Abstract
This chapter examines the political debate surrounding Canadian arms exports to Saudi Arabia over the first two years of the Trudeau government. It focuses on how critics, particularly the New Democratic Party, challenged the Liberal government’s narrative in the House of Commons and unsuccessfully tried to improve parliamentary oversight of Canadian arms exports. The chapter discusses troubling reports of misuse of Canadian arms against civilians in Saudi Arabia and in Yemen, and examines problems with the government’s proposed legislation to accede to the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). The argument is that there is a gap between the Liberal government’s rhetoric on human rights and its actions with regard to arms exports to Saudi Arabia. The overall picture reveals a confused, inconsistent, and disappointing Liberal policy on arms exports, amounting to a failure of Trudeau’s foreign policy.
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Notes
- 1.
I work for the New Democratic Party Foreign Affairs Critic, Hélène Laverdière. This chapter is partially based on my work on this file while a parliamentary staffer, but is not endorsed by the NDP or by the House of Commons. I have made every effort to respect confidences, and any errors and omissions are mine alone.
- 2.
See United Nations (2013).
- 3.
- 4.
Canada does not collect data on military exports to the United States, although these amount to half or more of Canadian military exports. This is due to the Defence Production Sharing Agreement, in place since the 1950s. Most military goods exported to the United States do not require export permits. For more information, see Global Affairs Canada (2017b) and Powers (2016).
- 5.
- 6.
The five biggest arms exporters are the United States, Russia, China, France, and Germany, which account for nearly three quarters of the world’s arms exports (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2017).
- 7.
- 8.
India was the largest arms importer in the world between 2012 and 2016 (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2017).
- 9.
See Jaramillo (2015b).
- 10.
See Jaramillo (2015a).
- 11.
See Petrou (2016).
- 12.
As quoted (Chase 2016b).
- 13.
As quoted London Free Press (2015, B2).
- 14.
See Chase and Leblanc (2016).
- 15.
See Gloria Galloway (2015).
- 16.
Galloway (2015).
- 17.
Dubinski (2015).
- 18.
Ibid.
- 19.
Chase (2016a).
- 20.
Jaramillo (2016a).
- 21.
Quoted in Jaramillo (2016b).
- 22.
Jaramillo (2016b).
- 23.
See Gibson (2017).
- 24.
- 25.
I was privy to some, but not all, of these conversations.
- 26.
This was articulated in an article by Hélène Laverdière published by the Sun newspaper chain (Laverdière 2016a).
- 27.
The UK Parliamentary Committees on Arms Export Controls draw members from several other committees, including Trade, Business, Defence, and Foreign Affairs and International Development. Their studies have been widely reported in the British press, and have contributed to public discussions on the role of the UK arms industry in Middle Eastern conflicts, including the devastating conflict in Yemen. See United Kingdom Parliament (2017).
- 28.
The question of feminism and Canadian arms deals is discussed by Srdjan Vucetic in his working paper (Vucetic 2017).
- 29.
Stephen Lewis’ full speech can be viewed at Lewis (2016).
- 30.
See Neil Macdonald’s analysis of Lewis’ speech (Macdonald 2016a).
- 31.
Chase (2016c).
- 32.
House Publications (2016a).
- 33.
Global Affairs Canada (2015).
- 34.
Paul Webster reported this exclusively in the National Observer (Webster 2017).
- 35.
See Thompson (2016).
- 36.
Chase (2016d).
- 37.
Most of these reports were by Steven Chase, whose articles can be found at https://www.theglobeandmail.com/authors/steven-chase
- 38.
The NDP has raised this question in the House of Commons, in Committee, and as a question on the Order Paper. Answers from the government provide no details or confirmations of an RCMP investigation into Streit Group’s actions.
- 39.
Jaramillo (2016e).
- 40.
- 41.
An Opposition Day is a day in which the House of Commons debates a motion tabled by an opposition party.
- 42.
The motion read in part: “That: (a) the House recognize that (i) Canadian arms exports have nearly doubled over the past decade, and that Canada is now the second-largest exporter of arms to the Middle East, (ii) Canadians expect a high standard from their government when it comes to protecting human rights abroad, (iii) Canadians are concerned by arms sales to countries with a record of human rights abuses, including Saudi Arabia, Libya, and Sudan, (iv) there is a need for Canadians, through Parliament, to oversee current and future arms sales.” See New Democratic Party of Canada (2016). See, also, for the full debate House Publications (2016b).
- 43.
For these quotes and the full debate, see House Publications (2016b).
- 44.
Quoted in Chase (2016g).
- 45.
Chase (2016g).
- 46.
See Almosawa et al. (2017).
- 47.
CBC News (2016).
- 48.
- 49.
House Publications (2016c).
- 50.
Macdonald (2016b).
- 51.
See Justin Ling’s exclusive published in Vice: Ling (2016).
- 52.
The Canadian government pledged $34 million for the humanitarian crisis in Yemen in March 2017 (Global Affairs Canada 2017a).
- 53.
Shia dissidents had circulated videos and photos on the Internet of Saudi Arabian security operations in the area of al-Awamiya, in the al-Qatif region (Chase and Fife 2017).
- 54.
CBC TV The National (2017).
- 55.
Gibson (2017).
- 56.
Amnesty International Canada secretary-general Alex Neve called on Canada to “put an immediate end to the Canadian/Saudi LAV deal” (Chase and Fife 2017).
- 57.
Chase (2017d).
- 58.
Letter from Helene Laverdière to the Hon. Chrystia Freeland, July 31, 2017.
- 59.
Chase (2017a).
- 60.
Ibid., (2017b).
- 61.
- 62.
Globe and Mail (2017).
- 63.
Kitchener-Waterloo Record (2017).
- 64.
Halifax Chronicle-Herald (2017).
- 65.
Chase (2017d).
- 66.
- 67.
Macdonald (2017).
- 68.
CBC journalist Neil Macdonald asked Global Affairs multiple times over two years for results of investigations into images of Canadian LAVs used in Yemen, as well as other investigations. He was told on several occasions that there was no conclusive proof that weapons were used against civilians (Macdonald 2017).
- 69.
Minister of Foreign Affairs (2017).
- 70.
Canadians may falsely assume that military exports to the United States are used solely by the US military. This is not the case, as Canadian components are often incorporated into US made weapons systems and exported elsewhere. For more information on this, see Jaramillo (2017b).
- 71.
For the full briefing, see Project Ploughshares et al. (2017).
- 72.
Jaramillo (2017b).
- 73.
At the time of writing, it was expected that C-47 would be debated in Parliament in the fall of 2017.
- 74.
- 75.
Jaramillo (2017c).
- 76.
See Gutterman and Lane (2017, 88).
- 77.
Jaramillo (2017a).
- 78.
Chase (2017f).
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Pedersen, J. (2018). “We Will Honour Our Good Name”: The Trudeau Government, Arms Exports, and Human Rights. In: Hillmer, N., Lagassé, P. (eds) Justin Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy. Canada and International Affairs. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73860-4_11
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