Skip to main content

Chest X-ray in Right Heart Disease

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Right Heart Pathology

Abstract

Right heart pathology receives less attention from clinicians than left-sided heart disease, and knowledge of the importance of right heart, in particular right ventricle in disease development lags behind that of the left ventricle. In recent years, increasing evidence shows that right heart disease has significant impact on morbidity and mortality, thus highlighting the importance of recognizing right heart disease in clinical practice. Although ultrasound and computed tomography are the most commonly used diagnostic image techniques in the diagnosis of right heart disease, chest radiography still remains the first line technique in many applications. Despite non-specific findings in most of the situations, chest X-ray provides useful information for further diagnostic imaging tests of assessing right heart disease. This chapter provides an overview of applications of chest X-ray in the diagnosis of various right heart diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Bruce CJ, Connolly HM. Right-sided valve disease deserves a little more respect. Circulation. 2009;119:2726–34. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.776021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Voelkel NF, Quaife RA, Leinwand LA, et al. Right ventricular function and failure: report of a national heart, lung, and blood institute working group on cellular and molecular mechanisms of right heart failure. Circulation. 2006;114:1883–91. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.632208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Somerville J, Grech V. The chest X-ray in congenital heart disease 1. Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and coarctation of the aorta. Images Paediatr Cardiol. 2009;11:7–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Somerville J, Grech V. The chest X-ray in congenital heart disease 2. Images Paediatr Cardiol. 2010;12:1–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Haddad R, Hunt SA, Rosenthal DN, et al. Right ventricular function in cardiovascular disease, part I: anatomy, physiology, aging, and functional assessment of the right ventricle. Circulation. 2008;117:1436–48. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.653576.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sheehan F, Redington A. The right ventricle: anatomy, physiology and clinical imaging. Heart. 2008;94:1510–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2007.132779.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Polak JF, Holman L, Wynne J, Colucci WS. Right ventricular ejection fraction: an indicator of increased mortality in patients with congestive heart failure associated with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1983;2:217–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(83)80156-9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Shah PK, Maddahi J, Staniloff HM, et al. Variable spectrum and prognostic implications of left and right ventricular ejection fractions in patients with and without clinical heart failure after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1986;58:387–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(86)90001-9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Mendes LA, Dec GW, Picard MH, Palacios IF, Newell J, Davidoff R. Right ventricular dysfunction: an independent predictor of adverse outcome in patients with myocarditis. Am Heart J. 1994;128:301–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Warnes CA. Adult congenital heart disease importance of the right ventricle. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1903–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.06.048.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. de Groote P, Millaire A, Foucher-Hossein C, et al. Right ventricular ejection fraction is an independent predictor of survival in patients with moderate heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:948–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00337-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kossaify A. Echocardiographic assessment of the right ventricle, from the conventional approach to speckle tracking and three-dimensional imaging, and insights into the “right way” to explore the forgotten chamber. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2015;9:65–75. https://doi.org/10.4137/CMC.S27462. eCollection 2015.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Mertens LL, Friedberg MK. Imaging the right ventricle-current state of the art. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7:551–63. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2010.118. Epub 2010 Aug 10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Valsangiacomo Buechel ER, Mertens LL. Imaging the right heart: the use of integrated multimodality imaging. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:949–60. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr490.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Portnoy SG, Rudski LG. Echocardiographic evaluation of the right ventricle: a 2014 perspective. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2015;17:21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-015-0578-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J. 2016;37:67–119. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hoeper MM, Bogaard HJ, Condliffe R, et al. Definitions and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(25 Suppl):D42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.10.032.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Farber HW, Miller DP, Poms AD, et al. Five-year outcomes of patients enrolled in the REVEAL Registry. Chest. 2015;148:1043–54. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.15-0300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Rich S, Dantzker DR, Ayres SM, et al. Primary pulmonary hypertension. A national prospective study. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:216–23. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-107-2-216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ascha M, Renapurkar RD, Tonelli AR. A review of imaging modalities in pulmonary hypertension. Ann Thorac Med. 2017;12:61–73. https://doi.org/10.4103/1817-1737.203742.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Helmberger M, Pienn M, Urschler M, et al. Quantification of tortuosity and fractal dimension of the lung vessels in pulmonary hypertension patients. PLoS One. 2014;9:e87515. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087515.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hopkins N, McLoughlin P. The structural basis of pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung disease: remodelling, rarefaction or angiogenesis? J Anat. 2002;201:335–48. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00096.x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Abel E, Jankowski A, Pison C, Luc Bosson J, Bouvaist H, Ferretti GR. Pulmonary artery and right ventricle assessment in pulmonary hypertension: correlation between functional parameters of ECG-gated CT and right-side heart catheterization. Acta Radiol. 2012;53(7):720. https://doi.org/10.1258/ar.2012.120009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Bolen MA, Renapurkar RD, Popovic ZB, et al. High-pitch ECG-synchronized pulmonary CT angiography versus standard CT pulmonary angiography: a prospective randomized study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;201:971–6. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.13.10597.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kreitner KF. Noninvasive imaging of pulmonary hypertension. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;35:99–111. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1363456.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Shimada YJ, Shiota M, Siegel RJ, Shiota T. Accuracy of right ventricular volumes and function determined by three-dimensional echocardiography in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging: a meta-analysis study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:943–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2010.06.029.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Grewal J, Majdalany D, Syed I, Pellikka P, Warnes CA. Three-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular volume and function in adult patients with congenital heart disease: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:127–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2009.11.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Niemann PS, Pinho L, Balbach T, et al. Anatomically oriented right ventricular volume measurements with dynamic three-dimensional echocardiography validated by 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:1668–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.07.031.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Leibundgut G, Rohner A, Grize A, et al. Dynamic assessment of right ventricular volumes and function by realtime three-dimensional echocardiography: a comparison study with magnetic resonance imaging in 100 adult patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:116–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2009.11.016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Grapsa J, O’Regan DP, Pavlopoulos H, et al. Right ventricular remodelling in pulmonary arterial hypertension with threedimensional echocardiography: comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11:64–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejechocard/jep169.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, et al. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:685–713.; quiz 786–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2010.05.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Lopez L, Colan SD, Frommelt PC, et al. Recommendations for quantification methods during the performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the Pediatric Measurements Writing Group of the American Society of Echocardiography Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease Council. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:465–95; quiz 576–577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2010.03.019.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Wittram C, Maher MM, Yoo AJ, Kalra MK, Shepard JA, McLoud TC. CT angiography of pulmonary embolism: diagnostic criteria and causes of misdiagnosis. Radiographics. 2004;24:1219–38. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.245045008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Righini M, Le GG, Aujesky D, et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism by multidetector CT alone or combined with venous ultrasonography of the leg: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2008;371:1343–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60594-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ghanima W, Almaas V, Aballi S, et al. Management of suspected pulmonary embolism [PE] by D-dimer and multislice computed tomography in outpatients: an outcome study. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3:1926–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01544.x.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Mos IC, Klok FA, Kroft LJ, DE RA, Dekkers OM, Huisman MV. Safety of ruling out acute pulmonary embolism by normal computed tomography pulmonary angiography in patients with an indication for computed tomography: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7:1491–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03518.x.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Carrier M, Righini M, Wells PS, et al. Subsegmental pulmonary embolism diagnosed by computed tomography: incidence and clinical implications. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the management outcome studies. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8:1716–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03938.x.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Kaur M, Vijayananthan A, Kumar G, Jayarani K, Ng KH, Sun Z. Use of 100 kV versus 120 kV in computed tomography pulmonary angiography in the detection of pulmonary embolism: effect on radiation dose and image quality. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2015;5:524–33. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2015.04.04.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Sun Z, Almoudi M, Cao Y. CT angiography in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease: a transformation in cardiovascular CT practice. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2014;4:376–96. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2014.10.02.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Aldosari S, Almoudi M, Sun Z. Double-low dose protocol of CT pulmonary angiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a feasible approach for reduction of both contrast medium and radiation dose. Heart Res Open J. 2017;4:33–8. https://doi.org/10.17140/HROJ-4-139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Lu G, Luo S, Meinel FG, et al. High-pitch computed tomography pulmonary angiography with iterative reconstruction at 80 kVp and 20 ml contrast agent volume. Eur Radiol. 2014;24:3260–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-014-3365-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Boos J, Kropil P, Lanzman RS, et al. CT pulmonary angiography: simultaneous low-pitch dual-source acquisition mode with 70 kVp and 40 ml of contrast medium and comparison with high-pitch spiral dual-source acquisition with automated tube potential selection. Br J Radiol. 2016;89:20151059. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20151059.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Laqmani A, Kurfurst M, Butscheidt S, et al. CT pulmonary angiography at reduced radiation exposure and contrast material volume using iterative model reconstruction and iDose4 technique in comparison to FBP. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0162429. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162429.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Laqmani A, Regier M, Veldhoen S, et al. Improved image quality and low radiation dose with hybrid iterative reconstruction with 80 kV CT pulmonary angiography. Eur J Radiol. 2014;83:1962–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.06.016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee Pulmonary Embolism Guideline Development Group. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of suspected acute pulmonary embolism. Thorax. 2003;58:470–83. https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax.58.6.470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Hartmann I, Hagen P, Melissant C, et al. Diagnosing acute pulmonary embolism: effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on the performance of D-dimer testing, ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy, spiral computed tomographic angiography, and conventional angiography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:2232–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Forbes KP, Reid JH, Murchison JT. Do preliminary chest X-ray findings define the optimum role of pulmonary scintigraphy in suspected pulmonary embolism? Clin Radiol. 2001;56:397–400. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.6.2006030.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Sadigh G, Kelly AM, Cronin P. Challenges, controversies, and hot topics in pulmonary embolism imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196:497–515. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.10.5830.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lam KY, Dickens P, Chan ACL. Tumors of the heart – a 20-year experience with a review of 12485 consecutive autopsies. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1993;117:1027–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Maleszewski JJ, Anavekar NS, Moynihan TJ, Klarich KW. Pathology, imaging, and treatment of cardiac tumours. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017;14:536–49. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2017.47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Sheppard MN, Mohiaddin R. Tumors of the heart. Futur Cardiol. 2010;6:181–93. https://doi.org/10.2217/fca.09.62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Jain S, Maleszewski JJ, Stephenson CR, Klarich KW. Current diagnosis and management of cardiac myxomas. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2015;13:369–75. https://doi.org/10.1586/14779072.2015.1024108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Anavekar NS, Bonnichsen CR, Foley TA, et al. Computed tomography of cardiac pseudotumors and neoplasms. Radiol Clin N Am. 2010;48:799–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2010.04.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Araoz PA, Eklund HE, Welch TJ, Breen JF. CT and MR imaging of primary cardiac malignancies. Radiographics. 1999;19:1421–34. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.19.6.g99no031421.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Dolk H, Loane M, Garne E, European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT) Working Group. Congenital heart defects in Europe: prevalence and perinatal mortality, 2000 to 2005. Circulation. 2011;123:841–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.958405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. van der Linde D, Konings EE, Slager MA, et al. Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:2241–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.025.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Yeh SJ, Chen HC, Lu CW, et al. Prevalence, mortality, and the disease burden of pediatric congenital heart disease in Taiwan. Pediatr Neonatol. 2013;54:113–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2012.11.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Tse KS, Ip JJK, Leong LLY. Imaging of congenital heart disease in Hong Kong: from invasive to non-invasive cardiac imaging. CVIA. 2017;1:124–32. https://doi.org/10.22468/cvia.2016.00122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Sun RR, Liu M, Lu L, Zheng Y, Zhang P. Congenital heart disease: causes, diagnoses, symptoms and treatments. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2015;72:857–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-015-0551-6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Zaver AG, Nadas AS. Five congenital cardiac defects: study of their profile and natural history. Atrial septal defect—secundum type. Circulation. 1965;31(Suppl III):III-24–32.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Danford DA, Gumbiner CH, Martin AB, Fletcher SE. Effects of electrocardiography and chest radiography on the accuracy of preliminary diagnosis of common congenital cardiac defects. Pediatr Cardiol. 2000;21:334–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002460010075.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Rodes-Cabau J, Taramasso M, O’Gara PT. Diagnosis and treatment of tricuspid valve disease: current and future perspectives. Lancet. 2016;388:2431–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00740-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Fawzy H, Fukamachi K, Mazer CD, et al. Complete mapping of the tricuspid valve apparatus using three-dimensional sonomicrometry. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;141:1037–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.05.039.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Rodes-Cabau J, Hahn RT, Latib A, et al. Transcatheter therapies for treating tricuspid regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1825–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.01.063.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Nath J, Foster E, Heidenreich PA. Impact of tricuspid regurgitation on long-term survival. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:405–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2003.09.036.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F, et al. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). Eur Heart J. 2012;33:2451–96. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehs109.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Tretter JT, Sarwak AE, Anderson PH, Spicer DE. Assessment of the anatomical variation to be found in the normal tricuspid valve. Clin Anat. 2016;29:399–407. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.22591.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Martinez RM, O’Leary PW, Anderson RH. Anatomy and echocardiography of the normal and abnormal tricuspid valve. Cardiol Young. 2006;16(Suppl 3):4–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951106000709.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Fawzy ME, Mercer EN, Dunn B, al-Amri M, Andaya W. Doppler echocardiography in the evaluation of tricuspid stenosis. Eur Heart J. 1989;10:985–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059423.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Perez J, Ludbrook P, Ahumada G. Usefulness of Doppler echocardiography in detecting tricuspid valve stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 1985;55:601–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(85)90266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Xiong TY, Zheng MX, Wei X, et al. Hemodynamic changes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation during sequential follow-ups in patients with bicuspid aortic valve compared with tricuspid aortic valve. Cardiol J. 2017;24:350–7. https://doi.org/10.5603/CJ.a2017.0020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Nesser HJ, Tkalec W, Patel AR, et al. Quantitation of right ventricular volumes and ejection fraction by three-dimensional echocardiography in patients: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging and radionuclide ventriculography. Echocardiography. 2006;23:666–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8175.2006.00286.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Anwar AM, Soliman OI, Nemes A, van Geuns RJ, Geleijnse ML, Ten Cate FJ. Value of assessment of tricuspid annulus: real-time three-dimensional echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2007;23:701–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-006-9206-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Sugeng L, Mor-Avi V, Weinert L, et al. Multimodality comparison of quantitative volumetric analysis of the right ventricle. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:10–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Ling LF, Marwick TH. Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular function: how to account for tricuspid regurgitation and pulmonary hypertension. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:747–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.08.026.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. van Rosendael PJ, Joyce E, Katsanos S, et al. Tricuspid valve remodelling in functional tricuspid regurgitation: multidetector row computed tomography insights. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17:96–105. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jev140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Lee JW, Song JM, Park JP, Lee JW, Kang DH, Song JK. Long-term prognosis of isolated signifi cant tricuspid regurgitation. Circ J. 2010;74:375–80. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-09-0679.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. D’Alfonso A, Scioti G, Milano A. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Combined aortic and pulmonary stenosis in a 79-year-old man. Ital Heart J. 2000;1:848.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Bonow R, Carabello B, Kanu C, American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, et al. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing Committee to Revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease): developed in collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists: endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2006;114:e84–e231. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.176857.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Zoghbi WA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, et al. Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with twodimensional and Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:777–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0894-7317(03)00335-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Groves P, Lewis N, Ikram S, Maire R, Hall R. Reduced exercise capacity in patients with tricuspid regurgitation after successful mitral valve replacement for rheumatic mitral valve disease. Br Heart J. 1991;66:295–301. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.66.4.295.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Geva T. Repaired tetralogy of Fallot: the roles of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in evaluating pathophysiology and for pulmonary valve replacement decision support. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2011;13:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-13-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Pennell DJ, Sechtem UP, Higgins CB, European Society of cardiology; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, et al. Clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR): Consensus Panel report. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2004;6:727–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Mercer-Rosa L, Yang W, Kutty S, et al. Quantifying pulmonary regurgitation and right ventricular function in surgically repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a comparative analysis of echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:637–43. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.972588.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhonghua Sun .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sun, Z., Liu, D., Fan, Z. (2018). Chest X-ray in Right Heart Disease. In: Dumitrescu, S., Ţintoiu, I., Underwood, M. (eds) Right Heart Pathology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73764-5_31

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73764-5_31

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-73763-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-73764-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics