Skip to main content

Edible Insects in a Food Safety Perspective

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Edible Insects in Sustainable Food Systems

Abstract

Food safety aspects of edible insects are largely unknown but their widespread consumption worldwide supports the possibility of their consumption. In recent years the interest toward insects as food has grown also in countries with no previous experiences of consumption, where their diffusion was limited by legislative barriers or by the absence of specific rules laying them in a grey area. Evidence from traditional practises are useful to identify species suitable for human consumption and to exclude major food safety risk. However, tradition alone could not satisfy the need of data to set a proper legislation able to guarantee consumer safety. Data about biological and chemical risks are needed to appropriately manage potential risk deriving from insect farming and consumption along the food chain, with particular regard to the rearing substrate. Aim of this chapter is to discuss the value of current evidences about food safety of edible insects in the context of modern food safety system, to highlight data gaps and to suggest the need for further research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agabou A, Alloui N (2010) Importance of Alphitobius Diaperinus (panzer) as a reservoir for pathogenic bacteria in Algerian broiler houses. Vet World 3:71–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad A, Nagaraja TG, Zurek L (2007) Transmission of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 to cattle by house flies. Prev Vet Med 80:74–81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen JD, Esquela-Kerscher A (2013) Gongylonema pulchrum infection in a resident of Williamsburg, Virginia, verified by genetic analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89:755–757

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • ANSES (2015) OPINION of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety on “the use of insects as food and feed and the review of scientific knowledge on the health risks related to the consumption of insects”. Request No. 2014-SA-0153. :1–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Banjo D, Lawal O, Adeyemi I (2006) The microbial Fauna associated with the larvae of Oryctes Monocerus. J Appl Sci Res 2:837–843

    Google Scholar 

  • Belluco S, Losasso C, Maggioletti M, Alonzi C, Ricci A, Paoletti MG (2015) Edible insects: a food security solution or a food safety concern? Anim Front 5:25–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belluco S, Losasso C, Maggioletti M, Alonzi C, Paoletti MG, Ricci A (2013) Edible insects in a food safety and nutritional perspective: a critical review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 12:296–313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brinchmann BC, Bayat M, Brogger T, Muttuvelu DV, Tjonneland A, Sigsgaard T (2011) A possible role of chitin in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergy. Ann Agric Environ Med 18:7–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buckland-Nicks A, Hillier KN, Avery TS, O’Driscoll NJ (2014) Mercury bioaccumulation in dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera): examination of life stages and body regions. Environ Toxicol Chem 33:2047–2054

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chai JY, Shin EH, Lee SH, Rim HJ (2009) Foodborne intestinal flukes in Southeast Asia. Korean J Parasitol 47(Suppl):S69–102

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Charlton AJ, Dickinson M, Wakefield ME, Fitches E, Kenis M, Han R, Zhu F, Kone N, Grant M, Devic E et al (2015) Exploring the chemical safety of fly larvae as a source of protein for animal feed. J Insects Food Feed 1:7–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Constable A, Jonas D, Cockburn A, Davi A, Edwards G, Hepburn P, Herouet-Guicheney C, Knowles M, Moseley B, Oberdörfer R (2007) History of safe use as applied to the safety assessment of novel foods and foods derived from genetically modified organisms. Food Chem Toxicol 45:2513–2525

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • EFSA (2007) Opinion of the scientific scientific panel on biological hazards on microbiological criteria and targets based on risk analysis. EFSA J 462:1–29

    Google Scholar 

  • EFSA (2008) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain (question N° EFSA-Q-2007-136). EFSA J 724:1–114

    Google Scholar 

  • EFSA (2013) Guidance on methodological principles and scientific methods to be taken into account when establishing reference points for action (RPAs) for non-allowed pharmacologically active substances present in food of animal origin. EFSA J 11:3195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EFSA (2014) A systematic procedure for the identification of emerging chemical risks in the food and feed chain. EFSA Support Publ 2014:EN-547:1–40

    Google Scholar 

  • EFSA (2015) Risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed EFSA scientific committee. EFSA J 13(10):4257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EFSA (2016) Guidance on the preparation and presentation of the notification and application for authorisation of traditional foods from third countries in the context of regulation. EFSA 14:4590

    Google Scholar 

  • Eilenberg J, Vlak JM, Nielsen-leroux C, Cappellozza S, Jensen AB (2015) Diseases in insects produced for food and feed. J Insects Food Feed 1:87–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engel K, Vogel RF, Knorr D, Habermeyer M, Kochte-Clemens B, Eisenbrand G (2011) The role of the concept of “history of safe use” in the safety assessment of novel foods and novel food ingredients. Opinion of the senate commission on food safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (DFG). Mol Nutr Food Res 55:957–963

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • FAO/WHO (2010) Codex Alimentarius Commission: procedural manual 9th ed. Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • FASFC Scientific Committee (2014) Common Advice SciCom. Food safety aspects of insects intended for human consumption. Sci Com dossier 2014/04; SHC dossier n° 9160

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao Y, Chen J, Wang H, Liu C, Lv X, Li J, Guo B (2013) Enantiomerization and enantioselective bioaccumulation of benalaxyl in Tenebrio Molitor larvae from wheat bran. J Agric Food Chem 61:9045–9051

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gkogka E, Reij MW, Gorris LGM, Zwietering MH (2013) The application of the appropriate level of protection (ALOP) and food safety objective (FSO) concepts in food safety management, using listeria monocytogenes in deli meats as a case study. Food Control 29:382–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin MA, Waltman WD (1996) Transmission of Eimeria, viruses, and bacteria to chicks: darkling beetles (Alphitobius Diaperinus) as vectors of pathogens. J Appl Poult Res 5:51–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green K, Broome L, Heinze D, Johnston S (2001) Long distance transport of arsenic by migrating Bogong moths from agricultural lowlands to mountain ecosystem. Vic Nat 118:112–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Halloran A, Vantomme P, Hanboonsong Y, Ekesi S (2015) Regulating edible insects: the challenge of addressing food security, nature conservation, and the erosion of traditional food culture. Food Secur 7:739–746

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han S-R, Lee B-S, Jung K-J, H-J Y, Yun E-Y, Hwang JS, Moon K-S (2016) Safety assessment of freeze-dried powdered Tenebrio Molitor larvae (yellow mealworm) as novel food source: evaluation of 90-day toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 77:206–212

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han S-R, Yun E-Y, Kim J-Y, Hwang JS, Jeong EJ, Moon K-S (2014) Evaluation of genotoxicity and 28-day oral dose toxicity on freeze-dried powder of Tenebrio Molitor larvae (yellow mealworm). Toxicol Res 30:121

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Handley MA, Hall C, Sanford E, Diaz E, Gonzalez-Mendez E, Drace K, Wilson R, Villalobos M, Croughan M (2007) Globalization, binational communities, and imported food risks: results of an outbreak investigation of lead poisoning in Monterey County, California. Am J Public Health 97:900–906

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hazeleger WC, Bolder NM, Beumer RR, Jacobs-Reitsma WF (2008) Darkling beetles (Alphitobius Diaperinus) and their larvae as potential vectors for the transfer of campylobacter jejuni and salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi B variant java between successive broiler flocks. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:6887–6891

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jeandron A, Rinaldi L, Abdyldaieva G, Usubalieva J, Steinmann P, Cringoli G, Utzinger J (2011) Human infections with Dicrocoelium Dendriticum in Kyrgyzstan: the tip of the iceberg? J Parasitol 97:1170–1172

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jongema Y (2015) World list of edible insects. Wageningen Univ. http://www.wageningenur.nl/upload_mm/7/4/1/ca8baa25-b035-4bd2-9fdc-a7df1405519a_WORLD LIST EDIBLE INSECTS 2015.pdf. Accessed 10 Nov 2015

  • Klunder HC, Wolkers-Rooijackers J, Korpela JM, Nout MJR (2012) Microbiological aspects of processing and storage of edible insects. Food Control 26:628–631

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi M, Sasaki T, Saito N, Tamura K, Suzuki K, Watanabe H, Agui N (1999) Houseflies: not simple mechanical vectors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli O157:H7. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 61:625–629

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Latunde-Dada GO, Yang W, Vera Aviles M (2016) In vitro iron availability from insects and sirloin beef. J Agric Food Chem 64:8420–8424

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lv X, Liu C, Li Y, Gao Y, Wang H, Li J, Guo B (2014) Stereoselectivity in bioaccumulation and excretion of epoxiconazole by mealworm beetle (Tenebrio Molitor) larvae. Environ Saf 107:71–76

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Memiş E, Türkez H, İncekara Ü, Banjo AD, Fasunwon BT, Toğar B (2013) In vitro biomonitoring of the genotoxic and oxidative potentials of two commonly eaten insects in southwestern Nigeria. Toxicol Ind Health 29:52–59

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mlcek J, Rop O, Borkovcova M, Bednarova M (2014) A comprehensive look at the possibilities of edible insects as food in Europe - a review. Polish J Food Nutr Sci 2014(64):147–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molavi GH, Massoud J, Gutierrez Y (2006) Human Gongylonema infection in Iran. J Helminthol 80:425–428

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Musundire R, Osuga IM, Cheseto X, Irungu J, Torto B (2016) Aflatoxin contamination detected in nutrient and anti-oxidant rich edible stink bug stored in recycled grain containers. Dickens JC, editor. PLoS One 11:e0145914

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson W, Harris B (2006) Flies, fingers, fomites, and food. Campylobacteriosis in New Zealand—food-associated rather than food-borne. N Z Med J 119:U2128

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Netherlands Food and Consumer Product safety authority (2014) Advisory report on the risks associated with the consumption of mass-reared insects

    Google Scholar 

  • Noh J, Yun E, Park H, Jung K (2015) Subchronic oral dose toxicity of freeze-dried powder of Allomyrina dichotoma larvae. Toxicol Res 31(1):69–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira KS, Schmidt FL, Barbosa RL, Guaraldo AM, Franco RM, Dias VL, Passos LA (2010) Transmission of chagas disease (american trypanosomiasis) by food. Adv Food Nutr Res 59:63–85

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rumpold BA, Schlueter OK (2013) Potential and challenges of insects as an innovative source for food and feed production. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 17:1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srinroch C, Srisomsap C, Chokchaichamnankit D, Punyarit P, Phiriyangkul P (2015) Identification of novel allergen in edible insect, Gryllus Bimaculatus and its cross-reactivity with macrobrachium spp. allergens. Food Chem 184:160–166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoops J, Crauwels S, Waud M, Claes J, Lievens B, Van Campenhout L (2016) Microbial community assessment of mealworm larvae (Tenebrio Molitor) and grasshoppers (Locusta migratoria migratorioides) sold for human consumption. Food Microbiol 53:122–127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Templeton JM, De Jong AJ, Blackall PJ, Miflin JK (2006) Survival of campylobacter spp. in darkling beetles (Alphitobius Diaperinus) and their larvae in Australia. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:7909–7911

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Trotta Barroso Ferreira R, Melandre AM, Cabral ML, Branquinho MR, Cardarelli-leite P (2016) Extraction of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA from food : a contribution to the elucidation of acute Chagas disease outbreaks. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 49:190–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Broekhoven S, Gutierrez JM, de Rijk TC, de Nijs WCM, van Loon JJA (2014) Risk of mycotoxin contamination of edible mealworms. In: World mycotoxin forum 2014. Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg M, Denison MS, Birnbaum LS, DeVito MJ, Fiedler H, Falandysz J, Rose M, Schrenk D, Safe S, Tohyama C et al (2013) Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls: inclusion in the toxicity equivalency factor concept for dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol Sci 133:197–208. [Accessed 2017 Mar 14]. https://academic.oup.com/toxsci/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/toxsci/kft070

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van der Spiegel M, Noordam MY, van der Fels-Klerx HJ (2013) Safety of novel protein sources (insects, microalgae, seaweed, duckweed, and rapeseed) and legislative aspects for their application in food and feed production. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 12:662–678

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verhoeckx KCM, van Broekhoven S, den Hartog-Jager CF, Gaspari M, de Jong GAH, Wichers HJ, van Hoffen E, Houben GF, Knulst AC (2014) House dust mite (der p 10) and crustacean allergic patients may react to food containing yellow mealworm proteins. Food Chem Toxicol 65:364–373

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vijver M, Jager T, Posthuma L, Peijnenburg W (2003) Metal uptake from soils and soil–sediment mixtures by larvae of Tenebrio Molitor (L.) (Coleoptera). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 54:277–289

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wales AD, Carrique-Mas JJ, Rankin M, Bell B, Thind BB, Davies RH (2010) Review of the carriage of zoonotic bacteria by arthropods, with special reference to salmonella in mites, flies and litter beetles. Zoonoses Public Health 57:299–314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhuang P, Zou H, Shu W (2009) Biotransfer of heavy metals along a soil-plant-insect-chicken food chain: field study. J Environ Sci (China) 21:849–853

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Simone Belluco .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Belluco, S., Mantovani, A., Ricci, A. (2018). Edible Insects in a Food Safety Perspective. In: Halloran, A., Flore, R., Vantomme, P., Roos, N. (eds) Edible Insects in Sustainable Food Systems . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74011-9_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics