Skip to main content

Modern Concepts About Oceanic Internal Waves

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 901 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter describes the modern concepts about oceanic internal waves. It presents the mathematical formulation of the internal motion in the ocean. Since the book is mainly the result of the experimental analysis of oceanic measurements the processing tools for the measurements of field data are presented here together with the description of the Vlasenko numerical model for the generation, propagation, and dissipation of internal tides. The Garrett and Munk spectral background model is also described because this is important for understanding the internal motion despite the fact that it does not describe internal tides. Mechanisms of internal tide generation are analyzed and general notes on internal wave motion are presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Althaus AM, Kunze E, Sanford TB (2003) Internal tide radiation from Mendocino Escarpment. J Phys Oceanogr 33:1510–1527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baines PG (1973) The generation of internal tides by flat-bump topography. Deep-Sea Res 20:179–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Baines PG (1974) The generation of internal tides over steep continental slopes. Phil Trans Roy Soc London Ser A 277:27–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baines PG (1982) On internal tide generation models. Deep-Sea Res 29(3):307–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbee WB, Dworski JG, Irish JB, Larsen LN, Rattray M (1975) Measurements of internal waves of tidal frequency near a continental boundary. J Geophys Res 80(15):1965–1974

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barber NF (1963) The directional resolving power of an array of wave detectors. In: Ocean wave spectra. Prentice Hall, Engelwood Cliffs, NJ, pp 137–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell TH (1975) Topographically generated internal waves in the open ocean. J Geophys Res 80(3):320–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell TH (1976) The structure of internal wave spectra as determined from towed thermistor chain measurements. J Geophys Res 81(21):3709–3714

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belyayev VS, Gezentsvey AN (1978) Shear instability of internal waves in the ocean, Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 14(6):459–463

    Google Scholar 

  • Benilov AY, Solntseva NI, Filyushkin BN (1978) Relationship between the variability of the wind field and internal waves. Oceanology 18(3):257–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackford BL (1978) On the generation of internal waves by tidal flow over a sill—a possible nonlinear mechanism. J Mar Res 36(3):529–549

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackman RB, Tukey JW (1958) The measurements of power spectra from the point of view of communications engineering. Dover, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogdanov KT, Sebekin BI (1976) Generation of internal tides and the influence of Earth’s tides on tidal motions in the ocean, Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 12(5):326–329

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolshakov VN, Sabinin KD (1983) Mean characteristics of semidiurnal tidal currents in Polygon-70 and their variability. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys. 19(1):51–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Borisenko YD (1975) Generation of internal waves in a two-layer fluid by a travelling pressure system. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 11(6):411–413

    Google Scholar 

  • Brekhovskikh LM, Goncharov VV, Kurtepov VM, Naugolnykh KA (1972) Resonant excitation of internal waves by nonlinear interaction of surface waves. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 11(6):411–413

    Google Scholar 

  • Brekhovskikh LM, Konjaev KV, Sabinin KD, Serikov AN (1975) Short-period internal waves in the sea. J Geophys Res 80(3):856–864

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown ED, Owens B (1981) Observations of the horizontal interactions between the internal wave field and the mesoscale flow. J Phys Oceanogr 11(11):1474–1480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bukatov AE, Kushnir VM, Smirnov GV (1978) Tidal-period internal waves in the equatorial zone of the Indian Ocean. Oceanology 18(5):514–519

    Google Scholar 

  • Cacchione DA, Pratson LF, Ogston AS (2002) The shaping of continental slopes by internal tides. Science 296:724–727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cairns JL (1975) Internal wave measurements from a mid-water float. J Geophys Res 80(C3):299–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cairns JL, La Fond EC (1966) Periodic motions of the seasonal thermocline along the southern California coast. J Geophys Res 71(16):903–3916

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cairns JL, Williams GO (1976) Internal wave observations from a mid-water float. J Geophys Res 81(C12):1943–1950

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cartwright DE (1977) Oceanic tides. Rep Prog Phys 40:665–708

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherkesov LV (1976) Hydrodynamics of surface and internal waves. Naukova Dumka Publishers, Kiev, p 363 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chuang W-S, Wang D-P (1981) Effects of a density front on the generation and propagation of internal tides. J Phys Oceanogr 11(10):1357–1374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox CS, Sandström H (1962) Coupling of internal and surface waves in water of variable depth. J Oceanogr Soc Jpn 20th anniversary volume, 499–513

    Google Scholar 

  • Defant A (1932) Die Gezeiten und inheren Gezeiten-wellen des Atlantischen Ozeans. Wiss. Ergebn. Dt. Atlant. Exoed. “Meteor” 1925–1927. Bd. 7. H. 1. 313 s

    Google Scholar 

  • Desaubies YJF (1973) Internal waves near the turning point. Geophys Fluid Dyn 5(1):143–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desaubies YJF (1975) A linear theory of internal wave spectra and coherences near the Väisälä frequency. J Geophys Res 80:895–899

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desaubies YJF (1976) Analytical representation of internal wave spectra. J Phys Oceanogr 6(6):976–981

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dotsenko SF (1976) Non-stationary internal waves generated by periodical pressure forcing. Proc Marine Hydrophys Inst 2(73):48–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Dushaw BD (2006) Mode-1 internal tides in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res 53(3):449–473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egbert GD (1997) Tidal data inversion: interpolation and inference. Prog Oceanogr 40:53–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egbert GD, Ray RD (2000) Significant dissipation of tidal energy in the deep ocean inferred from satellite altimeter data. Nature 405:775–778

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egbert GD, Ray RD (2001) Estimates of M2 tidal energy dissipation from TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data. J Geophys Res 106:22475–22502

    Google Scholar 

  • Egbert GD, Ray RD (2003) Semidiurnal and diurnal tidal dissipation from TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry. Geophys Res Lett 30(17):1907. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017676

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emery KO (1956) Deep standing internal waves in California basins. Limnol Oceanogr 1(1):35–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fedosenko VS, Cherkesov LV (1968) Internal waves generated by underwater earthquakes. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 4(11):1197–1203

    Google Scholar 

  • Fjelstad JE (1933) Interne Wellen. Geophys Publication, Oslo

    Google Scholar 

  • Fofonoff NP (1969) Spectral characteristics of internal waves in the ocean. Deep-Sea Res 16(Suppl.):58–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Foux VR (1982) An introduction to the theory of wave motions in the ocean. Leningrad State University Publishing House, Leningrad, p 199 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankignoul C (1976) Observed interaction between oceanic internal waves and mesoscale eddies. Deep-Sea Res 23(9):805–820

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankignoul C, Joyce TM (1979) On the internal wave variability during the internal wave experiment (IWEX). J Geophys Res 84(C2):769–776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrett C (1968) On the interaction between internal gravity waves and a shear flow. J Fluid Mech 34:711–720

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrett C (2003) Internal tides and ocean mixing. Science 301:1858–1859

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett C, Gerkema T (2007) On the body-force term in internal-tide generation. J Phys Oceanogr 37(8):2172–2175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrett C, Kunze E (2007) Internal tide generation in the deep ocean. Annual Rev Fluid Mech 39:57–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrett CJR, Munk WH (1972a) Space-time scales of internal waves. Geophys Fluid Dyn 3(3):225–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett C, Munk W (1972b) Oceanic mixing by breaking internal waves. Deep-Sea Res 19(12):823–832

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett C, Munk W (1975) Space-time scales of internal waves: a progress report. J Geophys Res 80(3):291–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrett C, Munk W (1979) Internal waves in the ocean. Ann Rev Fluid Mech 11:339–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerkema T (2001) Internal and interfacial tides: beam scattering and local generation of solitary waves. J Marine Res 59:227–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golubev YN, Ivanov VF, Cherkesov LV (1979) Generation of internal tides by the interaction of a barotropic wave with an elevation of isopycnal surface. In: Surface and internal waves. Sebastopol, pp 195–203 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould WJ, McKee WD (1973) Observations of the vertical structure of semidiurnal tidal currents in the Bay of Biscay. Nature 224:88–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg MC, Briscoe MG (1979) Internal waves, finestructure, microstructure, and mixing in the ocean. Rev Geophys Space Phys 17(7):1524–1547

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gulev SK, Bolshakov VN (1979) Study of internal tide field isotropy, Vestnik. MGU. Geogr Ser 5:8–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern D (1971) Observations on short-period internal waves in Massachusetts Bay. J Mar Res 29(2):116–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Haury LR, Briscoe MG, Orr MH (1979) Tidally generated internal wave packets in Massachusetts Bay. Nature 278:312–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helland-Hansen B, Nansen F (1909) The Norwegian Sea. Rep Norw Fish Marine Invest 2(1/2):1–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendershott MC (1973) Inertial oscillations of tidal period. Prog Oceanogr 6:1–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hibiya T (1990) Generation mechanism of internal waves by a vertically sheared tidal flow over a sill. J Geophys Res 95:1757–1764. https://doi.org/10.1029/JC095iC02p01757

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hibiya T (2004) Internal wave generation by tidal flow over a continental shelf slope. J Oceanogr 60(3):637–643

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holloway PE (1987) Internal hydraulic jumps and solitons at a shelf break region on the Australian North West shelf. J Geophys Res 92(C5):5405–5416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holloway PE (1996) A numerical model of internal tides with application to the Australian North West shelf. J Phys Oceanogr 26(1):21–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holloway PE, Merrifield MA (1999) Internal tide generation by seamounts, ridges, and islands. J Geophys Res 104(C11):25937–25951

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holloway PE, Pelinovsky EN, Talipova TG, Barnes B (1997) A nonlinear model of internal tide transformation on the Australian North West shelf. J Phys Oceanogr 27:871–896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ivanov YA, Morozov EG (1983) Investigations of temperature fluctuations at tidal and inertial periods. In: Atlantic Hydrophysical Polygon-70. Amerind Co. Oxonian Press Ltd., New Delhi, pp 289–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivanov VA, Serebryany AN (1982) Frequency spectra of shortperiod internal waves in a nontidal sea. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 18(6):527–529

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson WR, Sanford TB (1980) Anomalous behavior of internal gravity waves near Bermuda. J Phys Oceanogr 10(2):2021–2034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston TMS, Merrifield MA (2003) Internal tide scattering at seamounts, ridges, and islands. J Geophys Res 108(C6):3180. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001528

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston TMS, Merrifield MA, Holloway PE (2003) Internal tide scattering at the Line Islands Ridge. J Geophys Res 108(C11):3365. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001844

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joyce TM (1974) Nonlinear interactions among standing surface and internal gravity waves. J Fluid Mech 63(4):801–825

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kantha LH, Tierney CC (1997) Global baroclinic tides. Prog Oceanog 40:163–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(97)00028-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katsumata K, Hibiya T (2002) Internal wave generation by tidal flow over a sill in a rotating channel. J Geophys Res 107(C10):3176. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC001096

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz EJ, Briscoe MG (1979) Vertical coherence of the internal wave field from towed sensors. J Phys Oceanogr 9(3):518–530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly SM, Nash JD (2010) Internal-tide generation and destruction by shoaling internal tides. Geophys Res Lett 37:L23611. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045598

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly SM, Nash JD, Kunze E (2010) Internal-tide energy over topography. J Geophys Res 115:C06014. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005618

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khatiwala S (2003) Generation of internal tides in an ocean of finite depth: analytical and numerical calculations. Deep-Sea Res 50(1):3–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klymak JM, Gregg MC (2004) Tidally generated turbulence over the Knight Inlet sill. J Phys Oceanogr 34(5):1135–1151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konyaev KV (1975a) An experimental study of short-period internal sea waves. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 11(3):170–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Konyaev KV, Sabinin KD (1973) New data on internal waves in the sea measured using distributed temperature sensors. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 209(1):86–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Konyaev KV, Sabinin KD (1992) Waves inside the ocean. Gidrometeoizdat, Saint Petersburg, p 272 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Konyaev KV, Serebryany AN (1983) Internal waves in the shelf zone of the sea during a storm. Oceanology 23(4):421–423

    Google Scholar 

  • Krauss W (1966) Interne Wellen. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin-Nikolasee

    Google Scholar 

  • Krauss W (1976) On currents, internal, and inertial waves in a stratified ocean due to variable winds. Dt Hyrdogr Ztschr 29(3):87–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunze E, Boss E (1998) A model for vortex-trapped internal waves. J Phys Oceanogr 28(10):2104–2115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kushnir VM, Andryushchenko EG (1977) Nonstationary characteristics of short-period internal gravity waves in the ocean. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 13(11):844–845

    Google Scholar 

  • La Fond EC (1961) Isotherm follower. J Mar Res 19(1):33–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb KG (1994) Numerical experiments of internal wave generation by strong tidal flow across a finite amplitude bank edge. J Geophys Res 99:843–864

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • St. Laurent LS, Garrett C (2002) The role of internal tides in mixing the deep ocean. J Phys Oceanogr 32(10):2882–2899

    Google Scholar 

  • LeBlond PH, Mysak LA (1978) Waves in the ocean. Elsevier oceanographic series. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 602

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee WH, Cox CS (1966) Time variation of ocean temperature and its relation to internal waves and oceanic heat flow measurements. J Geophys Res 71(8):2101–2111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Legg S (2004a) Internal tides generated on a corrugated continental slope. Part I: cross-slope barotropic forcing. J Phys Oceanogr 34(1):156–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Legg S (2004b) Internal tides generated on a corrugated continental slope. Part II: along-slope barotropic forcing. J Phys Oceanogr 34(8):1824–1838

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leonov AI, Miropolsky YZ (1973) Resonant excitation of internal gravity waves in the ocean by atmospheric pressure fluctuations. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 9(8):480–485

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine MD (1983) Internal waves in the ocean. Rev Geophys Space Phys 21(5):1206–1216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyashenko AF, Sabinin KD (1979) On the spatial structure of the internal tides on the 1970 hydrophysical test range in the Atlantic. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 15(8):595–601

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon JA, Winters KB (2005) Subtropical catastrophe: significant loss of low-mode tidal energy at 28.9°. Geophys Res Lett 32(15):L15605. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maeda A (1971) Phase velocity of semidiurnal internal waves at ocean weather station T. J Oceanogr Soc Jpn 27(4):163–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magaard L (1973) On the generation of internal gravity waves by a fluctuating buoyancy flux at the sea surface. Geophys Fluid Dyn 5(2):101–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magaard L (1974) On the generation of internal gravity waves by meteorological forces. Mem Soc Roy Sci Liege 6:79–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Magaard L, McKee WD (1973) Semidiurnal tidal current at “site D”. Deep-Sea Res 20(11):993–1010

    Google Scholar 

  • Makshtas AP, Sabinin KD (1972) Relation of the oscillations of sound scattering depth with internal waves in the ocean. Oceanology 12(4):746–749

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin S, Simmins W, Wunsch C (1972) The excitation of resonant triads by single internal wave. J Fluid Mech 53(1):17–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuura T, Hibiya T (1990) An experimental and numerical study of the internal wave generation by tide-topography interaction. J Phys Oceanogr 20(4):506–521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matygin AS, Sabinin KD, Filonov AE (1982) Average spatial spectra of internal tides on the 1970 Atlantic hydrophysical test range. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 18(2):129–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxworthy T (1979) A note on the internal solitary waves produced by tidal flow over a three-dimensional ridge. J Geophys Res 84(C1):338–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McComas CH, Müller P (1981) Time scales of resonant interactions among oceanic internal waves. J Phys Oceanogr 11(8):970–986

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McEwan A (1971) Generation of resonantly excited standing internal gravity waves. J Fluid Mech 50(3):431–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhee MG, Kantha LH (1989) Generation of internal waves by sea ice. J Geophys Res 94(C3):3287–3302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhee-Shaw E (2006) Boundary–interior exchange: reviewing the idea that internal-wave mixing enhances lateral dispersal near continental margins. Deep-Sea Res II 53(1–2):42–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McWilliams JC (2016) Submesoscale currents in the ocean. Proc Roy Soc London A 472:20160117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0117. Last accessed Oct 2017

  • Miles JW (1961) On the stability of a heterogeneous shear flow. J Fluid Mech 10(4):495–509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller G (1966) The flux of tidal energy out of the deep oceans. J Geophys Res 71(10):2485–2489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miropolskiy YZ (1975b) Influence of shear flow on the generation of short-period internal waves in the ocean. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 11(9):585–589

    Google Scholar 

  • Miropolskiy YZ, Neiman VG (1974) Internal waves and temperature microstructure in the Timor Sea. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 10(11):730–736

    Google Scholar 

  • Miropolsky YZ (1975a) Generation of internal waves in the ocean by the wind field. Oceanology 15(5):519–532

    Google Scholar 

  • Miropolsky YZ (2001) Dynamics of internal gravity waves in the ocean. In: Shishkina O (ed) Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohri K, Hibiya T, Iwamae N (2010) Revisiting internal wave generation by tide-topography interaction. J Geophys Res 115:C11001. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005908

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mork M (1968) On the formation of internal waves caused by tidal flow over a bottom irregularity. Rep Geophys Inst Univ, Bergen, Norway, p 28

    Google Scholar 

  • Morozov EG (1985) Oceanic internal waves. Nauka, Moscow, p 151 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Morozov EG (1995) Semidiurnal internal wave global field. Deep-Sea Res 42(1):135–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morozov EG, Marchenko AV (2012) Short-period internal waves in an Arctic fjord (Spitsbergen). Izvestiya Atmos Ocean Phys 48(4):401–408. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433812040123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morozov EG, Pelinovsky EN, Talipova TG (1998) Exceedance frequency for internal waves during the Mesopolygon-85 experiment in the Atlantic. Oceanology 38(4):521–527

    Google Scholar 

  • Morozov EG, Shchuka SA, Zapotyl’ko VS (2007) Towed spectra of internal waves in the pycnocline of the Baltic Sea. Dokl. Earth Sci 412(1):151–153. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X07010357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mowbray DE, Rarity BSH (1967) Theoretical and experimental investigation of the phase configuration of internal waves of small amplitude in a density stratified liquid. J Fluid Mech 28(1):1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller P (1976) On the diffusion of momentum and mass by internal gravity waves. J Fluid Mech 77(4):789–823

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller P, Olbers DJ (1975) On the dynamics of internal waves in the deep ocean. J Geophys Res 80(27):3848–3860

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller P, Olbers DJ, Willebrand J (1978) The IWEX spectrum. J Geophys Res 83(C1):479–500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munk WH (1966) Abyssal recipes. Deep-Sea Res 13:207–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Munk WH (1980) Internal wave spectra at the buoyant and inertial frequencies. J Phys Oceanogr 10:1718–1728

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munk WH (1997) Once again: once again—tidal friction. Prog Oceanogr 40:7–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munk WH, Wunsch C (1998) Abyssal recipes II: energetics of tidal and wind mixing. Deep-Sea Res 45:1977–2010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nansen F (1902) Oceanography of the North Pole basin: Norwegian North Pole expedition, 1893–1896. Scientific results. Longmans and Green, Toronto, pp 1–427

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash JD, Kunze E, Toole JM, Schmitt RW (2004) Internal tide reflection and turbulent mixing on the continental slope. J Phys Oceanogr 34(5):1117–1134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Navrotsky VV, Filyushkin BN (1969) Statistical analysis of time fluctuations of temperature in the surface layer of the sea. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 5(7):408–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Nesterov SV (1970) Resonance generation of internal waves. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 6(7):437–441

    Google Scholar 

  • New AL, da Silva JCB (2002) Remote-sensing evidence for the local generation of internal soliton packets in the central Bay of Biscay. Deep-Sea Res 49:915–934

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olbers DJ (1976) Nonlinear energy transfer and the energy balance of the internal wave field in the deep ocean. J Fluid Mech 74(2):375–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olbers DJ (1983) Models of the oceanic internal wave field. Rev Geophys Space Phys 21(7):1567–1606

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olbers D, Eden C (1990) Revisiting the generation of internal waves by resonant interaction with surface waves. J Phys Oceanogr 20(8):2335–2350

    Google Scholar 

  • Olbers DJ, Herterich K (1979) The spectral energy transfer from surface waves to internal waves in the ocean. J Fluid Mech 92(2):349–380

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olbers DJ, Pomphrey N (1981) Disqualifying two candidates for the energy balance of oceanic internal waves. J Phys Oceanogr 11(10):1423–1425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orlanski I, Bryan K (1969) Formation of the thermocline step-structure by large amplitude internal gravity waves. J Geophys Res 74(28):6975–6983

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osborne AR, Burch TL (1980) Internal solitons in the Andaman Sea. Science 208(4443):451–459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paoletti MS, Drake M, Swinney HL (2014) Internal tide generation in non-uniformly stratified deep oceans. J Geophys Res 119:1943–1956. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry RB, Schimke GR (1965) Large amplitude internal waves observed off the north-west coast of Sumatra. J Geophys Res 70(10):2319–2324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettersson O (1908) Strömstudier vid Őstersjönsportar. Sven Hydrogr Biol Komm Skr 3:13–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips OM (1977) The dynamics of the Upper Ocean, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, NY, p 336

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinkel R (1975) Upper ocean internal wave observations. J Geophys Res 80(27):3892–3910

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polzin K (2004) Idealized solutions for the energy balance of the finescale internal wave field. J Phys Oceanogr 34:231–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polzin KL, Toole JM, Ledwell JR, Schmitt RW (1997) Spatial variability of turbulent mixing in the abyssal ocean. Science 276:93–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prinsenberg S, Rattray M (1975) Effects of continental slope and variable Brunt-Väisälä frequency on the coastal generation of internal tides. Deep-Sea Res 22:251–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Prinsenberg SJ, Wilmot WL, Rattray M (1974) Generation and dissipation of coastal internal tides. Deep-Sea Res 21(4):263–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Qian H, Shaw P-T, Ko DS (2010) Generation of internal waves by barotropic tidal flow over a steep ridge. Deep-Sea Res 57(12):1521–1531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rattray M (1960) On the coastal generation of internal tides. Tellus 12:54–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rattray M, Dworsky J, Kovala P (1969) Generation of long internal waves at the continental slope. Deep-Sea Res 16(Suppl.):179–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Ray RD, Mitchum GT (1997) Surface manifestation of internal tides in deep ocean: observations from altimetry and island gauges. Prog Oceanogr 40:135–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Regal R, Wunsch C (1973) M2-tidal currents in the western North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Res 20(5):493–502

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid JL (1956) Observations of internal tides in October 1950. Trans Am Geophys Union 37(3):15–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhines P (1973) Observation of the energy containing ocean eddies and theoretical models of waves and turbulence. Boundary Layer Meteorol 4(10):345–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rippeth TP, Inall ME (2002) Observations of the internal tide and associated mixing across the Malin Shelf. J Geophys Res 107(C4):3028. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000761

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rooth C, Düing W (1971) On the detection of inertial waves with pycnocline followers. J Phys Oceanogr 1(1):12–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roth MW, Briscoe MG, McComas CH (1981) Internal waves in the upper ocean. J Phys Oceanogr 11(9):1234–1247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruddick BR, Joyce TM (1979) Observations of interactions between the internal wave field and low frequency flows in the North Atlantic. J Phys Oceanogr 9(3):498–517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rudnic P, Cochrane JD (1951) Diurnal fluctuations in bathythermograms. J Mar Res 3:257–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabinin KD (1973) Certain features of short-period internal waves in the ocean, Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 9(1):32–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabinin KD (1982) High frequency internal wave spectra in the equatorial Indian Ocean. Oceanology 22(6):672–683

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabinin KD, Serebryany AN (2005) Intense internal waves in the ocean. J Mar Res 59:327–353. https://doi.org/10.1357/002224001762842235

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabinin KD, Serikov AN (1974) Results from the measurements of the space-time characteristics of short-period internal waves in the tropical Atlantic. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 10(10):650–657

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabinin KD, Shulepov VA (1981) Model of the frequency spectrum of internal waves in the ocean, Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 17(1):48–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabinin KD, Shulepov VA, Filonov AE (1977) Spatial characteristics of tidal internal waves in the Iberian Basin. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 13(8):588–593

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabinin KD, Nazarov AA, Serikov AN (1987) Study of high amplitude internal waves near steep bottom rises, Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 23(11):879–886

    Google Scholar 

  • Samelson RM (1998) Large-scale circulation with locally enhanced vertical mixing. J Phys Oceanogr 28:712–726

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samodurov AS (1982) Model of the climatic spectrum of internal waves in the ocean. Oceanology 22(2):130–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandström H, Elliott JA (1984) Internal tide and solitons on the Scotian Shelf: a nutrient pump at work. J Geophys Res 89(C4):6415–6426. https://doi.org/10.1029/JC089iC04p06415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer C (1983) Tidal phase of internal wave generation. J Geophys Res 88(4):2642–2648

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schott F (1971) On the horizontal coherence and internal wave propagation in the North Sea. Deep-Sea Res 18(3):291–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Schott F (1977) On the energetics of baroclinic tides in the North Atlantic. Ann Geophys 33:41–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Schott F, Willebrand J (1973) On the determination of internal wave directional spectra from moored instruments. J Mar Res 31(2):116–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Serebryaniy AN (1985) Internal waves in the coastal zone of a tidal sea. Oceanology 25(5):574–578

    Google Scholar 

  • Siedler G (1974) Observations of internal wave coherence in the deep ocean. Deep-Sea Res 21(8):597–610

    Google Scholar 

  • Sjöberg B, Stigebrandt A (1992) Computations of the geographical distribution of the energy flux to mixing process via internal tides and the associated vertical circulation in the ocean. Deep-Sea Res 39:269–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson TN (1968) Some two-dimensional internal waves in a stratified fluid. J Fluid Mech 33(4):715–720

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiyama Y, Niwa Y, Hibiya T (2009) Numerically reproduced internal wave spectra in the deep ocean. Geophys Res Lett 36:L07601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Summers HJ, Emery KO (1963) Internal waves of tidal period off Southern California. J Geophys Res 68(3):827–840

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tareev BA (1965) Baroclinic internal waves induced during overflow of bottom irregularities and their influence on sedimentation in the ocean. Oceanology 5(1):45–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Tareev BA (1966) Dynamics of internal gravity waves in a continuously stratified ocean. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 2(10):1064–1075

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe SA (1966) On wave interactions in a stratified fluid. J Fluid Mech 24(4):737–751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe SA (1975) The excitation, dissipation, and interaction of internal waves in the deep ocean. J Geophys Res 80(3):328–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomczak M (1967) Uber den Einfluss fluktulerender Windfelder auf ein stetig geschichtetes Meer. Dt Hydrogr Ztschr 20(3):101–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torgrimson GM, Hickey BM (1979) Barotropic and baroclinic tides over the continental slope and shelf off Oregon. J Phys Oceanogr 9:945–961

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner JS (1973) Buoyancy effects in fluids. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • van Haren H (2005b) Internal waves near the buoyancy frequency in a narrow wave-guide. Deep-Sea Res 53:121–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Vlasenko VI (1992) Nonlinear model for the generation of baroclinic tides over extensive inhomogeneities of bottom topography. Phys Oceanogr (Morskoy gidrofizicheskiy zhurnal) 3:417–424

    Google Scholar 

  • Vlasenko VI, Morozov EG (1993) Generation of semidiurnal internal waves near a submarine ridge. Oceanology 33(3):282–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Vlasenko V, Stashchuk N, Hutter K (2002) Water exchange in fjords induced by tidally generated internal lee waves. Dyn Atmosph Oceans 35(1):63–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vlasenko V, Stashchuk N, Hutter K (2005) Baroclinic tides: theoretical modeling and observational evidence. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p 351

    Google Scholar 

  • Voit SS (1959) Waves at the interface between two fluids generated by a travelling pressure system. Proc Marine Hydrophysical Inst 17:33–40 [in Russian]

    Google Scholar 

  • Voorhis AD (1968) Measurements of vertical motion and partition of energy in the New England slope water. Deep-Sea Res 15(5):599–608

    Google Scholar 

  • Voronovich AG (1975) Resonance, three-wave interaction between internal waves. Oceanology 15(5):773–780

    Google Scholar 

  • Voronovich AG, Goncharov VV (1982) Influence of large-scale motions on the propagation of short internal waves. Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Atmosph Oceanic Phys 18(1):55–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Weston DE, Reay WW (1969) Tidal-period internal waves in a tidal stream. Deep-Sea Res 16(5):473–478

    Google Scholar 

  • Wunsch C (1975a) Deep ocean internal waves: what do we really know? J Geophys Res 80(3):339–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wunsch C (1975b) Internal tides in the ocean. Rev Geophys Space Phys 13(1):167–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wunsch C, Dahlen J (1974) A moored temperature and pressure recorder. Deep-Sea Res 21:145–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Wunsch C, Ferrari R (2004) Vertical mixing, energy, and the general circulation of the oceans. Ann Rev Fluid Mech 36:281–314. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.36.050802.122121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wunsch C, Hendry R (1972) Array measurements of the bottom boundary layer and internal wave field on the continental slope. Geophys Fluid Dyn 4(2):101–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wunsch C, Webb S (1979) The climatology of deep ocean internal waves. J Phys Oceanogr 9(2):235–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeilon N (1911) On tidal boundary waves and related hydrodynamical problems. Kgl sven vetenskapsakad handl 47(4):1–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziegenbein J (1969) Short internal waves in the Strait of Gibraltar. Deep-Sea Res 16(5):479–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziegenbein J (1970) Spatial observations of short internal waves in the Strait of Gibraltar. Deep-Sea Res 17(5):867–876

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eugene G. Morozov .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Morozov, E.G. (2018). Modern Concepts About Oceanic Internal Waves. In: Oceanic Internal Tides: Observations, Analysis and Modeling. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73159-9_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics