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Using Holocaust Testimony in Primary Education: An Initial Inquiry

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Part of the book series: The Holocaust and its Contexts ((HOLC))

Abstract

Carnes, Wiedeman, and Street investigate the potential for testimony-based educational activities, delivered through IWitness, to effectively, appropriately, and safely engage primary school age children in Holocaust education. The chapter is based on a recent study that examined how testimony as an integrated element of a Holocaust education program successfully prompted critical thinking, empathy, and historical understanding among young students. Leveraging digital testimony led children to want to learn about Holocaust education, facilitating and activating their curiosity and desire to go deeper into the topic, suggesting that testimony-based education can address some of the concerns raised about the applicability of Holocaust education in primary grades.

The findings of this paper are based on two internal reports prepared for USC Shoah Foundation – The Institute for Visual History and Education as part of its monitoring and evaluation program: Gayle Kolodny Cole, “Potential Use of IWitness in Elementary Classrooms” (2016), and Ilene Berson, “Evaluation Report – IWitness Chicago Pilot” (2015). Please do not cite without permission of the authors.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Simone Schweber, ‘“What Happened to Their Pets?”: Third Graders Encounter the Holocaust’, Teachers College Record, 110 (10) (2008), pp. 2073–2115; Louise Jennings, ‘Challenges and possibilities of Holocaust education and critical citizenship: An ethnographic study of a fifth-grade bilingual class revisited’, Prospects, 40 (35) (2010), pp. 35–46; Samuel Totten, ‘The start is as important as the finish: Establishing a foundation for the study of the Holocaust’, Social Education, 62 (2) (1998), pp. 70–76; Samuel Totten, Holocaust Education: Issues and Approaches (Michigan, 2002); Elizabeth Spalding, Tom Savage and Jesus Garcia, ‘The march of remembrance and hope: Teaching and learning about diversity and social justice through the Holocaust’, Teachers College Record, 109 (6) (2007), pp. 1423–1456; Paula Cowan and Henry Maitles, ‘More Open to Diversity? The Longer Term Citizenship Impact of Learning about the Holocaust’, in Alistair Ross and Peter Cunningham (eds.), Reflecting Identities: Research, Practice and Innovation: Proceedings of the Tenth Conference of the Children’s Identity and Citizenship in Europe (London, 2008), pp. 521–530; Beth Yeager et al., ‘Rights, respect, and responsibility: Toward a theory of action in two bilingual classrooms,’ In Judith P. Robertson (ed.), Teaching for a Tolerant World: Essays and resources (Chicago, 1999), pp. 196–218; Geoffrey Short, ‘Holocaust education in the primary school: Some reflections on an emergent debate’, London Review of Education, 1 (2) (2003), pp. 119–129.

  2. 2.

    Cowan and Maitles, ‘More open to Diversity?’, p. 523.

  3. 3.

    United States Holocaust Museum, ‘Age Appropriateness’ [consulted on September 30, 2016] available on the World Wide Web: https://www.ushmm.org/educators/teaching-about-the-holocaust/age-appropriateness

  4. 4.

    Samuel Totten, ‘Should there be Holocaust education for K-4 students? The answer is no’, Social Sciences and Young Learners, 12 (1) (1999), pp. 36–39.

  5. 5.

    Schweber, ‘“What happened to their pets?”’, p. 2077.

  6. 6.

    Cole, ‘Potential uses of IWitness in elementary classrooms’, p. 3.

  7. 7.

    USC Shoah Foundation, ‘Guidelines for Teaching with Testimony’, 2016 [accessed July 1, 2016]: iwitness.usc.edu/educators

  8. 8.

    USC Shoah Foundation, ‘Codification of Education Programmes’ Internal Document, 2015, pp. 1–2.

  9. 9.

    Jerome Bruner, ‘The act of discovery’, Harvard Educational Review, 31 (1961) pp. 21–32; Lev Vygotsky, Mind in society: The development of higher mental processes (Cambridge, MA, 1978); Ceri B Dean et al. (eds.), Classroom instruction that works: Research-based strategies for increasing student achievement 2nd ed. (Denver, CO, 2012).

  10. 10.

    Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic, Critical race theory: An introduction, 2nd ed. (New York, 2012); Gloria Ladson-Billings and William Tate, ‘Toward a critical race theory of education’, Teachers College Record, 97 (1) (1995), pp. 47–67.

  11. 11.

    We have adopted the use of a pseudonym to protect the privacy of the minors participating in this study.

  12. 12.

    The teacher had participated in multi-day professional development programs focused on teaching the Holocaust offered by USHMM, Echoes and Reflections and Facing History and Ourselves.

  13. 13.

    John W. Cresswell and Vicki L. Plano-Clark, Designing and conducting mixed methods research (Thousand Oaks, CA, 2007).

  14. 14.

    While some gains were noted on this outcome, given the focus of this study on the relevance of using testimony in support of Holocaust education, these data have been excluded in order to more fully explore the analysis of data related to the remaining outcomes more directly related to responsible participation in society.

  15. 15.

    Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke, ‘Using thematic analysis in psychology’, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2) 2006, pp. 77–101.

  16. 16.

    Johnny Saldana, The coding manual for qualitative researchers, 2nd ed. (London, 2013); Braun and Clarke, ‘Using thematic analysis in psychology,’, pp. 77–101.

  17. 17.

    Word cloud generated utilizing the Wordle webform http://www.wordle.net/

  18. 18.

    Carmel McNaught and Paul Lam, ‘Using Wordle as a supplementary research tool’, The Qualitative Report, 15 (3), 2010, pp. 630–643.

  19. 19.

    Daniel Goleman, Social Intelligence (New York, 2006).

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Carnes, A.M., Street, K., Wiedeman, C.R. (2018). Using Holocaust Testimony in Primary Education: An Initial Inquiry. In: Szejnmann, CC., Cowan, P., Griffiths, J. (eds) Holocaust Education in Primary Schools in the Twenty-First Century. The Holocaust and its Contexts. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73099-8_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73099-8_2

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  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-73098-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-73099-8

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