Skip to main content

Values and the Value Space as a Coordinate System for Understanding Xenosophia and Inter-Religious Prejudice

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Xenosophia and Religion. Biographical and Statistical Paths for a Culture of Welcome

Abstract

The chapter introduces the concept of personal value orientations and the value space, which will be used to map the data of the Bielefeld Study on Xenosophia and Religion in Germany. (a) The variety of xenosophic and xenophobic attitudes is located in the value space along with diverse prejudices, norms of masculinity and tolerance of complexity. This allows the profiling of these attitudes in a common framework. (b) Furthermore, political right-left orientations and party preferences are plotted in the value space in order to relate xenosophia to the political discussion in society. (c) Additionally, cultural and economic capital and belonging to religious and denominational groups is correlated with the value space to show how xenosophia depends on personal resources and group membership. (d) With regard to the qualitative segment of our study, the interviewees can also be plotted in the value space. This yields further insights into the dynamics of the relationship between values and xenosophic attitudes. In summary, the analyses yield a general pattern of attitudes and personal characteristics associated with xenosophia, on the one hand, and xenophobia, on the other hand.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bardi, A., & Schwartz, S. H. (2003). Values and behavior: Strength and structure of relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(10), 1207–1220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berbuir, N., Lewandowsky, M., & Siri, J. (2016). The AfD and its sympathisers: Finally a right-wing populist movement in Germany? German Politics, 24(2), 154–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilsky, W., Janik, M., & Schwartz, S. H. (2011). The structural organization of human values: Evidence from three round of the European social survey (ESS). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(5), 759–776.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawkins, R. (2006). The God delusion. London: Black Swan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duriez, B. (2004). A research note on the relation between religiosity and racism: The importance of the way in which religious contents are being processed. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14(3), 177–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enzmann, D., & Wetzels, P. (2003). Ethnic differences in juvenile delinquency: The role of violence legitimizing norms of masculinity. In F. Dünkel & K. Drenkhahn (Eds.), Youth violence: New patterns and local responses - experiences in east and west (pp. 316–345). Mönchengladbach: Forum Verlag Godesberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enzmann, D., Brettfeld, K., & Wetzels, P. (2004). Männlichkeitsnormen und die Kultur der Ehre: Empirische Prüfung eines theoretischen Modells zur Erklärung erhöhter Deliquenzraten jugendlicher Migranten. In D. Oberwittler & S. Karstedt (Eds.), Soziologie der Kriminalität [Sociology of criminology] (pp. 264–287). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Feather, N. T., & McKee, I. R. (2008). Values and prejudice: Predictor of attitudes towards Australian aborigines. Australian Journal of Psychology, 60(2), 80–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feige, A. & Gennerich, C. (2008). Lebensorientierungen Jugendlicher [Life orientations of adolescents]. Münster: Waxmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forschungsgruppe Wahlen. (2015). Politbarometer August 2015. In http://www.forschungsgruppe.de/Umfragen/Politbarometer/Archiv/Politbarometer_2015/August_2015/.

  • Forschungsgruppe Wahlen. (2016). Politbarometer Mai 2016. In www.forschungsgruppe.de/Umfragen/Politbarometer/Archiv/Politbarometer_2016/Maerz_2016.

  • Frenkel-Brunswik, E. (1949). Intolerance of ambiguity as an emotional and perceptual personality variable. Journal of Personality, 18(1), 108–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gennerich, C. (2010). Empirische Dogmatik des Jugendalters [Empirical dogmatics of adolescence]. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gennerich, C. (2014). Konfessionslosigkeit im Jugendalter: Empirische Perspektiven [No affiliation in the adolescence]. Zeitschrift für Pädagogik und Theologie, 66(3), 232–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gennerich, C., & Huber, S. (2006). Value priorities and content of religiosity – New research perspectives. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 28, 253–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gennerich, C., & Ziebertz, H.-G. (2016). Human rights and value priorities. In H.-G. Ziebertz & E. H. Ballin (Eds.), Freedom of religion in the 21th century: A human rights perspective on the relation between politics and religion (pp. 207–238). Leiden: Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glick, P., Lameiras, M., & Castro, Y. R. (2002). Education and Catholic religiosity as predictors of hostile and benevolent sexism toward women and men. Sex Roles, 47, 433–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hitlin, S. (2003). Values as the core of personal identity: Drawing links between two theories of self. Social Psychology Quarterly, 66(2), 118–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huber, S. (2008). Der Religiositäts-Struktur-Test (R-S-T): Systematik und operationale Konstrukte. In W. Gräb & L. Charbonnier (Eds.), Individualisierung – Spiritualität – Religion (pp. 137–171). Münster: Lit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, S., & Huber, O. W. (2012). The centrality of the religiosity scale (CRS). Religions, 3, 710–724. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel3030710.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huber, J., & Inglehart, R. (1995). Expert expectations of party space and party locations in 42 societies. Party Politics, 1, 73–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunsberger, B. (1995). Religion and prejudices: The role of religious fundamentalism, quest, and right-wing authoritarianism. Journal of Social Issues, 51, 113–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. E., Brem, C., & Alford-Keating, P. (1997). Personality correlates of homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 34, 57–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jost, T. J., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 339–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasser, T. (2002). Sketches for a self-determination theory of values. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 123–140). Rochester: University of Rochester Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kluckhohn, C. K. (1951). Values and value orientations in the theory of action. In T. Parsons & E. A. Shils (Eds.), Toward a general theory of action (pp. 388–433). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konig, R., Eisinga, R., & Scheepers, P. (2000). Explaining the relationship between Christian religion and anti-Semitism in the Netherlands. Review of Religious Research, 41, 373–393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kossowska, M., Czernatowicz-Kukuczka, A., & Sekerdej, M. (2017). Many faces of dogmatism: Prejudice as a way of protecting certainty against violators among dogmatic believers and atheists. British Journal of Psychology, 108 (1), 127–147.https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12186.

  • Lewandowsky, M. (2015). Eine rechtspopulistische Partei? Die AfD in der öffentlichen und politikwissenschaftlichen Debatte. Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft, 25(1), 119–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Boosting attachment security to promote mental health, prosocial values, and inter-group tolerance. Psychological Inquiry, 18(3), 139–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., Sapir-Lavid, Y., Yaakobi, E., Arias, K., Tal-Aloni, L., & Bor, G. (2003). Attachment theory and concern for others’ welfare: Evidence that activation of the sense of secure base promotes endorsement of self-transcendence values. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25(4), 299–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2011). Education at a glance 2011: OECD indicators. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/eag-2011-en.

  • Pfahl-Traugher, A. (2013). Die Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus (PDS)/Die Linke. In O. Niedermayer (Ed.), Handbuch Parteienforschung (pp. 541–562). Wiesbaden: Springer VS.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Piurko, Y., Schwartz, S. H., & Davido, E. (2011). Basic personal values and meaning of left-right political orientations in 20 countries. Political Psychology, 32(4), 537–561.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Probst, L. (2013). Bündnis 90/Die Grünen (Grüne). In O. Niedermayer (Ed.), Handbuch Parteienforschung (pp. 509–540). Wiesbaden: Springer VS.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Radant, M., & Dalbert, C. (2006). Dimensionen der Komplexitätstoleranz: Ergebnisse einer Synopse von Persönlichkeitskonstrukten, Paper for the 45. Nürnberg: Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radant, M., & Dalbert, C. (2007). The Dimensions of the Complexity Tolerance: A Synopsis of Personality Constructs. Paper for the 10th European congress of psychology, Prague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohan, M. J. (2000). A rose by any name? The values construct. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(3), 255–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheepers, P., Gijsberts, M., & Helo, E. (2002). Religiosity and prejudice against ethnic minorities in Europe: Cross-national tests on a controversial relationship. Review of Religious Research, 43, 242–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1–65). Orlando: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50, 19–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward a universal psychological structure of human values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 550–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. H., Cieciuch, J., Veccione, M., Davidov, E., Fischer, R., Beierlein, C., Ramos, A., Verkasalo, M., Lönnqvist, J.-E., Demirutku, K., & Dirilen-Gumus, O. (2012). Refining the theory of basic individual values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(4), 663–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schweitzer, F. (1999). Autonomie ohne Religion – Religion ohne Autonomie? Religiöse Autonomie in strukturgenetischer Sicht. In W. Althof, F. Baerismyl, & K. H. Reich (Eds.), Autonomie und Entwicklung (pp. 301–328). Freiburg, Schweiz: Universitätsverlag Freiburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidanius, J. (1988). Political sophistication and political deviance: A structural equation examination of context theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 37–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spier, T., & von Alemann, U. (2013). Die Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD). In O. Niedermayer (Ed.), Handbuch Parteienforschung (pp. 439–467). Wiesbaden: Springer VS.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Statistisches Bundesamt. (2008). Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichprobe. Einkommensverteilung in Deutschland. Fachserie 15(6). Wiesbaden: Statistisches Bundesamt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strack, M., & Gennerich, C. (2011). Personal and situational values predict ethical reasoning. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 7(3), 419–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strack, M., Gennerich, C., & Hopf, N. (2008). Warum Werte? [Why values?]. In E. H. Witte (Ed.), Sozialpsychologie und Werte [Social psychology and values] (pp. 90–130). Lengerich: Pabst Science Publisher.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streib, H., & Gennerich, C. (2011). Jugend und Religion: Bestandsaufnahmen, Analysen und Fallstudien zur Religiosität Jugendlicher [Youth and religion]. Juventa: Weinheim.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streib, H., & Hood, R. W. (Eds.). (2016). Semantics and psychology of “spirituality”. Cham: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streib, H., Hood, R. W., & Klein, C. (2010). The religious schema scale: Construction and initial validation of an quantitative measure of religious styles. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 20, 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2010.481223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorisdottir, H., Jost, J., Liviatan, I., & Shrout, P. E. (2007). Psychological needs and values underlying left-right political orientation: Cross-national evidence from eastern and Western Europe. Public Opinion Quarterly, 71(2), 175–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2006). International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). Montreal: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (Reedition, originally published in 1997). http://www.uis.unesco.org/Library/ Documents/isced97-en.pdf.

  • Vorländer, H. (2013). Die Freie Demokratische Partei (FDP). In O. Niedermayer (Ed.), Handbuch Parteienforschung (pp. 497–507). Wiesbaden: Springer VS.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, D. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1994). Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1049–1062. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1049.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wetzel, C. (2010). How selfish are self-expression values? A civicness test. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(2), 152–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zolleis, U., & Schmidt, J. (2013). Die Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (CDU). In O. Niedermayer (Ed.), Handbuch Parteienforschung (pp. 415–437). Wiesbaden: Springer VS.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carsten Gennerich .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Gennerich, C. (2018). Values and the Value Space as a Coordinate System for Understanding Xenosophia and Inter-Religious Prejudice. In: Streib, H., Klein, C. (eds) Xenosophia and Religion. Biographical and Statistical Paths for a Culture of Welcome. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74564-0_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74564-0_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74563-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-74564-0

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics