Abstract
The following chapter describes the experimental apparatus used in this thesis. In addition, the software techniques used to reconstruct and identify key particles are described, including track reconstruction, jet, electron and photon reconstruction, and muon reconstruction.
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- 1.
“Reconstruction” refers generally to the process of both determining the trajectory (position, momentum and energy) of a particle and assigning a hypothesis of its fundamental origin using the raw hit information from the detector. Typical particle hypotheses include photon, electron, muon, and jet, or even kaon, pion, quark-initiated jet, and gluon-initiated jet (this is not a comprehensive list).
- 2.
There is space for 3564 bunches in the LHC ring, but gaps are required to allow the “kicker” magnets that inject beam into the SPS or the LHC to ramp up. A large gap (3 \(\upmu \)s) is required to allow the LHC Dump Kicker to turn on and dump the beam.
- 3.
Tau reconstruction and identification is not discussed here.
- 4.
Other collections of jets defined with different radius parameters are available as well.
- 5.
As with the choice of a \(5\times 7\) window for the sliding window algorithm, the greater tolerance on one side of the \(\Delta \phi \) distribution is to accommodate electron energy loss due to bremsstrahlung.
- 6.
The primary vertex is defined as the vertex with the highest \(\sum p_{\mathrm {T}} ^2\) summed over all tracks in the vertex.
- 7.
In 2011 and 2012, the \(d_0\) is calculated with respect to the measured position of the primary vertex. Beginning in 2015, the \(d_0\) is calculated with respect to the beam line (labeled \(d_0^{\text {BL}}\)).
- 8.
In the electron case, the energy in the \(5\times 7\) cell window surrounding the cluster in the EM calorimeter is associated with the electron (corresponding to \(0.125\times 0.172\) in \(\eta -\phi \) space). In the muon case, the energy associated to the muon object is optimized on a layer-by-layer basis in the EM and hadronic calorimeters [23].
- 9.
A shorthand is used to describe the L1EM triggers: the EM18 trigger has an energy threshold of 18 GeV. A “V” is appended if the threshold is variable as a function of \(\eta \), an “H” is appended if the hadronic activity veto is applied, and an “I” is appended if the electromagnetic isolation requirement is applied.
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Brendlinger, K. (2018). Experimental Apparatus. In: Physics with Electrons in the ATLAS Detector . Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73930-4_3
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