Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dossier 4: New Target Markets for Private Actors

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Rise of Private Actors in the Space Sector

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology ((BRIEFSESPI))

  • 585 Accesses

Abstract

Young companies are ushering in the next era of space exploration and exploitation as a part of a new free market. The interest in outer space by private investors opens the possibility of rapid growth and commercialisation that should drive down the costs of space. Space might become more affordable in the long-term.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Mohammad, Qasim. “Opportunities and challenges in commercialising space privately”. Techcrunch, Sept. 9th 2016—https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/09/opportunities-and-challenges-in-commercialising-space-privately/.

  2. 2.

    Christensen, Ian. “Future Issues for Commercial Space Sustainability Suggested by Space Industry Socio-Economic Trends”. IAC-16-E3.3.5. 67th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Guadalajara, Mexico, Sept. 26–30 2016.

  3. 3.

    Kvesic, Matko. “Satellite Communications: Markets, Business and Technology”. Amphinicy Technologies. Aug. 22nd 2016. http://amphinicy.com/blog/view/satellite_communications_markets_business_and_technology/.

  4. 4.

    European Space Agency, Overview Mega-constellations. https://artes.esa.int/megaconstellation/overview.

  5. 5.

    Space Safety Magazine. “Impact of new satellite launch trend on orbital debris”. Spaceflight Insider, June 5th 2016. http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missionsearth-science/impact-new-satellite-launch-trends-orbital-debris/.

  6. 6.

    Federal Aviation Administration, Tauri Group. “The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017”. Tauri Group, January 2017. https://space.taurigroup.com/reports/FAA_Annual_Compendium_2017.pdf.

  7. 7.

    Pasztor, Andy, “How To Build Satellites Much Faster and Cheaper”. The Wall Street Journal, June 7th 2016. https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-to-build-satellites-much-fasterand-cheaper-1465351261.

  8. 8.

    De Selding, Peter, “Competition to Build OneWeb Constellation Draws 2 U.S., 3 European Companies”. SpaceNews, 19th March 2015. http://spacenews.com/competition-to-build-oneweb-constellation-draws-2-u-s-3-european-companies/.

  9. 9.

    Arianespace, “OneWeb signs agreement with Arianespace for the deployment of the OneWeb Constellation”. Arianespace Press Release, June 25th 2015. http://www.arianespace.com/press-release/oneweb-signs-agreement-with-arianespace-for-the-deployment-of-the-oneweb-constellation/.

  10. 10.

    Arianespace. “Arianespace to supply payload dispenser systems for OneWeb constellation”. Arianespace Press Release, May 23rd 2016. http://www.arianespace.com/press-release/arianespace-to-supply-payload-dispenser-systems-for-oneweb-constellation/.

  11. 11.

    European Space Agency (ESA), “Seraphim Space Venture Capital To Nurture ESA Space Applications”. ESA Press Release, Aug. 11th 2015. https://artes-apps.esa.int/news/seraphim-venture-capital-announcement. Cfr. De Selding, Peter, “European governments boost satcom spending”. SpaceNews, Jan. 19th 2016. http://spacenews.com/european-governments-boost-satcom-spending/.

  12. 12.

    De Selding, Peter, “One year after kick-off, OneWeb says its 700-satellite constellation is on schedule”. SpaceNews, July 6th 2016. http://spacenews.com/one-year-after-kickoff-oneweb-says-its-700-satellite-constellation-is-on-schedule/.

  13. 13.

    Ch. 11 is a form of bankruptcy that is applied when a business is unable to service its debt or pay its creditors and that involves a reorganization of a debtor’s business affairs and assets. U.S. Courts, Chapter 11—Bankruptcy Basics. U.S. Courts, http://www.uscourts.gov/services-forms/bankruptcy/bankruptcy-basics/chapter-11-bankruptcy-basics. See also: CNN, “Iridium files for Chapter 11”. CNN, Aug. 13th 1999. http://money.cnn.com/1999/08/13/companies/iridium/.

  14. 14.

    De Selding, Peter B., “SpaceX, Iridium Ink $492M Launch Service Deal”. SpaceNews, June 16th 2010. http://spacenews.com/spacex-iridium-ink-492-million-launch-services-deal/. See also De Selding, Peter B., “Iridium Selects Thales Alenia To Build Iridium Next Constellation”. SpaceNews, June 2nd 2010. http://spacenews.com/iridium-selects-thales-alenia-build-iridium next-constellation/.

  15. 15.

    Iridium, Iridium NEXT—Changing the future of satellite communications now. Iridium. https://www.iridium.com/network/iridiumnext.

  16. 16.

    Kharif, Olga, “SpaceX Jan. 9 Launch Puts Iridium’s Future Up in the Air”. Bloomberg, Jan. 6th 2017. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-06/spacex-jan-8-rocket-launch-puts-iridium-s-future-up-in-the-air.

  17. 17.

    Ahmed, Sajed, “What is the future of SpaceX?” The Odissey Online, Jan. 24th 2017. https://www.theodisseyonline.com/what-future-spacex/.

  18. 18.

    Mosher, Dave, “SpaceX just asked permission to launch 4425 satellites—more than orbit Earth today”. Business Insider, Nov. 11th 2016. https://www.businessinsider.de/spacex-internet-satellite-constellation-2016-11?r=U.S.&IR=T.

  19. 19.

    Spark, Daniel. “Why Did Google Invest $1 Billion in SpaceX? The company’s space aspirations may be bigger than it’s letting on”. The Motley Fool, Feb 14th 2016. https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2016/02/14/why-did-google-invest-1-billion-in-spacex.aspx.

  20. 20.

    Masunaga, Samantha. “SpaceX details plans for a constellation of broadband satellites”. LA Times, Nov. 16th 2016. http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-spacex-satellites-20161116-story.html.

  21. 21.

    Tate, Karl, “How Asteroid Mining Could Work (Infographic)”. Space.com, Jan. 22nd 2013. http://www.space.com/15391-asteroid-mining-space-planetary-resources-infographic.html.

  22. 22.

    Cruddas, Sarah, “The Truth about asteroid mining. Could the untold riches in asteroids and other planets be the key to exploring the wider Universe?” BBC, Jan. 5th 2016. https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160103-the-truth-about-asteroid-mining.

  23. 23.

    Deep Space Industries, https://deepspaceindustries.com/mining/.

  24. 24.

    Some of the missions are: ESA’s Rosetta mission to Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (http://sci.esa.int/rosetta/14615-comet-67p/), NASA’s DAWN mission to asteroids Vesta and Ceres (http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/), JAXA’s Hayabusa mission. It is foreseen in 2018–2019 the Hayabusa 2 mission (http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/hayabusa2/).

  25. 25.

    Grossman, Lisa and Paul Marks. “Space-miners to crush asteroids and 3D print satellites”. New Scientists, Jan. 23rd 2013. https://www.newscientist.com/article/du23101-space-miners-to-crush-asteroids-and-3d-print-satellites/.

  26. 26.

    Lu, Anne. “Asteroid Mining Could Be The Next Frontier For Resource Mining”. International Business Times, April 21st 2015. http://www.ibtimes.com.au/asteroid-mining-could-be-next-frontier-resource-mining-1441087.

  27. 27.

    Lee, Ricky J., “Law and Regulation of Commercial Mining of Minerals in Outer Space (Vol. 7)”. Springer, 2012. New York.

  28. 28.

    United Nations Office for Outer Space Activities (UNOOSA). Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. Adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 2222 (XXI) of 19 December 1966. United Nations. New York.

  29. 29.

    Greenspon, Andy. “Precious metals in peril: Can asteroid mining save us?” SITN (Science In The News)—Harvard Publication, Oct. 25th 2016. http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2016/precious-metals-peril-can-asteroid-mining-save-us/.

  30. 30.

    U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act, https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2262/text.

  31. 31.

    United States Congress, H.R.2262—U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act. PUBLIC LAW 114–90—NOV. 25, 2015. https://www.congress.gov/114/plaws/publ90/PLAW-114publ90.pdf.

  32. 32.

    International Institute of Space Law (IISL), “Position Paper on Space Resource Mining. Adopted by consensus by the Board of Directors on 20 December 2015”. IISL, Dec. 20th 2015. http://www.iislweb.org/docs/SpaceResourceMining.pdf.

  33. 33.

    Planetary Resources. “Asteroid Mining Plans Revealed By Planetary Resources, Inc.”. Planetary Resources, April 24th 2012. http://www.planetaryresources.com/2012/04/asteroid-mining-plans-revealed-by-planetary-resources-inc/.

  34. 34.

    Wilhelm, Steve. “First step toward asteroid mining: Planetary Resources set to launch test satellite”. Puget Sound Business Journal, Oct. 16th 2014. http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2014/10/16/first-step-toward-asteroid-mining-planetary.html.

  35. 35.

    According to the DSI manifesto, the resources that should be processed are water, propellant, and building materials. The processing in situ of these resources would extend the profitability of commercial satellites by providing support and power to new private sector orbiting research stations. http://deepspaceindustries.com/business/.

  36. 36.

    Prospector-X will be developed in Luxembourg, according to the Luxembourg initiative framework; it should be ready to be launched at the end of 2017. Prospector-1 is a spacecraft lander intended to land on a suitable asteroid and study its composition. As of 2016, it is projected to be launched between 2019 and 2022. Foust, Jeff. “Deep Space Industries unveils first asteroid prospecting spacecraft”. SpaceNews, Aug. 10th 2016. http://spacenews.com/deep-space-industries-unveils-first-asteroid-prospecting-spacecraft/#sthash.dFCsOrgf.dpuf.

  37. 37.

    Foust, Jeff, in ibid.

  38. 38.

    Space Ventures Radio, “Deep Space Industries’ Master Plan For Asteroid Mining Future”. Space Ventures Radio, Ep. 4. Aug. 31st 2016. http://www.spaceventuresradio.com/episodes/deep-space-industries/.

  39. 39.

    Desjardins, Jeff. “There’s Big Money to Be Made in Asteroid Mining”. Visual Capitalist, Nov. 2nd 2016. http://www.visualcapitalist.com/theres-big-money-made-asteroid-mining/.

  40. 40.

    Government of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, “Luxembourg’s New Space Law Guarantees Private Companies the Right to Resources Harvested in Outer Space in Accordance with International Law”. Government of Luxembourg, Nov. 11th 2016. http://www.gouvernement.lu/6481433/11-presentation-spaceresources.

  41. 41.

    The reference is to the law of 5th April 1993 on the financial sector. Cfr. http://www.luxembourgforfinance.com/sites/luxembourgforfinance/files/files/1993_04_05_financial_sector.pdf.

  42. 42.

    Spaceresources.lu, “Did you know?” Spaceresources.lu. http://www.spaceresources.public.lu/en/did-you-know/index.html.

  43. 43.

    SES was created in 1985 and is the largest commercial satellite in the world. The Company has been established the support of the Luxembourg’s government. To know more about the SES history, see also https://www.ses.com/about-us/our-history-highlights.

  44. 44.

    Ministry of the Economy and Luxinnovation. Workshop Summary “Towards the Use of Space Resources”. Luxembourg, March 20th–21st 2015.

  45. 45.

    PPPs are part of the economy of the Grand Duchy. The example of the broadcasting group RTL is one of the big success stories in PPPs. The Luxembourg Government granted frequency rights to private investors and entrepreneurs, instead of mandating it to state agencies or the company’s administration.

  46. 46.

    Prospector-X is a small spacecraft that will test key technologies in LEO necessary for future asteroid prospecting. http://deepspaceindustries.com/prospector-x/.

  47. 47.

    Planetary Resources, “Planetary Resources And The Government Of Luxembourg Partner To Advance The Space Resource Industry”. Planetary Resources Press Release, June 13th 2016. http://www.planetaryresources.com/2016/06/planetary-resources-and-the-government-of-luxembourg-partner-to-advance-the-space-resource-industry/.

  48. 48.

    The Government of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg—Ministry of Economy, “SpaceResources.lu: the Luxembourg Government becomes a key shareholder of Planetary Resources, Inc., the U.S.-based asteroid mining company”. Ministry of Economy—Press Release, Nov. 3rd 2016. http://www.spaceresources.public.lu/en/press-corner/press/2016_11_03-Press-release-Luxembourg-Government-becomes-a-key-shareholder-of-Planetary-Resources_-Inc_-03_11_2016.pdf.

  49. 49.

    Coldeway, Devin, “Planetary Resources mines Luxembourg for $28 million in asteroid-hunting funds”. TechCrunch, Nov. 3rd 2016. https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/03/planetary-resources-mines-luxembourg-for-28m-in-asteroid-hunting-funds/.

  50. 50.

    The existence of the cahier des charges is foreseen by the Luxembourg law of 27th July 1997 on the electronic media modified by the Law of 17 December 2010 amending the Law of 27 July 1991 on the Electronic Media, Electronic Media Law 2010, Mémorial A, n°241 of 24 December 2010, p. 4024 Cfr. http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/memorial/2010/241.

  51. 51.

    Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Commercial Space Launch Amendments, ACT OF 2004 PUBLIC LAW 108–492—DEC. 23, 2004. https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/PL108-492.pdf.

  52. 52.

    Solomon, Lewis D. “The privatization of space exploration. Business, Technology, Law and Policy”. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-0759-3. New Brunswick, New Jersey 2008.

  53. 53.

    Ball, Anne. “Space Tourism and Business Looking Up”. Space Daily, Mar. 9th 2017. http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Space_Tourism_and_Business_Looking_Up_999.html.

  54. 54.

    To know more: https://www.gozerog.com/.

  55. 55.

    Virgin Galactic, http://www.virgingalactic.com/human-spaceflight/.

  56. 56.

    Howell, Elisabeth. “SpaceShipTwo: On a Flight Path to Space Tourism”. Space.com, Feb. 17th 2016. http://www.space.com/19021-spaceshiptwo.html.

  57. 57.

    http://www.virgingalactic.com/why-we-go/.

  58. 58.

    Only one company (Space Adventures) has ever sent paying passengers into space, and the last flight was six years ago in 2009. Jee, Charlotte. “Commercial space travel: A decade of broken promises | Space X, Virgin Galactic and space tourism”. Techworld, Feb. 28th 2017. http://www.techworld.com/picture-gallery/personal-tech/space-tourism-decade-of-broken-promises-3630327/.

  59. 59.

    Virgin Group led an investment round for OneWeb in January 2015 for an undisclosed amount of money and subsequently took part also in a second investment round of about $500 million of Series A funds. For more information regarding Virgin Group’s investment, cfr. https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/virgin-group#/entity.

  60. 60.

    Virgin Orbit will focus on dedicated launches of small satellites (smallsats), and will be headed up by Dan Hart. The Company is already operating LauncherOne. Etherington, Darrel. “Virgin’s newest company is Virgin Orbit, a small satellite specialist”. Techcrunch, March 3rd 2017. https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/03/virgins-newest-company-is-virgin-orbit-a-small-satellite-specialist/.

  61. 61.

    Howell, Elisabeth, “Virgin Galactic: Richard Branson’s Space Tourism Company”. Space.com, Feb. 17th 2015. http://www.space.com/18993-virgin-galactic.html.

  62. 62.

    The New Mexican Government invested $250M on the facility because of the commitment of Virgin Galactic to use the facility for its test and future flights.

  63. 63.

    Hadas, Edward, and Chris Hughes. “The business of space travel”. Breaking Views, Nov. 4th 2014. https://www.breakingviews.com/considered-view/virgin-galactic-business-model-could-still-work/.

  64. 64.

    CBS News, “Virgin Galactic gets space tourism rocket operating license”. CBS News, Aug. 2nd 2016. http://www.cbsnews.com/news/virgin-galactic-gets-space-tourism-rocket-operating-license/.

  65. 65.

    Alegre, Pilar and Patti Spitler and David Wells. “Space Tourism Business Model. The Virgin Galactic Approach”. http://www.geocities.ws/innovating_competitively/aerospace/Virgin-Galactic.pdf.

  66. 66.

    Marini, Matteo. “Turismo spaziale. Nel 2020 i primi voli da una base italiana’’. Corriere della Sera, Dec. 4th 2016. http://www.repubblica.it/scienze/2016/12/04/news/turismo_spaziale_nel_2020_i_primi_voli_da_una_base_italiana_-153386465/.

  67. 67.

    Aerospace Logistic Technology Engineering Company (ALTEC) Press Office. “Accordo Altec- Virgin Galactic”. ALTEC, Dec. 5th 2016. https://www.altecspace.it/accordo-altec-virgin-galactic.

  68. 68.

    The Space Exploration Initiative was a 1989–1993 space public policy that called for constructing Space Station Freedom, sending humans back to the Moon to stay and sending astronauts to explore Mars. Bush proposed also a long-term commitment based on the building of the Space Station, Moon and Mars exploration. In the event, execution of the initiative was assigned to NASA, but the initiative did not survive long into the administration of the next president, Bill Clinton. NASA. https://history.nasa.gov/seisummary.htm.

  69. 69.

    H.R. 1654—National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2000. 106th Congress (1999–2000). Approved on December 9th 2000. https://www.congress.gov/bill/106th-congress/house-bill/1654.

  70. 70.

    Higginbotham, Adam. “Robert Bigelow Plans a Real Estate Empire in Space”. Bloomberg, Mar. 3rd 2013. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-05-02/robert-bigelow-plans-a-real-estate-empire-in-space.

  71. 71.

    Little, Geoffrey. “Mr. B’s Big Plan”. Air&Space Magazine, Jan. 2008. http://www.airspacemag.com/space/mr-bs-big-plan-23798796/.

  72. 72.

    Solomon, Lewis D., “The Privatization of Space Exploration. Business, Technology, Law and Policy”. Transaction Publishers, New Jersey. 2008. ISBN 978-1-4128-0759-3.

  73. 73.

    Fishman, Charles. “This Expandable Structure Could Become the Future of Living in Space”. Smithsonian Magazine, April 11th 2016. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/robert-bigelow-visio-future-living-space-180958698.

  74. 74.

    Also Sierra Nevada Corporation was awarded by a contract after the construction of the Common Berthing Mechanism under a 16-month firm fixed-price contract in May 2013. NASA plans were made public in mid-2013 calling for a 2015 delivery of the module to ISS.

  75. 75.

    Wall, Mike. “Inflatable Habitats: From the Space Station to the Moon and Mars?” Space.com, Aug. 18th 2015. http://www.space.com/30277-bigelow-aerospace-private-space-station.html.

  76. 76.

    Wall, Mike. “Private Space Habitat to Launch in 2020 Under Commercial Spaceflight Deal”. Space.com, April 11th 2016. http://www.space.com/32541-private-space-habitat-launching-2020.html.

  77. 77.

    NASA Facts, “Demonstrating Technologies For Deep Space Habitation”. NASA, March 2016. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/2016-march-beam-factsheet-508.pdf.

  78. 78.

    Gebhart, Chris.“ULA and Bigelow announce partnership for first commercial space stations”. NASA Spaceflights, April 11th 2016. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/04/ula-bigelow-partnership-first-commercial-space-stations/.

  79. 79.

    http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/boeing.php.

  80. 80.

    http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/spacex.php.

  81. 81.

    Spaceflight Insider, “‘BEAM me up SpaceX!’ Bigelow’s prototype habitat loaded onto CRS-8 Dragon”. Spaceflight Insider, Mar. 26th 2016. http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/bigelow-aerospace/beam-spacex-bigelows-prototype-habitat-loaded-onto-crs-8-dragon/#pHbwhOk3WfsBSZof.99.

  82. 82.

    Woolf, Nicky. “SpaceX founder Elon Musk plans to get humans to Mars in six years”. The Guardian, Sept. 28th 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/sep/27/elon-musk-spacex-mars-colony.

  83. 83.

    Chang, Kenneth. “Elon Musk’s Plan: Get Humans to Mars, and Beyond”. New York Times, Sept. 27th 2016. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/28/science/elon-musk-spacex-mars-exploration.html?_r=0.

  84. 84.

    Becker, Rachel. “The race to Mars: here’s how SpaceX ranks against the competition. Who will get to the Red Planet first?” The Verge, Sept. 30th 2016. http://www.theverge.com/2016/9/30/13114704/spacex-elon-musk-vs-mars-one-nasa-mission-timeline.

  85. 85.

    Coldeway, David. “Musk says under 5 percent of SpaceX is working on Mars mission, 2024 launch is ‘optimistic’”. Techcrunch, Sept. 27th 2016. https://techcrunch.com/2016/09/27/musk-says-under-5-percent-of-spacex-is-working-on-mars-mission-2024-launch-is-optimistic/.

  86. 86.

    According to the plans, ITS should be fully reusable for at least dozen times.

  87. 87.

    Schroeder, Christian. “How feasible are Elon Musk’s plans to settle on Mars? A planetary scientist explains”. Phys.org, Oct. 30th 2016. https://phys.org/news/2016-10-feasible-elon-musk-mars-planetary.html.

  88. 88.

    Wall, Mike. “Mission to Mars: Here Are All of the Red Planet Plans in the Works”. Space.com, Oct. 12th 2016. http://www.space.com/34365-mars-missions-by-nasa-spacex-and-more.html.

  89. 89.

    Zipkin, Nina. “SpaceX Pushes Back Mars Mission Timeline”. Entrepreneur, Feb. 21st 2017. https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/289558.

  90. 90.

    BHO Legal, Spacetec, German Federal Ministry of Economy and Energy, “New business models at the interface of the space industry and digital economy. Opportunities for Germany in a connected world—Executive Summary”, SpaceTec, September 2016, http://www.spacetecpartners.eu/sites/default/files/content/attachments/bmwi_newspace_spacetecpartners_exsum_final.pdf.

  91. 91.

    PwC, “Micro-launchers: what is the market?” PwC, Feb. 2017. https://www.pwc.fr/fr/assets/files/pdf/2017/02/micro-lanceurs_dec2016.pdf.

  92. 92.

    Smith, Rich. “Microsatellites: The Next Hot Growth Market for Tech?” The Motley Fool, Jun. 26th 2016. https://www.fool.com/investing/2016/06/26/microsatellites-the-next-hot-growth-market-for-tec.aspx.

  93. 93.

    The majority of the launches were free.

  94. 94.

    The awarded companies received respectively: Rocket Lab $6.9M; Firefly Space Systems $5.5 million; Virgin Galactic $4.7 million. Wall, Mike. “NASA Picks New Rocket Rides to Launch Small Satellites”. Space.com, Oct. 14th 2015. http://www.space.com/30826-nasa-small-satellites-rocket-rides.html.

  95. 95.

    http://altair-h2020.eu/about.

  96. 96.

    PwC, “Micro-launchers: what is the market?” PwC, Feb. 2017. https://www.pwc.fr/fr/assets/files/pdf/2017/02/micro-lanceurs_dec2016.pdf.

  97. 97.

    Etherington, Darrell. “Virgin’s newest company is Virgin Orbit, a small satellite specialist”. Techcrunch, Mar. 3rd 2017. https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/03/virgins-newest-company-is-virgin-orbit-a-small-satellite-specialist/.

  98. 98.

    Klotz, Irene. “Lockheed-Boeing rocket venture to launch micro satellites”. Reuters, Nov. 19th 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/space-satellite-ula-idUSL1N13E24920151119.

  99. 99.

    Howell, Elisabeth. “CubeSats: Tiny Payloads, Huge Benefits for Space Research”. Space.com, Oct. 6th 2016. http://www.space.com/34324-cubesats.html.

  100. 100.

    Berger, Eric. “The next big thing in space may be really, REALLY small satellites”. Ars Technica, April 7th 2016. https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/04/the-next-big-thing-in-space-may-be-really-really-small-satellites/.

  101. 101.

    SITAEL, ALTA and ALMA Space merge into SITAEL. SITAEL Press Office, Jan. 30th 2015. http://www.sitael.com/alta-almaspace-merge-sitael/.

  102. 102.

    Pellegrino, Alice. “Sapienza Space Systems and Space Surveillance Laboratory”. Unisec Europe. http://unisec-europe.eu/missions/sapienza-space-systems/.

  103. 103.

    https://www.qb50.eu/index.php/project-description-obj.

  104. 104.

    www.nanosats.eu.

  105. 105.

    European Space Agency (ESA). Fly Your Satellite! Programme. ESA. http://www.esa.int/Education/CubeSats_-Fly_Your_Satellite/Fly_Your_Satellite!_programme/.

  106. 106.

    United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS). Legal Subcommittee, Fifty-fifth session. The European Space Agency and small satellite activities. General exchange of views on the application of international law to small satellite activities. A/AC.105/C.2/2016/CRP.19, 8 April 2016. United Nations. Vienna, 4–15 April 2016.

  107. 107.

    Organtini, Chiara. “Leaf Space, la startup che prende i dati dei satelliti”. L’Espresso, Aug. 12th 2016. http://espresso.repubblica.it/attualita/2016/08/09/news/leaf-space-la-startup-che-cattura-i-dati-dei-satelliti-1.279975.

  108. 108.

    The scope of this association, born in 2012, is to design and realise small and medium sized experimental sounding rockets. http://www.skywarder.eu/blog/en/.

  109. 109.

    Leaf Space was among the others start-ups awarded. Impresa Mia. “Start-Up Leaf Space: Verso lo spazio passando per l’Expo”. Impresa Mia, Apr. 23rd 2015. http://www.impresamia.com/startup-leaf-space-verso-lo-spazio-passando-per-lexpo/.

  110. 110.

    EconomyUp. “Leaf Space, un milione di euro alla startup dello spazio”. Economy Up, July 7th 2016. http://www.economyup.it/startup/4650_leaf-space-un-milione-di-euro-alla-startup-dello-spazio.htm.

  111. 111.

    Pas, M. “Per LeafSpace in arrivo nuovi soci”. Il Sole 24 Ore, July 15th 2016. http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2016-07-15/-leafspace-arrivo-nuovi-soci-131210.shtml?uuid=ADim11l.

  112. 112.

    Franceschini, Cinzia. “4 giovani ingegneri italiani convincono l’UE a finanziare il loro progetto di Stazioni spaziali”. Start-Up Italia, Jan. 6th 2016. http://blog.startupitalia.eu/81365-20160106-leaf-space-stazioni-spaziali-horizon-2020.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Alessandra Vernile

Authors
  1. Alessandra Vernile
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alessandra Vernile .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Vernile, A. (2018). Dossier 4: New Target Markets for Private Actors. In: The Rise of Private Actors in the Space Sector. SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73802-4_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73802-4_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-73801-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-73802-4

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation