Dijbouti, Mauritius, Seychelles, Swaziland.

  20. 20.

    Small states members: Botswana, Lesotho, Mauritius, Namibia, Seychelles, Swaziland.

  21. 21.

    Small states members: Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea.

  22. 22.

    McCann (2001), p. 294; Panke (2011), p. 4.

  23. 23.

    Panke (2011), p. 3.

  24. 24.

    See http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/smallstates/overview#1 (last accessed 15 Oct 2017).

  25. 25.

    Bravo (2005–2006), pp. 146–206, 149.

  26. 26.

    Bravo (2005), pp. 146–206, 159.

  27. 27.

    The Forum Island Countries (FICs) include 14 Pacific Islands: Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu. All the FICs are classified as developing economies. These countries are also sometimes referred to as the Pacific Island Countries (PICs).

  28. 28.

    See Kelsey (2006), pp. 391–419, 397.

  29. 29.

    The PACER Plus agreement has been signed by 11 countries. Text can be found here: https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/trade/free-trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements-concluded-but-not-in-force/pacer/pacer-plus-full-text/ (last accessed 15 Oct 2017).

  30. 30.

    See Chap. 7.

  31. 31.

    Fifteen countries are full members of CARICOM: Antigua & Barbuda, Belize, Commonwealth of Dominica Grenada, Republic of Haiti, Montserrat, Federation of St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Commonwealth of the Bahamas, Barbados, Co-operative Republic of Guyana, Jamaica, Republic of Suriname, and Republic of Trinidad & Tobago. Five countries are associate members: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, and Turks and Caicos Islands. Eight countries have observer status. CARICOM members are mix of less developed and more developed economies.

  32. 32.

    Nine countries are members of OECS: Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia and St. Vincent and the Grenadines; as well as the British Overseas Countries and Territories of Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands and Montserrat.

  33. 33.

    http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/arbitration/2014Transparency_Convention.html (last accessed 4 Dec 2017).

  34. 34.

    See Chap. 4.

  35. 35.

    See Chap. 6.

  36. 36.

    See regarding the integration of small states in the international financial sector, Christopher Bruner, Chap. 7, Patricia Backhausen & Payel Mazumdar, Chap. 12, and Geoff Cook, Chap. 8.

  37. 37.

    See Chap. 8.

  38. 38.

    UNCLOS Annex VII Barbados/Trinidad and Tobago Maritime Delimitation.

  39. 39.

    See Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru, Nauru v Australia, Preliminary Objections, Judgment, (1992) ICJ Rep 240 (Preliminary Objections, Judgment).

  40. 40.

    http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39710#.Wio2-Etx3aY (last accessed 3 Dec 2017).

  41. 41.

    See, e.g., Klein (2014), p. 581; Nottage (2015), p. 81.

  42. 42.

    The WTO Committee on Agriculture has defined the term small, vulnerable economies as applying “to Members with economies that, in the period 1999 to 2004, had an average share of (a) world merchandise trade of no more than 0.16 per cent or less, and (b) world trade in non-agricultural products of no more than 0.1 per cent and (c) world trade in agricultural products of no more than 0.4 per cent.” WTO Committee on Agriculture Special Session, Revised Draft Modalities for Agriculture, TN/AG/W/4/Rev.4, 6 December 2008, at para. 157.

  43. 43.

    See Chap. 15.

  44. 44.

    The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) provides a list of bilateral investment treaties at www.unctad.org (last accessed 15 Oct 2017).

  45. 45.

    Chap. 14.

  46. 46.

    See Chap. 10.

  47. 47.

    https://iccwbo.org/publication/financial-institutions-international-arbitration-icc-arbitration-adr-commission-report/ (last accessed 3 Dec 2017).

  48. 48.

    An example is the Hong Kong-New Zealand BIT http://investmentpolicyhub.unctad.org/IIA/mappedContent/treaty/1868 (last accessed 17 Nov 2017).

  49. 49.

    Compare, for example, in Occidental Petroleum v Ecuador, ICSID Case No ARB/06/11 (5 Oct 2012) a domestic law definition was applied, whereas an international law definition was applied in Burlington Resources v Ecuador, ICSID Case No ARB/08/5 (2 June 2010).

  50. 50.

    El Paso Energy v Argentina, ICSID Case No ARB/03/15 (31 Oct 2011) at 290, 295.

  51. 51.

    Yukos Universal Limited (Isle of Man) v The Russian Federation, PCA Case No. AA 227 (18 July 2014) at 1407.

  52. 52.

    Burlington Resources v Ecuador, ICSID Case No ARB/08/5 (2 June 2010).

  53. 53.

    En Cana v Ecuador (3 Feb 2006) at 177.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, London, UK

    Steven P. Finizio

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  1. Steven P. Finizio
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  1. Faculty of Law, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

    Petra Butler

  2. Faculty of Law, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Eva Lein

  3. Faculty of Business and Law, Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom

    Rhonson Salim

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Finizio, S.P. (2018). Small States and Integration: An Introduction. In: Butler, P., Lein, E., Salim, R. (eds) Integration and International Dispute Resolution in Small States. The World of Small States, vol 3. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74573-2_1

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