Abstract
This chapter explores the transformative role played by Oxford in Harry’s life, when this aspiring clergyman took up his Rhodes Scholarship in the years just prior to World War I. It shows how this moralistic and priggish young man was introduced to new ideas from the fields of psychology, the psychology of religion and Hellenism, which drastically reshaped his sense of values. By exposing him to new concepts of interiority, the value of emotions and the importance of personal friendships, his studies together with his participation in the Student Christian Movement pushed him to question orthodox Christianity and to embrace new concepts of masculinity which challenged dominant notions of military and imperial manhood.
“Like many Oxonians he cultivates his emotions at the expense of his intellect, which may account for his attractiveness.”
“Some Types”, The Isis (14 May 1910), 321
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Notes
- 1.
Tosh, A Man’s Place, 174–7; Tosh, “Gentlemanly Politeness and Manly Simplicity in Victorian England”, 455–72; Roper and Tosh, eds., Manful Assertions, especially Tosh, “Domesticity and Manliness in the Victorian Middle-Class”, 44–73; Tosh, “Masculinities in an Industrializing Society”, 330–42; Putney, Muscular Christianity; Vance, The Sinews of the Spirit, 188–93.
- 2.
Deslandes, Oxbridge Men, 9.
- 3.
Deslandes, Oxbridge Men, 2; Weber, Our Friend ‘The Enemy’, 110–27; Lubenow, The Cambridge Apostles, 1820–1914.
- 4.
UBCA, HTLFP, 9:8, Speeches 1911–29, Harry Tremaine Logan, “Some Impressions of Oxford”, Presbyterian College, Montreal, Literary Society Meeting, 1911–12.
- 5.
Scholz and Hornbeck, Oxford and the Rhodes Scholarships, 9, 33, 48.
- 6.
UBCA, HTLFP, Box, 7:4, “Lecture Notes—Theology”, Lecture XXI “Doctrine of Creation: Pres. Position”, c. 1915.
- 7.
Lubenow, The Cambridge Apostles, 78–86; Cole, Modernism, Male Friendship and the First World War; Rose, The Edwardian Temperament, 3, 18, 42; Rosner, Modernism and the Architecture of Private Life, 33.
- 8.
LAC, LF, MG 30 C216, 10:9, H to mother, 5 Mar. 1907.
- 9.
LAC, LF, 10:10, H to parents, 26 Sep. 1908. The concept of manliness in terms of maturity in contrast with boyhood is analysed by Ellis, “‘Boys, Semi-Men and Bearded Scholars’”, 263–82.
- 10.
UBCA, HTLFP, 1:2, Cecil Rhodes to dear Hawksley, n.d. July 1899; ibid., n.d. Rhodes to Hawksley; ibid., Charles Colby, Professor of History, McGill University to the Rhodes Scholarship Committee of British Columbia, n.d. 1908; W. Scott, Professor of Classics, McGill University to Rhodes Scholarship Committee, 24 Feb. 1908; D.S. Tyndale to Rhodes Scholarship Committee, 27 Apr. 1908; Murray G. Brooks, President of Y.M.C.A. McGill University to Rhodes Scholarship Committee, n.d. 1908.
- 11.
Berger, The Sense of Power, 218–32. On concepts of colonial nationalism more broadly, see Eddy and Schreuder, eds., The Rise of Colonial Nationalism. It is noteworthy, that one of the leading promoters of the Rhodes Trust was a Canadian, Sir George W. Parkin, who wrote The Rhodes Scholarship. Harry’s tutors, Sidney Ball and Ernest Barker, belonged to Lionel Curtis’ Round Table which promoted a more centralized vision of liberal imperialism. See Kendle, The Round Table Movement and Imperial Union.
- 12.
LAC, LF, 10:10, H, 28 Sep. 1908.
- 13.
LAC, LF, 11:2, H, 23 Oct. 1910.
- 14.
Ellis, “Maturity and Manliness”, 263–82.
- 15.
LAC, LF, 10:10, H to parents, 28 Sep. 1908, 6 Oct. 1908.
- 16.
LAC, LF, 10:10, H to parents, 19 Sep. 1908.
- 17.
LAC, LF, 10:10, H to parents, 11 Oct. 1908, ibid., H to parents, 22 Nov. 1908.
- 18.
LAC, LF, 10:10, H to parents, n.d. 1908.
- 19.
LAC, LF, 10:11, H to parents, 31 Jan. 1909, 6 Nov. 1908; 15 Nov. 1908; ibid., 10:10, Harry to parents, 23 Nov. 1908. On the normative nature of undergraduate frivolity, see “Life at Oxford”, Modern Man, 16 Jan. 1909; “The Spirits of the Varsity: Glimpses of Undergraduate Life”, Modern Man, 23 Oct. 1909.
- 20.
LAC, LF, 10:8, H to parents, 15 Sep. 1906.
- 21.
LAC, Graham Spry Fonds, MG 30 D297, 1:6, Graham to mother, 3 Jan. 1923.
- 22.
LAC, LF, 10:11, H to parents, 2 May 1909.
- 23.
LAC, LF, 11:3, H to father, 10 Jan. 1911.
- 24.
LAC, LF, 10:10, H to parents, 18 Oct. 1908.
- 25.
LAC, Spry Fonds, 1:9, Graham to mother, 28 Dec. 1925.
- 26.
LAC, LF, 10:10, H to parents, 18 Oct. 1908, 25 Oct. 1908.
- 27.
LAC, LF, 10:10, H to Willie, 29 Oct. 1908; ibid., H to parents, 12 Dec. 1908. In some quarters, wearing a monocle was a sign of being a fop. See “Are You a Fop?”, Modern Man, 2 Jan. 1909. See also, “What is a Gentleman?”, Modern Man, 28 Nov. 1908, which argued that the modern use of the term associated it with the conduct of self-restraint rather than wealth.
- 28.
LAC, LF, 14:7, H to “Bilious” [Willie], 15 Nov. 1910.
- 29.
LAC, LF, 10:11, H to parents, 14 Feb. 1909.
- 30.
LAC, LF, 10:10, H to parents, 25 Oct. 1908, Harry to parents, n.d. 1908.
- 31.
Rhodes House Archives, Oxford, Harry T. Logan biographical file, Harry Logan to F.J. Wylie, 16 Jan. 1925.
- 32.
LAC, LF, 10:10, H to parents, 18 Oct. 1908. For Pater’s concept of knowledge, see Turner, The Greek Heritage in Victorian Britain, 353–4. On Pater and homoerotic desire, see Dowling, Hellenism and Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford; Adams, “Pater’s Muscular Aestheticism”, 215–38; Dellamora, Masculine Desire. On Sidney Ball, see Ball, Sidney Ball, 212.
- 33.
LAC, LF, 10:10, H to parents, 18 Oct. 1908.
- 34.
LAC, LF, 10:8, H to mother, 11 Nov. 1906; ibid., 10:9, H to mother, 26 Feb. 1907; McGill Outlook, 8 Oct. 1906.
- 35.
LAC, LF, 10:11, H to parents, 2 May 1909, 6 Nov. 1908, 15 Nov. 1908.
- 36.
St. John’s College Archives, Oxford, St. John’s College Debating Society, Minute Book, 9 Nov. 1908.
- 37.
LAC, LF, 11:1, H to parents, 12 June 1910.
- 38.
LAC, LF, 10:10, H to parents, n.d. 1908.
- 39.
LAC, LF, 10:10, 11 Oct. 1908.
- 40.
LAC, Spry Fonds, 1:6, Graham to mother, 3 Jan. 1923.
- 41.
R.A. Scott-James, “A First Encounter”, The English Review, Oct. 1912, 445.
- 42.
Vance, Sinews of the Spirit, 188–9; Bederman, Manliness and Civilization, 11–18; Mangan, The Games Ethic and Imperialism; Crotty, Making the Australian Male.
- 43.
White, Efficiency and Empire, 71–98; Greenslade, Degeneration, Culture and the Novel; Pick, Faces of Degeneration; Bourke, Dismembering the Male, 171–209.
- 44.
UBCA, HTLFP, 24:1, Pocket Diary, 23 Oct. 1907.
- 45.
LAC, LF, 11:1, H to parents, 6 Mar. 1910.
- 46.
Ball, Sidney Ball, 212; LAC, LF, 10:10, H to parents, 19 Sep. 1908.
- 47.
LAC, LF, 11:2, H to parents, 20 Sep. 1910.
- 48.
Similar critiques of intellectualism occurred in even more extreme antisemitic forms in France. See Forth, The Dreyfus Affair and the Crisis of French Manhood; Vila, “The Philosophe’s Stomach”, 89–104. On the need to use a fit body to rid the bookworm of a priggish preoccupation with sin, see “Sin”, Modern Man, 23 Jan. 1909; E.L. Robertson, “How to Put on Flesh”, Modern Man, 6 Feb. 1909.
- 49.
UBCA, HTLFP, 7:20, “Notebooks St. John’s Oxford—Philosophy Essays for Mr. Ball”, “Justice” and “Courage a Moral Quality”, n.d.
- 50.
Putney, Muscular Christianity, 1–4.
- 51.
Quoted in Cohen, Talk on the Wilde Side, 40–1.
- 52.
LAC, LF, 10:9, H to mother, 27 Jan. 1907.
- 53.
“Sandow’s Health Time-Table”, Modern Man, 28 Nov. 1908; “Sandow’s Spring-Grip Dumbbells”, Modern Man, 28 Nov. 1908, the latter directed significantly to both men and women.
- 54.
LAC, LF, 14:7, H to Willie, 21 Nov. 1907. The fact that Harry was writing in this vein to his successful banker brother tends to reaffirm the view articulated in Hammond Mills, “The Muscular Millionaire—A Portrait”, Modern Man, 21 Nov. 1908, which equated muscularity, rather than corpulence, with financial success.
- 55.
On his “total collapse” in 1910, see LAC, LF, 11:1, H to parents, 6 May 1910. For a discussion of the variety of male body types in this period, see Begiato, “Between Poise and Power”, 125–47.
- 56.
LAC, LF, 10:9, H to parents, 17 Feb. 1908.
- 57.
Peter Gilchrist, “Where Men Foregather—The Athletic Club”, Modern Man, 10 Apr. 1909; W.S. Eckford, “How Games Mold Character”, Modern Man, 21 Aug. 1909.
- 58.
F.R. Lawson, “Cross-Country Running: A Sport for Cold Weather”, Modern Man, 21 Nov. 1908; Colin McBean, “Imagination and Sport”, Modern Man, 5 Dec. 1908; “The Quarter Mile”, Modern Man, 22 May 1909; “For Cross-Country Men”, Modern Man, 5 Dec. 1908. These articles would have been of particular interest to Harry who ran both the quarter and half mile. For the latter, see UBCA, HTLFP, Box 5, Exeter College Athletics, “Stranger’s Race”, 11 Mar. 1909.
- 59.
“Lacrosse: A Winter Game that Deserves Greater Popularity”, Modern Man, 16 Oct. 1909.
- 60.
For Walter Pater’s equation between the male body and Greek sculpture, see Adams, “Pater’s Muscular Aestheticism”, 215–16. Eugene Sandow used a similar trope in his physical fitness movement. See Budd, The Sculpture Machine. The goalie for his team was Gustave Lanctot, a Rhodes scholar from Quebec who later became the Dominion Archivist. UBCA, HTLFP, 5 “Lacrosse—Oxford University vs Cambridge University”, 3 Mar. 1910.
- 61.
LAC, LF, 1:12, H to Gwyneth Murray, 30 Dec. 1914. For the culture of touch during World War I, see Das, Touch and Intimacy; Bourke, Dismembering the Male, 124–70.
- 62.
LAC, LF, 11:2, H to parents, 3 July 1910.
- 63.
The concept of “disciplined reserve” was drawn from Pater, Marius the Epicurean, a book on Sidney Ball’s reading list.
- 64.
Dearmer, Body and Soul. For a review of his book, see “Mental Healing”, The Isis, 22 Jan. 1909.
- 65.
B. Marsden, “Uniform Power”, Modern Man, 19 Dec. 1908; “The Lady-Killer: A Military Sketch”, Modern Man, 13 Feb. 1909; “Smartness: Military and Civilian”, Modern Man, 27 Feb. 1909.
- 66.
“The Lonely Chap”, Modern Man, 13 Mar. 1909.
- 67.
LAC, LF, 10:10, H to parents, n.d. 1908.
- 68.
LAC, LF, 10:12, H to parents, 6 Aug. 1909; ibid., 11:3, H to father, 9 Apr. 1911. See also LF, 10:11, H to Willie, 23 May 1909; ibid., 10:12, H to Willie, 8 July 1909.
- 69.
These views were enunciated in England by G.K. Chesterton and Walt Whitman whom Harry avidly read. See “Blood and Iron”, The Isis (28 May 1910), 401.
- 70.
LAC, LF, 11:3, H to father, 28 May 1911. There were competing notions of manhood at work in the army. See “Where Men are Bred—Army Life”, Modern Man, 18 Sep. 1909; Godfrey Burwood, “Another Oscar Wilde Case: A Sensational Exposure”, Modern Man, 11 Dec. 1909, which saw the British army as a nest of “degenerates”.
- 71.
LAC, LF, 10:11, H to parents, 7 Feb. 1909. He also drew a corollary between boyhood and Canadian colonial nationalism. However, it should be emphasized that there were differences in perspective between men of each of the settlement colonies about the meaning of imperial federation. See Schreuder, “Empire: Australia and ‘Greater Britain’, 1788–1909”, 511–34.
- 72.
Schreuder, The Scramble For Southern Africa, 1877–1895.
- 73.
Parkin may have extolled the Rhodesian vision of empire in his public pronouncements, but in fact his concerns lay with colonial nationalism. See Parkin, The Rhodes Scholarship, 11–12; LAC, LF, 11:3, H to parents, 29 Jan. 1911.
- 74.
LAC, LF, 10:11, H to parents, 21 Feb. 1909. Not surprisingly, Harry was a promoter of Irish Home Rule. On this point, see ibid., 11:2, H to parents, 3 July 1910.
- 75.
Berger, The Sense of Power, 46.
- 76.
LAC, LF, 11:3, H to mother, 27 Mar. 1911.
- 77.
LAC, LF, 14:1, R.M. Rive to ‘Low Gan’, 7 Dec. 1911. His moniker for Harry was a reference to Harry’s anti-oriental sentiments as a Vancouver native. This was a different trope than that outlined by Davin, “Imperialism and Motherhood”, 9–65.
- 78.
LAC, LF, 10:10, H to parents, 25 Oct. 1908.
- 79.
UBCA, HTLFP, 4, “Oxford University Colonial Club”, where Harry occupied the executive; LAC, LF, 11:1, H to parents, 15 May 1910. On teashops as masculine sites, see Peter Gilchrist, “Where Men Foregather—The Teashop”, Modern Man, 17 Apr. 1909. There were also more formal annual dinners for the Rhodes Scholarship Trust, some of which, to Harry’s profound dismay, involved “bibulous utterances”. See LAC, LF, 10:12, H to parents, 5 June 1909, commenting on the Rhodes dinner where W.T. Stead, that great critic of Oscar Wilde, was the guest of honour. On Stead, see Richards, “‘Passing the Love of Women’: Manly Love and Victorian Society”, 92–119; McLaren, The Trials of Masculinity, 30. Harry later worked on the Fairbridge scheme in British Columbia. See Jeffery and Sherrington, Fairbridge: Empire and Child Migration.
- 80.
LAC, LF, 10:11, H to parents, 28 Feb. 1909.
- 81.
LAC, LF, 10:8, H to parents, 11 Nov. 1906.
- 82.
LAC, LF, 16:1, E.A. Spaulding to H, 4 Aug. 1911.
- 83.
LAC, LF, 10:11, H to parents, 10 Jan. 1909.
- 84.
LAC, LF, 10:11, H to parents, 14 Feb. 1909.
- 85.
Collini, Liberalism and Sociology.
- 86.
UBCA, HTLFP, 5, Sidney Ball, “Current Sociology”, Mind, n.d., 4–24. For the concept of playing the “soul-card” as an aspect of masculine maturation, see A.M. Kirke, “Soul-Weighing”, Modern Man, 19 Dec. 1908.
- 87.
On this point we differ from Stefan Collini, “The Idea of ‘Character’ in Victorian Political Thought”, 29–50, who situates Ball within an older Victorian cluster of ideas, whereas we have stressed his modernism.
- 88.
Micklem, The Box and the Puppets, 33.
- 89.
LAC, LF, 10:11, Harry to parents, 31 Jan. 1909. After first hearing Mott speak in the fall of 1908, Harry commented that he “is getting quite a hold on Oxford in the way of Bible Study work and Men’s Y endeavor”. See ibid., 10:10, H to parents, 22 Nov. 1908.
- 90.
“Isis Idols—Mr. John R. Mott”, The Isis (14 Nov. 1908), 86; A.H.M.L. “Review of The Quest for the Historical Jesus”, The Isis (11 June 1910), 451–2.
- 91.
MUA, MG 4037, Murray G. Brooks, “My Life at Stanstead and McGill, 1902–1910”. Brooks wrote for Harry’s Rhodes scholarship and later was a YMCA missionary in Ceylon [Sri Lanka].
- 92.
Quoted in Putney, Muscular Christianity, 73.
- 93.
MUA, Brooks, “My Life at Stanstead and McGill”.
- 94.
On the importance of Nietzsche in modern views of gender and sexuality in Edwardian England see Delap, The Feminist Avant-Garde, 258–65.
- 95.
UBCA, HTLFP, 4:7, R.E. Welsh, A Call to Young Canada (Board of Education, Presbyterian Church in Canada, n.d.), 14; John R. Mott, “The Secret Prayer Life (London: British College Christian Union, n.d.), 5–6; The Social Needs and the Colleges of North America (International Committee of Young Men’s Christian Associations, 1914), 5. For a discussion of the transition from concepts of character to personality, see Susman, “‘Personality’ and the Making of Twentieth-Century Culture”, 212–26. For the spread of popular psychology in England in this period, see Thomson, Psychological Subjects.
- 96.
LAC, LF, 11:2, H to parents, 23 Oct. 1910.
- 97.
Rose, The Edwardian Temperament, 3. On personal influence, see UBCA, HTLFP, 9:8, Harry Logan, “Personal Influence”, 2 Nov. 1911; ibid., “Sincerity—A Christian Virtue”, 12 Nov. 1911.
- 98.
LAC, LF, 11:2, Harry to parents, 28 Aug. 1910. He made this comment in relation to Rosfrith Murray with regard to her relationship with George Curtis, an American Rhodes Scholar and later Democratic congressional candidate. On the links between religion, sexuality and male love and their intersection with Hellenism, see Brady, Masculinity and Male Homosexuality, 177–8.
- 99.
Corrigan, Business of the Heart, 122–3, 128, 139–57. For the emotional strain within Reformation piety, see Karant-Nunn, The Reformation of Feeling. For twentieth-century Canadian Protestantism, see Christie and Gauvreau, A Full-Orbed Christianity, Chaps. 1 and 2. For the decline of emotional revivalism, see Rawlyk, The Canada Fire; Van Die, “‘The Marks of a Genuine Revival’”; Airhart, Serving the Present Age.
- 100.
For this psychological turn within Presbyterianism and the privileging of the emotions, see Dixon, From Passions to Emotions, 200–1.
- 101.
Tosh, “Manliness and Masculinities”, 31.
- 102.
Dixon, Weeping Britannia, 211.
- 103.
Quoted in Ackerman, The Cambridge Ritualists, 105.
- 104.
Dixon, From Passions to Emotions, 208–28; Dixon, Weeping Britannia, 151.
- 105.
Taves, Fits, Trances and Visions, 260–88.
- 106.
Rose, The Edwardian Temperament, 89.
- 107.
Cocks, “Religion and Spirituality”, 157–79.
- 108.
LAC, LF, 11:4, H to father, 11 July 1911.
- 109.
Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture.
- 110.
Wacker, Heaven Below: Early Pentecostals and American Culture; Opp, The Lord for the Body.
- 111.
For accounts of the Baslow camp in 1910, see The Belper News, 22 July 1910, 6; The Derby Daily Telegraph, 11 July 1910, 2.
- 112.
GCA, GCPP Pym, “Memoirs of Dora Pym”, n.d. 1914. His work was also read by the celebrated architect Sir Edward and Lady Emily Lutyens and in Canada was read by young Methodists, such as Alice Chown, the sister of the fiancée of Harry’s friend Murray Brooks. See Wilson, After the Victorians, 90. For Canada, see MacLaren, “Sex Radicalism in the Canadian Northwest, 1890–1920”, 527–46.
- 113.
Quoted in Brady, Masculinity and Male Homosexuality, 195. Much of our discussion on Carpenter is based on Brady’s analysis, 194–7, 205–7.
- 114.
Carpenter, Love’s Coming-of-Age, 105.
- 115.
MUA, Brooks, “My Life at Stanstead and McGill”.
- 116.
Christie, “‘Proper Government and Discipline’: Family Religion and Masculine Authority in Nineteenth-Century Canada”, 389–412; Christie, “Young Men and the Creation of Civic Christianity in Urban Methodist Churches, 1880–1914”, 79–105; Dirks, “Reinventing Christian Masculinity and Fatherhood: The Canadian Protestant Experience, 1900–1920”, 290–316.
- 117.
UBCA, HTLFP, 33:1, John Logan, “A Patriarch’s Address to his Family”, n.d.
- 118.
LAC, LF, 11:2, H to parents, 28 July 1910.
- 119.
LAC, LF, 11:2, H to parents, 28 Aug. 1910. On social Christianity, see Christie and Gauvreau, A Full-Orbed Christianity; for church union, see Airhart, A Church with the Soul of a Nation.
- 120.
LAC, LF, 11:1, H to parents, 23 Apr. 1910, 15 May 1910, 12 June 1910.
- 121.
LAC, LF, 10:8, H to parents, 22 Sep. 1906.
- 122.
MUA, Brooks, “My Life at Stanstead and McGill”.
- 123.
LAC, LF, 101:10, H to parents, 22 Mar. 1908.
- 124.
LAC, LF, 11:3, H to father, 25 June 1911.
- 125.
LAC, LF, 11:3, H to father, 10 Jan. 1911.
- 126.
LAC, LF, 11:3, H to Willie, 19 Jan. 1911.
- 127.
LAC, LF, 11:3, H to father, 10 Jan. 1911.
- 128.
R.B. Hunter, “The Parson’s Son”, Modern Man, 23 Jan. 1909.
- 129.
There is a growing historiography on the issue of fatherhood, but see two splendid syntheses: Fletcher, Growing Up in England, 1–22, 368; Tosh, A Man’s Place, 145–69.
- 130.
Stansky, “On or About December 1910”, 2.
- 131.
“The Father’s Part”, Modern Man, 27 Mar. 1909.
- 132.
LAC, LF, 10:10, H to parents, 1 Nov. 1908.
- 133.
LAC, LF, 11:4, Lady Ada Murray to H, 26 Nov. 1911. See, on the emotional closeness between mothers and sons in the early twentieth century, Roper, “Maternal Relations, Moral Manliness and Emotional Survival in Letters Home during the First World War”, 295–315.
- 134.
LAC, LF, 11:2, H to mother, 20 Sep. 1910; ibid., 11:3, H to mother, 9 Apr. 1911.
- 135.
LAC, LF, 11:3, H to parents, 5 Mar. 1911; ibid., 10:10, H to father, 20 Nov. 1908. For a reference to physical correction from his father, see ibid., 10:11, H to parents, 5 Apr. 1909.
- 136.
On the importance of exploring the family as a site of social regulation, see Christie and Gauvreau, eds., Mapping the Margins.
- 137.
LAC, LF, 10:8, H to mother, 14 Oct. 1906.
- 138.
LAC, LF, 10:10, H to parents, 1 Nov. 1908.
- 139.
LAC, LF, 11:1, H to parents, 7 Apr. 1910.
- 140.
LAC, LF, 10:11, H to parents, 13 Mar. 1909.
- 141.
LAC, LF, 10:11, H to parents, 28 Feb. 1909.
- 142.
LAC, LF, 11:2, H to parents, 27 Nov. 1910.
- 143.
LAC, LF, 10:11, H to parents, 7 Feb. 1909, 28 Feb. 1909.
- 144.
Francis, “The Domestication of the Male?”, 637–52.
- 145.
For Harry’s persistent attempts to persuade his father to allow him to take the position of Bible Secretary for the British Christian Student Union, see LAC, LF, 11:2, H to parents, 6 Nov. 1910; ibid., 11:2, H to parents, 22 Nov. 1910; ibid., 11:2, H to parents, 27 Nov. 1910; ibid., 11:2, H to father, 7 Dec. 1910; ibid., 11:2, H to parents, 16 Dec. 1910; ibid., 11:3, H to father, 2 Apr. 1911; ibid., 11:3, H to father, 28 Apr. 1911; ibid., 11:3, H to mother, 30 May 1911.
- 146.
See LAC, LF, 10:8, H to mother, 25 Nov. 1907; ibid., 11:1, H to parents, 16 Apr. 1910; ibid., 11:1, 10 June 1910; ibid., 11:3, H to parents, 11 Feb. 1911.
- 147.
LAC, LF, 11:2, H to father, 22 Nov. 1910. For Hellenism and the views of Matthew Arnold, see Collini, ed., Matthew Arnold, ix–xxiv.
- 148.
Rose, The Edwardian Temperament, 73–4.
- 149.
LAC, LF, 11:4, H to father, 5 June 1911.
- 150.
LAC, LF, 11:3, H to father, 21 May 1911, H to mother, 23 May 1911; ibid., 11:4, H to parents, 14 June 1911.
- 151.
LAC, LF, 11:1, H to parents, 15 May 1910; ibid., 11:2, Harry to parents, 6 Nov. 1910.
- 152.
LAC, LF, 14:5, Macdonnell to H, 12 Mar. 1912.
- 153.
LAC, LF, 11:2, H to parents, 3 Oct. 1910.
- 154.
Scholz and Hornbeck, Oxford and the Rhodes Scholarships, 51. On the bachelor’s quarters or den within the home, see Breward, The Hidden Consumer, 180.
- 155.
LAC, Grant Fonds, 12, Grant to mother, 6 Nov. 1894.
- 156.
LAC, LF, 11:2, John Thomson to Aunt Barbara, 18 Dec. 1910; ibid., 14:7, H to Willie, 10 Oct. 1910; ibid., 11:2, Harry to parents, 27 Nov. 1910. For the focus upon feminine beauty and the constant lampooning of women’s suffrage in Punch, see Adburgham, A Punch History of Manners and Modes, 1841–1940, 248–53. For undergraduate student antics, see Deslandes, Oxbridge Men, 154. Pianists did not conform to conventional models of athletic masculinity because, as the author of “The Pianist’s Grip” noted, they were “poet-looking chaps”, who were pale, thin and smoked, an image that closely resembled Harry himself, although while pianists were not Sandows, they did have extremely strong hands!, Modern Man, 26 Dec. 1908.
- 157.
LAC, LF, 11:3, H to father, 10 Jan. 1911; ibid., 11:2, H to parents, 9 Oct. 1910, 16 Oct. 1910; ibid., 10:11, H to mother, 4 Mar. 1909.
- 158.
LAC, LF, 11:1, H to parents, 14 Mar. 1910, 21 Mar. 1910, 23 Apr. 1910. Harry almost perfectly embodied the kind of masculinity featured in Modern Man, including playing the piano, loving his garden, and engaging in new hobbies like photography. See “Selecting a Camera”, Modern Man, 16 Oct. 1909; “The Camera Fiend”, Modern Man, 6 May 1911.
- 159.
C. Wolff, “Male Emotions—Friendship”, Modern Man, 9 Oct. 1909, which formed one of a series of article on male emotions.
- 160.
“A Man’s Desire”, Modern Man, 18 Dec. 1909.
- 161.
Cole, Modernism, Male Friendship and the First World War, 9–10.
- 162.
On this point, see Godfrey Burwood, “Another Wilde Case: A Sensational Exposure”, Modern Man, 11 Dec. 1909, which, interestingly, saw the military as a nest of homosexuality, a view which calls into question a simple equation in this period between masculinity and martial virtues.
- 163.
Oliver Stokes, “Dandies”, Modern Man, 13 Feb. 1909; H.B. Impy, “The Dandy’s Toilet”, Modern Man, 28 Nov. 1908. In France, Alfred Dreyfus was castigated not only for his Jewishness but for his effeminacy defined in terms of a close attention to his toilet. See Forth, The Dreyfus Affair, 47.
- 164.
F.W. Banks, “Men and Good Looks”, Modern Man, 8 July 1911.
- 165.
LAC, LF, 10:10, H to parents, 6 Nov. 1908, 15 Nov. 1908.
- 166.
LAC, LF, 11:1, H to parents, 15 May 1910, 20 June 1910; ibid., 10:11, H to parents, 5 Apr. 1909.
- 167.
LAC, LF, 11:3, Harry to parents, 12 Mar. 1911; ibid., 10:10, Harry to parents, 22 Aug. 1909.
- 168.
Brady, Masculinity and Male Sexuality, 177–83; Dellamora, Masculine Desire, 50, 64–5; Sussman, Victorian Masculinities; Alderson, Mansex Fine.
- 169.
Whitman, Leaves of Grass.
- 170.
Moseley, Julian Grenfell: His Life and the Times of His Death, 199–200. Grenfell’s brother Billy was the student in question.
- 171.
LAC, GF, 12, Grant to mother, 30 Jan. 1895. On the politics of Hellenism at Balliol, see Brady, Masculinity and Male Homosexuality, 177–8, 219.
- 172.
Weber, Our Friend, ‘The Enemy’, 157.
- 173.
LAC, LF, 11:3, H to parents, 5 Mar. 1911. The book in question was a birthday present from the Murray girls, Elsie and Rosfrith.
- 174.
Leaves of Grass.
- 175.
For example, the American feminist Elizabeth Cady Stanton read Whitman, drawing the conclusion that women had as much physical passion as men. See Gay, The Bourgeois Experience, Vol. 1, 118–19.
- 176.
LAC, LF, 10:11, H to parents, 7 Mar. 1909, 13 Mar. 1909.
- 177.
LAC, LF, 10:11, H to parents, n.d. 1909.
- 178.
Quoted in Rutherford, Forever England, 27.
- 179.
LAC, LF, ll:2, H to parents, 18 Dec. 1910.
- 180.
Edward Hill, “The Ladies’ Man”, Modern Man, 5 Dec. 1908.
- 181.
Cole, Modernism, Male Friendships and the First World War, 5.
- 182.
LAC, LF, 14:21, John to H, 22 Apr. 1909.
- 183.
LAC, LF, 14:21 John to H, 22 Apr. 1909, 18 June 1909.
- 184.
H. Lambourne, “Finding Yourself”, Modern Man, 27 Mar. 1909.
- 185.
LAC, LF, 14:21, John to H, Friday, n.d. John’s sermon on the therapeutic worldview closely resembled the critique about the “effeminate features” displayed by men absorbed with superficial beauty who displayed “a silly grin to display a passable set of teeth”, like that of a picture postcard actress. See Alan Hamer, “The Man Beautiful: What is the Secret of His Good Looks?”, Modern Man, 23 Oct. 1909. For a broader exploration of the cult of superficiality and personality, see Lears, No Place of Grace. On the link between “beauty men” and flabbiness, see William Souter, “The Expressions that Men Wear”, Modern Man, 7 Jan. 1911.
- 186.
LAC, LF, 14:21, John to Harry, Sunday, written from Sunnyside, n.d., ibid., John to Harry, 22 Sep. 1909; Oliver Stokes, “Manner—What is It Exactly?”, Modern Man, 23 Jan. 1909.
- 187.
LAC, LF, 14:21, John to Harry, 18 June 1909.
- 188.
“Taking Offence: The Sensitive Man’s Chief Fault”, Modern Man, 23 Oct. 1909; David Cooper, “Youth”, Modern Man, 30 Jan. 1909.
- 189.
J. Spiers, “Personal Magnetism”, Modern Man, 12 Dec. 1908; David Cooper, “The Strength of a Man: A Study of Masculine Character”, Modern Man, 14 Aug. 1909.
- 190.
LAC, LF, 11:2, H to parents, 7 Aug. 1910. For the resemblance to the ideas of G.E. Moore, see Avery, “‘This Intricate Commerce of Souls’”, 183–207, 197; Hutchinson, G.E. Moore’s Ethical Theory, 185.
- 191.
LAC, LF, 14:21, John to H, 28 Oct. 1911.
- 192.
On the concept of the stiff upper lip as epitomizing Edwardian masculinity, see Tosh, Manliness and Masculinities in Nineteenth-Century Britain, 31; Forth, The Dreyfus Affair, 118–23; Francis, “Tears, Tantrums and Bared Teeth”, 354–87.
- 193.
“Mr. Potter’s Inner Self”, Modern Man, 30 Jan. 1909.
- 194.
“The Tyranny of Fiction”, The Isis (11 June 1910), 395–7. This article recommended modern psychological dramas, such as the plays of Henrik Ibsen, which became the model for Harry’s and his friend Arthur Yates’ own literary efforts. See LAC, LF, 14:21, John to H, 28 Oct. 1911.
- 195.
C. Wolff, Modern Man, 13 Feb. 1909, who argued against the physiognomic approach of Karl Pearson. On the instability of character and the use of masks in interpersonal relations, see “Mr. Potter’s Inner Self”; untitled article on how “clothes disguise the character of a man, just as they disguise their shape, which is lying”, Modern Man, 25 Sep. 1909.
- 196.
“Let Yourself Go”, Modern Man, 17 Apr. 1909. On John’s accusation that Harry lived his life according to novels, see LAC, LF, 14:21, John to H, 22 Apr. 1909.
- 197.
Oliver Stokes, “Emotion—Why Should We Hide It?”, Modern Man, 3 Apr. 1909.
- 198.
Oliver Stokes, “A Man’s Reserve: A Defence of the Undemonstrative Chap”, Modern Man, 16 Oct. 1909.
- 199.
John Gervaise, “A Man’s Tears”, Modern Man, 20 Nov. 1909.
- 200.
These articles were written by C. Woolf, Modern Man, 31 July 1909, 7 Aug. 1909, 14 Aug. 1909, 28 Aug. 1909, 11 Sep. 1909.
- 201.
G. Newbury, “What Man Is”, Modern Man, 13 Mar. 1909.
- 202.
A.G. Storm, “A Man’s Soul”, Modern Man, 24 July 1909.
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Christie, N., Gauvreau, M. (2018). The Emotional Body: Religion and Male Friendship at Oxford. In: Bodies, Love, and Faith in the First World War. Genders and Sexualities in History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72835-3_2
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