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Operational Law in International Straits and Current Maritime Security Challenges pp 67–83Cite as

Belligerent Rights and Obligations in International Straits

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Part of the book series: Operational Maritime Law ((OPMAL,volume 1))

Abstract

As a cooperative effort between the Combined Joint Operations from the Sea Centre of Excellence in Norfolk, U.S.A.; the Centre of Excellence for Operations in Confined and Shallow Waters in Kiel, Germany; and the Maritime Security Centre of Excellence in Marmaris, Turkey, an international workshop on Maritime Situational Awareness was held in Istanbul, Turkey, from 9 to 11 October 2013. A legal syndicate, consisting of legal advisors from Australia, France, Germany, New Zealand, Turkey and the United Kingdom, was an integral component of this workshop. The participants of the legal syndicate focused on the topic of international straits and examined legal issues that might be of operational relevance to the maritime nations for planning current and future maritime operations. The findings of the syndicate were presented at the second Conference on Operational Maritime Law in Rome 2014 and following conferences in Lisbon 2015 and Turku 2016 (see Centre of Excellence for Operations in Confined and Shallow Waters http://www.coecsw.org, http://www.operationalmaritimelaw.org, accessed 06 Jan 2018). This chapter summarises the view of the majority of the participants who joined those events. In cases where opinions were divided, the author outlines the arguments brought forward and offers solutions. During both events, Chatham House Rule applied.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    UNCLOS (1982).

  2. 2.

    See UNCLOS (1982), article 37.

  3. 3.

    San Remo Manual (1995), Part II, Section II, No 23 with Explanations, pp. 102–103.

  4. 4.

    Ibid at No 23.2, p. 103.

  5. 5.

    Convention regarding the Regime of the Straits (1936).

  6. 6.

    See San Remo Manual (1995), Part II, Section II, Explanations No 30, pp. 106–107.

  7. 7.

    See San Remo Manual (1995), Part II, Section I, No 15, 16 with Explanations, pp. 95–96.

  8. 8.

    See Ibid at Explanations No 17, p. 97.

  9. 9.

    Cf. San Remo Manual (1995), Part II, Section II, No 30, pp. 106–107.

  10. 10.

    San Remo Manual (1995), Part II, Section I, Explanations in 15.1, p. 95.

  11. 11.

    Hague XIII (1907).

  12. 12.

    San Remo Manual (1995), Part II, Section I, No 16, p. 96.

  13. 13.

    Hague XIII (1907).

  14. 14.

    San Remo Manual (1995), Part II, Section I, No. 22 with Explanations, pp. 101–102.

  15. 15.

    This approach has been further discussed in the San Remo Manual (1995), Part II, Section I, Explanation 22.3 and 22.4, p. 102.

  16. 16.

    Cf. ibid. at Explanation to No 22.5; see also The Commander’s Handbook (2017), 7.3.

  17. 17.

    San Remo Manual (1995), Part II, Section I, Explanation 22.3, p. 102.

  18. 18.

    Ibid.

  19. 19.

    The Commander’s Handbook (2017), No. 7.3.

  20. 20.

    Ibid at No 7.3.6.

  21. 21.

    MC 362/1, Appendix 1 to Annex A.

  22. 22.

    Joint Doctrine Manual (2001), No 811 (1).

  23. 23.

    Ibid at No 811 (2).

  24. 24.

    San Remo Manual (1995), Part II, Section II, Explanation No 30.3, p. 107.

  25. 25.

    Ibid at Explanation No 30.1, p. 106.

  26. 26.

    Ibid.

  27. 27.

    San Remo Manual (1995), Part II, Section II, Explanation No 30.3, p. 107.

  28. 28.

    Ibid.

  29. 29.

    Ibid.

  30. 30.

    San Remo Manual (1995), Part II, Section II, No 26, p. 104; Part II, Section II No 27, p. 105.

  31. 31.

    Ibid at No 26, p. 104.

  32. 32.

    AP I (1977).

  33. 33.

    San Remo Manual (1995) Part II, Section II at Explanation No 26.2, p. 104.

  34. 34.

    To be seen as a general rule for naval warfare, cf. Institut de Droit International (1912), Section VI, Art. 96, p. 35.

  35. 35.

    Cf. the legal concepts of the San Remo Manual (1995) in Part IV, Section I, Explanation No 88.3, p. 173.

  36. 36.

    San Remo Manual (1995), Part IV, Section I, No 89, p. 174.

  37. 37.

    Ibid at Explanation No 89.1, p. 174.

  38. 38.

    Ibid.

  39. 39.

    Ibid at Explanation No 89.2, p. 174.

  40. 40.

    Ibid.

  41. 41.

    Ibid at Explanation No 89.3, p. 174.

  42. 42.

    Ibid.

  43. 43.

    Cf. San Remo Manual (1995), Part IV, Section VI, No 146, p. 212 and ibid. 146.6, p. 214: ‘in the immediate area of naval operations, for example, in the vicinity of naval units, the belligerents’ security interests outweigh the freedom of navigation of neutral merchant shipping. If neutral merchant vessel do not comply with such orders they may be presumed to have enemy character or hostile intent and may thus be treated as if they were enemy ships …’.

  44. 44.

    ICJ Corfu Channel Case (1949).

  45. 45.

    Hague VIII (1907), Art. 5.

  46. 46.

    Hague XIII (1907).

  47. 47.

    San Remo Manual (1995), Part IV, Section I, No 83, p. 172.

  48. 48.

    Cf. Jia (1998), p. 92; Higgins (1909), p. 331 and Levie (1988), pp. 145–146.

  49. 49.

    Levie (1988), pp. 145–146.

  50. 50.

    See at Levie (1988), p. 145 with further references.

  51. 51.

    Jia (1998), p. 92.

  52. 52.

    Cf. Levie (1988), p. 146: ‘minimum (and inadequate) regulation’.

  53. 53.

    San Remo Manual (1995), Part IV, Section I, Explanation No 89.3, p. 174.

  54. 54.

    Cf. legal notion of the United Kingdom, in Reply, July 30, 1949, ICJ Corfu Channel Case (1949), pp. 242–243; and Ibid. at merits of the court, p. 28.

  55. 55.

    Cf. legal notion of the United Kingdom, in Reply, July 30, 1949, ICJ Corfu Channel Case (1949), p. 281; and Ibid. at Oral Pleadings, p. 585.

  56. 56.

    Cf. Depuis (1911), p. 590: ‘Il n’est pas nécessaires que le passage soit libre dans tous les détroits; il suffit qu’il le soit dans les détroits où il est indispensable, sous peine de supprimer une route commercial fréquentée; là où plusieurs détroits voisins permettent de passer, il suffirait qu’un seul demeurât ouvert à la navigation….’

  57. 57.

    Higgins (1909), p. 467 with further references.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre of Excellence of Operations in Confined and Shallow Waters, Kiel, Germany

    Jörg Schildknecht

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  1. Jörg Schildknecht
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. NATO Centre of Excellence for Operations in Confined and Shallow Waters, Kiel, Germany

    Jörg Schildknecht

  2. United States Navy , Jacksonville, Florida, USA

    Rebecca Dickey

  3. CDC/DOPD/JDV, Netherlands Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Martin Fink

  4. Defence Legal Services, New Zealand Defence Force, Wellington, New Zealand

    Lisa Ferris

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Schildknecht, J. (2018). Belligerent Rights and Obligations in International Straits. In: Schildknecht, J., Dickey, R., Fink, M., Ferris, L. (eds) Operational Law in International Straits and Current Maritime Security Challenges. Operational Maritime Law, vol 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72718-9_5

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