Abstract
Vegetation greenness usually used to interpret condition of ecological processes which are vital for sustaining biodiversity and integrity of natural ecosystems. Hence, vegetation greenness seems feasible as a criterion in multi-criteria analysis of recreational land suitability for sustainable land use planning in protected area. But, how feasible it is? Based on land suitability, analyzed using a multi-criteria analysis, two scenarios of recreational land suitability were developed using Krau Wildlife Reserve in Peninsular Malaysia as a case study. Scenario 1, does not use vegetation greenness as one of the criteria, and Scenario 2, uses vegetation greenness as one of the criteria. In this study, the proportion of recreational land suitability classes, “less suitable,” “moderate suitable,” and “most suitable,” was measured under both scenarios. Then, the feasibility of vegetation greenness was evaluated by comparing the proportion of each suitability class in Scenario 2 with Scenario 1. Results revealed that in Scenario 1, the proportion of “most suitable” was the highest. In Scenario 2, the proportion of “most suitable” reduced but “moderate suitable” increased when compared with Scenario 1. This shows that vegetation greenness can limit the proportion of land used for recreation. Thus, vegetation greenness is feasible to be considered as a criterion for identifying recreational land suitability for sustainable land use planning in protected area.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Adhikari S, Southworth J, Nagendra H (2015) Understanding forest loss and recovery: a spatiotemporal analysis of land change in and around Bannerghatta National Park, India. J Land Use Sci 10:402–424
Almanza E, Jerrett M, Dunton G, Seto E, Pentz MA (2012) A study of community design, greenness, and physical activity in children using satellite, GPS and accelerometer data. Health Place 18:46–54
Bailey KM, McCleery RA, Binford MW, Zweig C (2016) Land-cover change within and around protected areas in a biodiversity hotspot. J Land Use Sci 11:154–176
Begon M, Harper JL, Townsend CR (1996) Ecology: individuals, population and communities. Blackwell Science, London
Bibby CJ (1998) Selecting areas for conservation. In: Sutherland WJ (ed) Conservation and action. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 176–201
Bojórquez-Tapia L, de la Cueva H, Diaz S, Melgarejo D, Alcantar G, Solares M, Grobet G, Cruz-Bello B (2004) Environmental conflicts and nature reserves: redesigning Sierra San Pedro Mártir National Park, Mexico. Biol Cons 117:111–126
Bourgarel M, Fritz H, Gaillard J, de Garine-Wichatitsky M, Maudet F (2002) Effects of annual rainfall and habitat types on the body mass of impala (Aepyceros melampus) in the Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe. Afr J Ecol 40:186–193
Burgan RE, Hartford RA (1993) Monitoring vegetation greenness with Satellite data. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-297. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Odgen, UT
Busing RT, White PS, MacKende MD (1993) Gradient analysis of old spruce-fir forest of the Great Smokey Mountains circa 1935. Can J Bot 71:951–958
Butler BJ, Swenson JJ, Alig RJ (2004) Forest fragmentation in the Pacific Northwest: quantification and correlations. For Ecol Manage 189:363–373
Byzedi M, Saghafian B (2009) Regional analysis of streamflow drought: a case study for Southwestern Iran. World Acad Sci Eng Technol 57:447–451
Cendrero A, de Terán JRD, González D, Mascatti R, Tecchi YR (1993) Environmental diagnosis for planning and management in the high Andean region; the biosphere reserve of Pozuelos, Argentina. Environ Manage 17:683–703
Chomitz KM, Gray DA (1996) Roads, land use and deforestation: a spatial model applied to Belize. World Bank Econ Rev 10:487–512
Colwell RK, Rahbek C, Gotelli NJ (2004) The mid-domain effect and species richness patterns: what have we learned so far? American Naturalist 163. electronic article
Dangermond J (1990) A classification of software components commonly used in geographic information systems. In: Peuquet DJ, Marble DF (eds) Introductory readings in geographic information systems. Taylor & Francis, New York, pp 30–51
De Vries S, Verheij RA, Groenewegen PP, Spreeuwenberg P (2003) Natural environments-health environments? An exploratory analysis of the relationship between greenspace and health. Environ Plan A 35:1717–1731
Debinsky DM, Holt RD (2000) A survey and overview of habitat fragmentation experiments. Conserv Biol 14:342–355
Dunning JB, Danielson BJ, Pulliam HR (1992) Ecological processes that affect populations in complex landscapes. Oikos 65:169–175
DWNP/DANCED (1999) Workshop on developing zoning system for protected areas in Peninsular Malaysia: towards sustainable management of biological resources. Department of Wildlife and National Parks Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
DWNP/DANCED (2001) Management Plan for the Krau Wildlife Reserve 2002–2006. Department of Wildlife and National Parks Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
Eastman JR, Jin W, Kyem PAK, Toledano J (1995) Raster procedures for multicriteria/multi-objective decisions. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 61:539–547
Ellu G, Obua J (2005) Tree condition and natural regeneration in disturbed sites of Bwindi Impenetrable Forest National Park, southwestern Uganda. Trop Ecol 46:99–111
FAO (1993) Guidelines for land use planning. FAO Development Series 1. FAO, Rome
Fearnside PM (2006) Dams in the Amazon: Belo Monte and Brazil’s hydroelectric development of the Xingu River Basin. Environ Manage 38:16–27
Feeley KJ, Gillespie TG, Terborgh JW (2005) The utility of spectral indices from Landsat ETM + for measuring the structure and composition of tropical dry forests. Biotropica 37:508–519
Fisher RA, Fischenich JC (2000) Design recommendations for riparian corridors and vegetated buffer strips. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg
Gamon JA, Field CB, Goulden ML, Griffin KL, Hartley AE, Joel G, Penuelas J, Valentini R (1995) Relationships between NDVI, canopy structure, and photosynthesis in three Californian vegetation types. Ecol Appl 5:28–41
Gaveau DLA, Wandono H, Setiabudi F (2007) Three decades of deforestation in southwest Sumatra: Have protected areas halted forest loss and logging, and promoted re-growth? Biol Cons 134:495–504
Gaveau DLA, Epting J, Lyne O, Linkie M, Kumara I, Kanninen M, Leader-Williams N (2009) Evaluating whether protected areas reduce tropical deforestation in Sumatra. J Biogeogr 36:2165–2175
Geneletti D, van Duren I (2008) Protected area zoning for conservation and use: a GIS-based integration of multicriteria and multiobjective analysis. Landsc Urban Plan 85:97–110
Gholz HL (1982) Environmental limits on aboveground net primary production, leaf area and biomass in vegetation zones of the Pacific Northwest. Ecology 63:469–481
Gholz HL, Vogel SA, Cropper WP, McKelvey K, Ewel KC, Teskey RO, Currean PJ (1991) Dynamics of canopy structure and light interception in Pinus elliottii stands, North Florida. Ecol Monogr 61:33–51
Glenn EP, Huete AR, Nagler PL, Nelson SG (2008) Relationship between remotely-sensed vegetation indices, canopy attributes and plant physiological processes: what vegetation indices can and cannot tell use about the landscape. Sensors 8:2136–2160
Gould W (2000) Remote sensing of vegetation, plant species richness, and regional biodiversity hotspot. Ecol Appl 10:1861–1870
Green E, Mumby PJ, Edwards AJ, Clark CD, Ellis AC (1997) Estimating leaf area index of mangroves from satellite data. Aquat Bot 58:11–19
Griffith B, Douglas DC, Walsh NE, Young DD, McCabe TR, Russell DE, White RG, Cameron RD, Whitten KR (2002) The porcupine caribou herd. In: Douglas DC, Reynolds PE. and Rhode EB (eds), Arctic Refuge Coastal Plain Terrestrial Wildlife Research Summaries. Biological Resources Division, Biological Science Report, U.S Geological Survey, pp 8–37
Haas GE, Driver BL, Brown PJ, Lucas RC (1987) Wilderness management zoning. J Forest 85:17–21
Hermann SM, Anyamba A, Tucker CJ (2005) Recent trends in vegetation dynamics in the African Sahel and their relationship to climate. Glob Environ Change 15:394–404
Hjortsø CN, Straede S, Helles F (2006) Applying multi-criteria decision making to protected areas and buffer zone management. J For Econ 12:91–108
Hsiaofei C, Yanglin W, Zhengguo L, Ichen H (2006) Zoning by functions of small-scale forest ecosystems: a case study of Hui-Sun Forest Station in Taiwan Province, China. Front For 1:21–27
Ikeda H, Okamoto K, Fukuhara M (1999) Estimation of above ground grassland phytomass with a growth model using Landsat TM and climate data. Int J Remote Sens 20:2283–2294
JPBD, LESTARI (2007) Garis Panduan Pengurusan dan Perancangan Pembangunan Kawasan Sensitif Alam Sekitar Perbukitan dan Tanah Tinggi: Daerah Hulu Selangor. Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi (in Malay)
Körner C (2000) Why are there global gradients in species richness? Mountains might hold the answer. Trend in Ecol Evol 15:513–514
Kovacs JM, Flores-Verdugo F, Wang J, Aspden LP (2004) Estimating leaf area index of a degraded mangrove forest using high spatial resolution satellite data. Aquat Bot 80:13–22
Krishnaswamy J, Kiran MC, Ganeshaiah KN (2004) Tree model based eco-climatic vegetation classification and fuzzy mapping in diverse tropical deciduous ecosystems using multi-season NDVI. Remote Sens Environ 25:1185–1205
Lee PF, Ding TS, Hsu FH, Geng S (2004) Breeding bird species richness in Taiwan: distribution on gradients of elevation, primary productivity and urbanization. J Biogeogr 31:307–314
Leitáo AB, Ahern J (2002) Applying landscape ecological concepts and metrics in sustainable landscape planning. Landsc Urban Plan 59:65–93
Levin N, Shimida A, Levanoni O, Tamari H, Kark S (2007) Predicting mountain plant richness and rarity from space using satellite-derived vegetation indices. Divers Distrib 13:1–12
Lillesand TM, Kiefer RW, Chipman JW (2004) Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Wiley, New York
Liu X, Li J (2008) Scientific solutions for the functional zoning of nature reserves in China. Ecol Model 215:237–246
Louisa JMJ, Antonio DG (2002) Parametric land cover and land use classifications as tools for environmental change detection. Agric Ecosyst Environ 91:89–100
Meyers TP, Paw UKT (1987) Modelling the plant canopy micrometeorology with higher-order closure principles. Agric For Metorol 41:143–163
Nagendra H, Southworth J, Tucker CM (2003) Accessibility as a determinant of landscape transformation in western Honduras: linking pattern and process. Landsc Ecol 18:141–158
Naiman RJ, Camps HD, Pollock M (1993) The role of riparian corridors in maintaining regional biodiversity. Ecol Appl 3:209–212
Oindo BO, Skidmore AK (2002) Interannual variability of NDVI and species richness in Kenya. Int J Remote Sens 23:285–298
Pereira G, Foster S, Martin K, Christian H, Boruff BJ, Knuiman M, Giles-Corti B (2012) The association between neighborhood greenness and cardiovascular disease: an observational study. BMC Public Health 12:466
Pickering CM, Hill W (2007) Impacts of recreation and tourism on plant biodiversity and vegetation in protected areas in Australia. J Environ Manage 85:791–800
Pickering CM, Hill W, Newsome D, Leung YF (2010) Comparing hiking, mountain biking and horse riding impacts on vegetation and soils in Australia and the United States of America. J Environ Manage 91:551–562
Pommerening A, Stoyan D (2006) Edge-correction needs in estimating indices of spatial forest structure. Can J For Res 36:1723–1739
Rafaai NH (2011) Landscape ecological assessment of Krau wildlife reserve, Peninsular Malaysia for sustainable conservation planning. Master thesis, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia (in Malay)
Ramsey EW, Jensen JR (1996) Remote sensing of mangrove wetlands: relating canopy spectra to site-specific data. Photogram Eng Remote Sens 62:939–948
Reed BC, Brown JF, Vanderzee D, Loveland TR, Merchant JW, Ohlen DO (1994) Measuring phenological variability from satellite imagery. J Veg Sci 5:703–714
Rossiter DG (1996) A theoretical framework for land evaluation. Geoderma 72:165–190
Saaty TL (1977) A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures. J Math Psychol 15:234–281
Saaty TL (1980) The analytical hierarchy process. McGraw-Hill, New York
Saaty TL (2000) Fundamentals of decision making and priority theory with the analytic hierarchy process. RWS Publications, Pittsburg
Sabatini MD, Verdiell A, Iglesias RMR, Vidal M (2007) A quantitative method for zoning of protected areas and its spatial ecological implications. J Environ Manage 83:198–206
Scott JM, Davis FW, McGhie RG, Wright RG, Groves C, Estes J (2001) Nature reserve: do they capture the full range of America’s biological diversity? Ecol Appl 11:999–1007
Singh NJ, Yoccoz NG, Bhatnagar YV, Fox JL (2009) Using habitat suitability models to sample rare species in high-altitude ecosystems: a case study with Tibetan argali. Biodivers Conserv 18:2893–2908
Steven R, Pickering C, Castley G (2011) A review of the impacts of nature based recreation on birds. J Environ Manage 92:2287–2294
Sugiyama T, Leslie E, Giles-Corti B, Owen N (2008) Associations of neighbourhood greenness with physical and mental health: do walking, social coherence and local social interactin explain the relationships? J Epidemiol Community Health 62:e9
Svoray T, Shoshany M, Perevolotsky A (2003) Mediterranean range-land response to human intervention. J Mediterr Ecol 4:3–11
Thomas L, Middleton J (2003) Guidelines for management planning of protected areas. IUCN, Gland & Cambridge
Thompson CW, Aspinall PA (2011) Natural environments and their impact on activity, health and quality of life. Appl Psychol: Health and Well-Being 3:230–260
Tucker CJ, Sellers PJ (1986) Satellite remote sensing of primary production. Int J Remote Sens 7:1395–1416
van Lier H (1998) The role of land-use planning in sustainable rural systems. Landsc Urban Plan 41:83–91
Veldkamp A, Lambin EF (2001) Predicting land-use change. Agric, Ecosyst Environ 85:1–6
Villa F, Tunesi L, Agardy T (2001) Zoning marine protected area through spatial multi-criteria analysis: the case of the Asinara island national marine reserve of Italy. Conserv Biol 16:515–526
Weibull ACH, Östman Ö, Granqvist Å (2003) Species richness in agroecosystems: the effect of landscape, habitat and farm management. Biodivers Conserv 12:1335–1355
Whitmore TC (1986) Tropical rain forests of the far east. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Xu J, Chen L, Lu Y, Fu B (2006) Local people’s perceptions as decision support system for protected area management in Wolong biosphere reserve, China. J Environ Manage 78:362–372
Xu L, Samanta A, Costa M, Ganguly S (2011) Widespread decline of greenness of Amazonian vegetation due to the 2010 drought. Geophys Res Lett 38:1–4
Yusof E, Sorensen KW (2000) Krau Wildlife Reserve: protected area management experiences. J Wildlife Parks 18:3–13
Zeleny M (1982) Multiple criteria decision making. McGraw-Hill, New York
Zhang M, Ustin SL, Rejmankova E, Sanderson EW (1997) Monitoring Pacific coast marhes using remote sensing. Ecol Appl 7:1039–1053
Acknowledgements
We are very much thankful to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysia, for their support and funding for this research work through the project: Science Fund 04-01-02-SF0378 entitle “Landscape Ecological Assessment of Protected Areas in Peninsular Malaysia for Sustainable Management Planning.”
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Abdullah, S.A., Rafaai, N.H. (2017). Using Vegetation Greenness as a Criterion in Multi-criteria Analysis of Recreational Land Suitability in Protected Area: A Case Study of Krau Wildlife Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. In: Hong, SK., Nakagoshi, N. (eds) Landscape Ecology for Sustainable Society. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74328-8_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74328-8_16
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-74327-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-74328-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)