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Sustainable Aquafeed

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Sustainable Aquaculture

Abstract

The global aquafeed production is expected to grow by 33% to 101.3 million tonnes by 2025 from the current (2015) estimate of 73 million tonnes, closely aligning with the targeted world aquaculture production of 101.8 million tonnes. Aquafeed industry mostly depends on the fish meal and fish oil from capture fisheries to supplement the essential nutrients for optimum growth performance in aquaculture. There has been an increasing trend to incorporate ingredients such as protein meals of plant and animal origin in aquafeeds as a consequence of the limited availability, fluctuating price and the growing concerns on the sustainability of fish meal and fish oil. The algal meal has been successfully incorporated in shrimp diets resulting in growth comparable to fishmeal suggesting potential replacement of fish meal even in shrimp larval feeds. The replacement of fish oil by 40–100% using various plant-based sources such as the marine microalgae, Schizochytrium in the diets of salmon, channel catfish, grouper and tilapia among others have also been reported. These results suggest the potential for the formulation of an aquafeed that is completely devoid of fishmeal and fish oil. However, one of the major concerns about the concept of ‘vegetarian fish’ is related to its taste and nutritional quality, particularly in the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). To sustain the desirable health benefits from fish intake in humans, reduced nutritional quality of farmed fish would demand higher dietary inclusion compared to the currently recommended levels. Genetically modified (GM) yeast, camelina, and metabolically engineered diatoms have been suggested to potentially replace fish oil in aquafeeds for improving the PUFA content in vegetarian fish. However, the ethical, environmental and economic costs of the use of GM organisms as an ingredient in aquafeed need to be evaluated for their recognition as a sustainable alternative in aquafeed.

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Acknowledgements

The graphs used in this chapter have been drawn by Dr. Deepak George Pazhayamadom, Department of Primary Industry and Resources Northern Territory Government, Australia, which is gratefully acknowledged. The photo credits go to KRS.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management (AARM), Asian Institute of Technology, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand

    Krishna R. Salin

  2. ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, ​400061, India

    V. V. Arun

  3. Sakalyam, Vikram Sarabai Road, Kochi, 682304, India

    C. Mohanakumaran Nair

  4. Division of Aquaculture, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY, 40601, USA

    James H. Tidwell

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  1. Krishna R. Salin
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  2. V. V. Arun
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  3. C. Mohanakumaran Nair
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  4. James H. Tidwell
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Correspondence to Krishna R. Salin .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia

    Faisal I. Hai

  2. Asian Institute of Technology, Klongluang Pathumthani, Thailand

    Chettiyappan Visvanathan

  3. Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, Louisiana, USA

    Ramaraj Boopathy

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Salin, K.R., Arun, V.V., Mohanakumaran Nair, C., Tidwell, J.H. (2018). Sustainable Aquafeed. In: Hai, F., Visvanathan, C., Boopathy, R. (eds) Sustainable Aquaculture. Applied Environmental Science and Engineering for a Sustainable Future. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73257-2_4

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