Abstract
As previous research on Group-Focused Enmity in Europe has shown, different types of prejudice share a common factor: a general ideology of inequality. But how do different types of prejudice differ? Which factor has the strongest effects on a certain prejudice? Which types of prejudice are effectively predicted by religiosity? Does it make a difference whether the target of prejudice is another religious tradition or another, not religiously marked group? By including a variety of measures for religiosity, for prejudice, and for other constructs into the questionnaire, the Bielefeld Study on Xenosophia and Religion can provide answers to these questions. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the effects of Centrality of Religiosity, of Openness to Change, of Violence Legitimizing Norms of Masculinity, and of religious schemata measured with the Religious Schema Scale (RSS) on six different types of prejudice: Islamophobia, anti-Semitism, general racism, anti-black racism , sexism, and homophobia. Two results are especially noteworthy: First, the violence legitimizing norms of masculinity emerge as the strongest predictor for almost all types of prejudice. Second, religiosity as measured with the Centrality of Religiosity scale has also strong effects on the six types of prejudice – but primarily when differentially mediated by the three religious schemata ttt, ftr and xenos.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Model fit indices are: χ2 = 808.89, df = 131, χ2/df = 6.18, CFI = .96, RMSEA = .06 (upper bound = .06, lower bound = .06). AMOS 23 was used, and maximum likelihood estimation was employed to calculate the model. In the SEMs, circles represent latent variables, while rectangles represent measured variables. Thereby, observed variables (rectangles) and also error terms for all latent variables have been blinded for more easy reading of the figure. Note: *** = significant with p ≤ .001, ** = significant with p ≤ .01, * = significant with p ≤ .05.
- 2.
Model fit indices are: χ2 = 950.84, df = 262, χ2/df = 3.63, CFI = .94, RMSEA = .04 (upper bound = .05, lower bound = .04). Note: *** = significant with p ≤ .001, ** = significant with p ≤ .01, * = significant with p ≤ .05.
References
Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge: Perseus Books. 1979.
Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5(4), 432–443.
Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 113–133.
Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (2005). Fundamentalism and authoritarianism. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 378–393). New York: Guilford.
Baier, D., Pfeiffer, C., Simonson, J., & Rabold, S. (2009). Jugendliche in Deutschland als Opfer und Täter von Gewalt: Erster Forschungsbericht zum gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt des Bundesministeriums des Innern und des KFN [Adolescents in Germany as victims and offenders of violence: First report about the Joint Research Project of the Ministry of the Interior and the KFN. KFN research report No. 107]. KFN-Forschungsbericht Nr. 107. Hannover: Kriminologisches Forschungsinstitut Niedersachsen.
Baier, D., Pfeiffer, C., Rabold, S., Simonson, J., & Kappes, C. (2010). Kinder und Jugendliche in Deutschland: Gewalterfahrungen, Integration, Medienkonsum; zweiter Bericht zum gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt des Bundesministeriums des Innern und des KFN [Children and adolescents in Germany: Experiences of violence, integration, media consumption; second report about the Joint Research Project of the Ministry of the Interior and the KFN]. Hannover: Kriminologisches Forschungsinstitut Niedersachsen.
Batson, C. D., & Burris, C. T. (1994). Personal religion: Depressant or stimulant of prejudice and discrimination? In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 7, pp. 149–169). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Batson, C. D., Schoenrade, P., & Ventis, W. L. (1993). Religion and the individual: A social-psychological perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dovidio, J. F., Hewstone, M., Glick, P., & Esses, V. M. (2010). Prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination: Theoretical and empirical overview. In The SAGE handbook of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination (pp. 3–28). London: SAGE Publications.
Duckitt, J. (2010). Historical overview. In The SAGE handbook of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination (pp. 29–44). London: SAGE Publications.
Duckitt, J., & Sibley, C. G. (2006). Right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and the dimensions of generalized prejudice. European Journal of Personality, 20, 1–18.
Ekehammar, B., Akrami, N., Gylje, M., & Zakrisson, I. (2004). What matters most to prejudice: Big five personality, social dominance orientation, or right-wing authoritarianism? European Journal of Personality, 18, 463–482.
Enzmann, D., Brettfeld, K., & Wetzels, P. (2004). Männlichkeitsnormen und die Kultur der Ehre. Empirische Prüfung eines theoretischen Modells zur Erklärung erhöhter Delinquenzraten jugendlicher Migranten [norms of masculinity and the culture of honor: Empirical testing of a theoretical model for the explanation of increased rates of delinquency among adolescent migrants]. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie. Sonderheft, 43(2003), 264–287.
Groß, E., Zick, A., & Krause, D. (2012). Von der Ungleichwertigkeit zur Ungleichheit: Gruppenbezogene Menschenfeindlichkeit [From Diversity to Inequality: Group-focused Enmity]. Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, 62, 11–18.
Hall, D. L., Matz, D. C., & Wood, W. (2010). Why don’t we practice what we preach? A meta-analytic review of religious racism. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 126–139.
Heitmeyer, W. (2002). Gruppenbezogene Menschenfeindlichkeit. Die theoretische Konzeption und erste empirische Ergebnisse [Group-focused enmity. Theoretical conception and first empirical results]. In W. Heitmeyer (Ed.), Deutsche Zustände, Folge 1 (pp. 15–34). Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp.
Herek, G. M. (1987). Religious orientation and prejudice a comparison of racial and sexual attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13(1), 34–44.
Hood, R. W., & Morris, R. J. (1985). Conceptualization of quest: A critical rejoinder to Batson. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 26, 391–397.
Huber, S., & Huber, O. W. (2012). The centrality of religiosity scale (CRS). Religions, 3(4), 710–724. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel3030710.
Hunsberger, B., & Jackson, L. M. (2005). Religion, meaning, and prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 61(4), 807–826.
Klein, C., Zwingmann, C., & Jeserich, F. (2017). Religiöser Fundamentalismus: Merkmale, Konzepte, Messinstrumente und Korrelate [Religious fundamentalism: Characteristics, concepts, measures, and correlates]. In C. Zwingmann, C. Klein, & F. Jeserich (Eds.), Religiosität – die dunkle Seite. Beiträge zur empirischen Religionsforschung. Münster: Waxmann.
Kojetin, B. A., McIntosh, D. N., Bridges, R. A., & Spilka, B. (1987). Quest: Constructive search or religious conflict? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 26, 111–115.
Küpper, B. (2010). Zum Zusammenhang von Religiosität und Vorurteilen. Eine empirische Analyse. Ethik und Gesellschaft, 2. Retrieved from http://www.ethik-und-gesellschaft.de/ojs/index.php/eug/article/viewFile/2-2010-art-/105.
Küpper, B., & Zick, A. (2010). Religion and prejudice in Europe: New empirical findings. London: Alliance Publishing Trust.
Leong, C. H. (2008). A multilevel research framework for the analyses of attitudes toward immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32, 115–129.
Nisbett, R. E., & Cohen. (1996). Culture of honor: The psychology of violence in the south. Boulder: Westview Press.
Sagiv, L., & Schwartz, S. H. (1995). Value priorities and readiness for out-group social contact. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(3), 437–448. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.3.437.
Schwartz, S. H. (2007). A theory of cultural value orientations: Explication and applications. In Y. Esmer & T. Pettersson (Eds.), Measuring and mapping cultures (pp. 33–78). Lieden: Brill Publishers.
Streib, H., & Klein, C. (2012). Violence–religion–masculinity: German students’ readiness for mediation. Paper for the international seminar on religious education and values (ISREV). Turku (Finland). Retrieved from https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/download/1901944/2516935.
Streib, H., & Klein, C. (2014). Religious styles predict interreligious prejudice: A study of German adolescents with the religious schema scale. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 24(2), 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2013.808869.
Streib, H., Hood, R. W., & Klein, C. (2010). The religious schema scale: Construction and initial validation of a quantitative measure for religious styles. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 20(3), 151–172. doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2010.481223.
Whitley, B. E. (1999). Right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 126–134.
Whitley, B. E. (2009). Religiosity and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A meta-analysis. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 19, 21–38.
Zick, A., Wolf, C., Küpper, B., Davidov, E., Schmidt, P., & Heitmeyer, W. (2008). The syndrome of group-focused enmity: The interrelation of prejudices tested with multiple cross-sectional and panel data. Journal of Social Issues, 64(2), 363–383.
Zick, A., Küpper, B., & Hövermann, A. (2011). Die Abwertung der Anderen: eine europäische Zustandsbeschreibung zu Intoleranz, Vorurteilen und Diskriminierung [The eevaluation of the other: A description of the current state in Europe]. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Forum Berlin.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lühr, M., Streib, H., Klein, C. (2018). Inter-Religious Prejudice in Context: Prejudice against Black Persons, Homosexuals and Women, and the Role of the Violence Legitimizing Norms of Masculinity. In: Streib, H., Klein, C. (eds) Xenosophia and Religion. Biographical and Statistical Paths for a Culture of Welcome. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74564-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74564-0_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74563-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-74564-0
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)