Abstract
Stenotyping is a writing method system used to transcribe spoken texts, rapidly and in real time, using a mechanical or digital device equipped with a special keyboard. This device is called a stenotype, stenotype machine, shorthand machine or steno writer, and it is a specialized chorded keyboard or typewriter allowing to performing beats of one or more keys simultaneously. Stenotyping requires the application of specific coded writing systems intended to limit and accelerate the number of beats. Whereas high-speed beats often generate a high amount of typos, the creation of a stenotype writing method based on a non-casual combination of morphemes would rely on a defined list of elements to be combined (i.e., the morphemes of a language) together with a production syntax (that is, the morphological rules of a language). Therefore, in this paper, we will show how to use NooJ linguistic resources and morphological grammars to build and implement a system for real-time typos automatic correction during stenotype writing.
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- 1.
Especially in the USA where stenotyping is a legally defined profession. In order to pass the United States Registered Professional Reporter test, a trained court reporter or closed captioner must write speeds of approximately 180, 200, and 225 words per minute (wpm). Some stenographers can reach 300 wpm.
- 2.
In 1980, Professor Marcello Melani, a scholar and teacher of shorthand and computer analysis, conceived the Melani-Stenotype method for the Italian language, directly compatible with electronic processing. The widespread use in the American courts and the forthcoming reform of the Criminal Procedure Code (…) pushed prof. Melani to design a “method in view of the application to the computer for automatic transcription… without the need for subsequent interventions in terms of additions, changes, corrections, except for any errors committed by the operator during registration”. In the preface to his manual of 1994, Melani states that “… developments in computer technology had enabled shorthand machine to take advantage of electronic processing for a stenotype automatic transcription, and can therefore realize the mirage of real-time writing, which has now become a reality, not theoretical but practical.” The Melani system was born “taking into account the compatibility with the stiffness and potential offered by computers, especially in terms of real-time support. In this respect, the computer input, which is also essential to provide a modern, efficient and automatic stenotyping, is relatively simple: there is no need for sophisticated algorithms or particularly large dictionaries of abbreviations; the computer simply recognizes some shortened codes, conceived from the beginning so as not to yield to ambiguities, and managing a dictionary of acronyms.” The main feature of Melani’s technical system is a not-abbreviated writing of the text, i.e. the real-time production of verbatim computer-assisted reports. The “Metodo Melani” had a great success, and in the ‘90s, its author adapted it to Spanish and Portuguese.
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Some languages, as French, English and American English, use modified types of keyboards.
- 4.
For example, “americanizzare” (to americanize) has the same meaning model of verbs in which the derivative suffix –izz adds the sense of “making something equal to”. Together with the sequence of morphemes americ + an, it acquires the meaning of “making someone or something American”. The same formation and structure is present in “finlandizzare” (to finlanidize), “latinizzare” (to latinize), or “talebanizzare” (to talibanize).
References
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Monteleone, M., Guarasci, R., Maisto, A. (2018). NooJ Morphological Grammars for Stenotype Writing. In: Mbarki, S., Mourchid, M., Silberztein, M. (eds) Formalizing Natural Languages with NooJ and Its Natural Language Processing Applications. NooJ 2017. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 811. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73420-0_17
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73420-0_17
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