Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The Biology of Early Life Stress pp 121–146Cite as

An Integrative Temporal Framework for Psychological Resilience

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Child Maltreatment Solutions Network ((CMSN))

Abstract

 Human beings are resilient and defined by a capacity for psychological and functional adaptation in the face of potential trauma and adversity. We present an integrative temporal framework that conceptualizes resilience as a dynamic process that unfolds over time and consists of the following four key elements: (a) baseline or pre-adversity functioning, (b) the actual aversive circumstances, (c) post-adversity resilient outcomes, and (d) predictors of resilient outcomes. In this way, the integrative framework offers a comprehensive synthesis of the growing body of research on resilience.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahern, J., Galea, S., Resnick, H., & Vlahov, D. (2004). Television images and probable posttraumatic stress disorder after September 11: The role of background characteristics, event exposures, and perievent panic. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192, 217–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aldrich, D. P. (2012). Building resilience: Social capital in post-disaster recovery. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, S. B., Karstoft, K.-I., Bertelsen, M., & Madsen, T. (2014). Latent trajectories of trauma symptoms and resilience: The 3-year longitudinal prospective USPER study of Danish veterans deployed in Afghanistan. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(9), 1001–1008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. E. (1997). A stitch in time: Self- regulation and proactive coping. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 417–436.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berntsen, D., Johannessen, K. B., Thomsen, Y. D., Bertelsen, M., Hoyle, R. H., & Rubin, D. C. (2012). Peace and war: Trajectories of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms before, during, and after military deployment in Afghanistan. Psychological Science, 23, 1557–1565. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612457389

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Betancourt, T. S., & Khan, K. T. (2008). The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: Protective processes and pathways to resilience. International Review of Psychiatry, 20(3), 317–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260802090363

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Betancourt, T. S., McBain, R., Newnham, E. A., & Brennan, R. T. (2013). Trajectories of internalizing problems in war-affected sierra Leonean youth: Examining conflict and Postconflict factors. Child Development, 84(2), 455–470.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bisconti, T. L., Bergeman, C. S., & Boker, S. M. (2004). Emotional well-being in recently bereaved widows: A dynamical systems approach. Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences & Social Sciences, 59B(4), P158–P167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Block, J. (1993). Studying personality the long way. In D. C. Funder, R. D. Parke, C. Tomlinson-Keasey, & K. Widaman (Eds.), Studying lives through time: Personality and development (pp. 9–41). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bloembergen, N., & Zewail, A. H. (1984). Energy redistribution in isolated molecules and the question of mode-selective laser chemistry revisited. New experiments on the dynamics of collisionless energy redistribution in molecules possibilities for laser-selective chemistry with subpicosecond pu. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 88(23), 5459–5465. https://doi.org/10.1021/j150667a004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M., & Coifman, K. (2004). The importance of being flexible the ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychological Science, 15, 482–487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & La Greca, A. M. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11, 1–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boelen, P. A., de Keijser, J., van den Hout, M. A., & van den Bout, J. (2007). Treatment of complicated grief: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(2), 277–284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bombardier, C. H., Hoekstra, T., Dikmen, S., & Fann, J. R. (2016). Depression trajectories during the first year after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 33(23), 2115–2124.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A. (2001). Emotion self-regulation. [references]. In T. J. Mayne & G. A. Bonanno (Eds.), Emotions: Current issues and future directions emotions and social behavior (pp. 251–285). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A. (2005). Resilience in the face of loss and potential trauma. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), 135–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & La Greca, A. M. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11(1), 1–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., & Burton, C. L. (2013). Regulatory flexibility: An individual differences perspective on coping and emotion regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 591–612. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613504116

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., & Diminich, E. D. (2013). Annual research review: Positive adjustment to adversity–trajectories of minimal–impact resilience and emergent resilience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4), 378–3401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Field, N. P., Kovacevic, A., & Kaltman, S. (2002). Self-enhancement as a buffer against extreme adversity: Civil war in Bosnia and traumatic loss in the United States. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(2), 184–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., & Vlahov, D. (2006). Psychological resilience after disaster: New York City in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attack. Psychological Science, 17(3), 181–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01682.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., & Vlahov, D. (2007). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(5), 671–682.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Ho, S. A. Y., Chan, J. C. K., Kwong, R. S. Y., Cheung, C. K. Y., Wong, C. P. Y., & Wong, V. C. W. (2008). Psychological resilience and dysfunction among hospitalized survivors of the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: A latent class approach. Health Psychology, 27(5), 659–667. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.27.5.659

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Keltner, D., Holen, A., & Horowitz, M. J. (1995). When avoiding unpleasant emotions might not be such a bad thing: Verbal-autonomic response dissociation and midlife conjugal bereavement. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 69(5), 975–989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Kennedy, P., Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Lude, P., & Elfström, M. L. (2012). Trajectories of resilience, depression, and anxiety following spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 57(3), 236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., & Mancini, A. D. (2008). The human capacity to thrive in the face of potential trauma. Pediatrics, 121, 369–375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Mancini, A. D., Horton, J. L., Powell, T. M., LeardMann, C. A., Boyko, E. J., … Smith, T. C. (2012). Trajectories of trauma symptoms and resilience in deployed US military service members: Prospective cohort study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(4), 317–323. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096552

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Neria, Y., Mancini, A., Coifman, K. G., Litz, B., & Insel, B. (2007). Is there more to complicated grief than depression and posttraumatic stress disorder? A test of incremental validity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(2), 342–351.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., & O'Neill, K. (2001). Loss and human resilience. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 10, 193–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Rennicke, C., & Dekel, S. (2005). Self-enhancement among high-exposure survivors of the September 11th terrorist attack: Resilience or social maladjustment? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(6), 984–998.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Romero, S. A., & Klein, S. I. (2015). The temporal elements of psychological resilience: An integrative framework for the study of individuals, families, and communities. Psychological Inquiry, 26(2), 139–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Westphal, M., & Mancini, A. D. (2011). Resilience to loss and potential trauma. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology., 7, 511. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104526

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., Tweed, R. G., Haring, M., Sonnega, J., … Nesse, R. M. (2002). Resilience to loss and chronic grief: A prospective study from preloss to 18-months postloss. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 83(5), 1150–1164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A. (2012). Uses and abuses of the resilience construct: Loss, trauma, and health-related adversities. Social Science & Medicine, 74, 753–756.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breslau, N. (2001). Outcomes of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 62(Suppl 1), 55–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breslau, N. (2009). The epidemiology of trauma, PTSD, and other posttrauma disorders. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 10(3), 198–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breslau, N., Peterson, E. L., & Schultz, L. R. (2008). A second look at prior trauma and the posttraumatic stress disorder effects of subsequent trauma: A prospective epidemiological study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 431–437.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta- analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 748–766.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buckelew, S. P., Shutty, M. S., Jr., Hewett, J., Landon, T., Morrow, K., & Frank, R. G. (1990). Health locus of control, gender differences and adjustment to persistent pain. Pain, 42, 287–294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, C. L., Galatzer-Levy, I., & Bonanno, G. A. (2012). Expressive flexibility and long-term adjustment: A prospective study. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, C. L., Galatzer-Levy, I. R., & Bonanno, G. A. (2015). Treatment type and demographic characteristics as predictors for cancer adjustment: Prospective trajectories of depressive symptoms in a population sample. Health Psychology, 34(6), 602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, V. J., Lewin, T. J., Webster, R. A., Kenardy, J. A., Hazell, P. L., & Carter, G. L. (1997). Psychosocial sequelae of the 1989 Newcastle earthquake: II. Exposure and morbidity profiles during the first 2 years post-disaster. Psychological Medicine, 27, 167–178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carver, C. S. (1998). Resilience and thriving: Issues, models, and linkages. Journal of Social Issues, 54(2), 245–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, C. (2001). Assessing coping flexibility in real-life and laboratory settings: A multimethod approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 814–833.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1997). The role of self-organization in the promotion of resilience in maltreated children. Development and Psychopathology, 9(04), 797–815.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2009). Adaptive coping under conditions of extreme stress: Multilevel influences on the determinants of resilience in maltreated children. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2009(124), 47–59.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2012). Gene by environment interaction and resilience: Effects of child maltreatment and serotonin, corticotropin releasing hormone, dopamine, and oxytocin genes. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 411.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Lynch, M., & Holt, K. D. (1993). Resilience in maltreated children: Processes leading to adaptive outcome. Development and Psychopathology, 5(4), 629–647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conger, R. D., & Conger, K. J. (1992). A family process model of economic hardship and adjustment of early adolescent boys. Child Development, 63(3), 526.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conger, R. D., & Conger, K. J. (2002). Resilience in Midwestern families: Selected findings from the first decade of a prospective, longitudinal study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(2), 361–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00361.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Consedine, N. S., Magai, C., & Bonanno, G. A. (2002). Moder- ators of the emotion inhibition-health relationship: A review and research agenda. Review of General Psychology, 6, 204–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, W. E., Keeler, G., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2007). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(5), 577–584.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Currier, J. M., Neimeyer, R. A., & Berman, J. S. (2008). The effectiveness of psychotherapeutic interventions for bereaved persons: A comprehensive quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 134(5), 648–661.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., & Webb, J. (2008). A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environmental Change, 18(4), 598–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Kloet, E. R., Derijk, R. H., & Meijer, O. C. (2011). Corticosteroid receptor involvement in the stress response. In The handbook of stress (pp. 47–75). Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeRoon-Cassini, T. A., Mancini, A. D., Bonanno, G. A., & Rusch, M. D. (2010). Psychopathology and resilience following traumatic injury: A latent growth mixture model analysis. Rehabilitation Psychology, 55(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018601

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deshields, T., Tibbs, T., Fan, M. Y., & Taylor, M. (2006). Differences in patterns of depression after treatment for breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 15(5), 398–406.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiRago, A., & Vaillant, G. (2007). Resilience in Inner City Youth: Childhood predictors of occupational status across the lifespan. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(1), 61–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donoho, C. J., Bonanno, G. A., Porter, B., Kearney, L., & Powell, T. M. (2017). A decade of war: Prospective trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among deployed US military personnel and the influence of combat exposure. American Journal of Epidemiology, 186(12), 1310–1318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DuMont, K. A., Widom, C. S., & Czaja, S. J. (2007). Predictors of resilience in abused and neglected children grown-up: The role of individual and neighborhood characteristics. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(3), 255–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dumont, M., & Provost, M. A. (1999). Resilience in adolescents: Protective role of social support, coping strategies, self-esteem, and social activities on experience of stress and depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28(3), 343–363. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021637011732

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, T. E., Duncan, S. C., & Strycker, L. A. (2006). An introduction to latent variable growth curve modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. Quantitative methodology series (2nd ed., p. xii, 261 p.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egeland, B., Carlson, E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1993). Resilience as process. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elder, G. H. (1998). The life course as developmental theory. Child Development, 69(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06128.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elfström, M. L., Kennedy, P., Lude, P., & Taylor, N. (2007). Condition-related coping strategies in persons with spinal cord lesion: A cross-national validation of the spinal cord lesion-related coping strategies questionnaire in four community samples. Spinal Cord, 45(6), 420–428.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fergus, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2004). Adolescent resilience: A framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annual Review of Public Health, 26, 399–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, E., Matthews, G., & Cox, T. (1999). The appraisal of life events (ALE) scale: Reliability and validity. British Journal of Health Psychology, 4, 97–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flores, E., Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2005). Predictors of resilience in maltreated and nonmaltreated Latino children. Developmental Psychology, 41(2), 338–351.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock, T. B. (1991). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral procedures and counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(5), 715–723. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.59.5.715

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, R. G., Umlauf, R. L., Wonderlich, S. A., Askanazi, G. S., Buckelew, S. P., & Elliott, T. R. (1987). Differences in coping styles among persons with spinal cord injury: A cluster- analytic approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 727–731.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 365.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Galatzer-Levy, I. R., & Bonanno, G. A. (2012). Beyond normality in the study of bereavement: Heterogeneity in depression outcomes following loss in older adults. Social Science & Medicine, 74(12), 1987–1994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galatzer-Levy, I. R., & Bonanno, G. A. (2013). Heterogeneous patterns of stress over the four years of college: Associations with anxious attachment and Ego-resiliency. Journal of Personality, 81(5), 476–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galatzer-Levy, I. R., & Bonanno, G. A. (2014). Optimism and death: Predicting the courses and consequences of depression trajectories in response to acute coronary syndrome.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Brown, A. D., Henn-Haase, C., Metzler, T. J., Neylan, T. C., & Marmar, C. R. (2013). Positive and negative emotion prospectively predict trajectories of resilience and distress among high-exposure police officers. Emotion, 13, 545. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031314

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Galatzer-Levy, I. R., & Bryant, R. A. (2013). 636,120 ways to have posttraumatic stress disorder. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 651–662.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Burton, C. L., & Bonanno, G. A. (2012). Coping flexibility, potentially traumatic life events, and resilience: A prospective study of college student adjustment. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 31, 542–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Huang, S. H., Bonanno, G. A. (2017). Trajectories of resilience and dysfunction following potential trauma: A meta-analytic review. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., & Vlahov, D. (2002). Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City.[see comment]. New England Journal of Medicine, 346(13), 982–987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galea, S., Tracy, M., Norris, F., & Coffey, S. F. (2008). Financial and social circumstances and the incidence and course of PTSD in Mississippi during the first two years after hurricane Katrina. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 357–368.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galea, S., Brewin, C. R., Gruber, M., Jones, R. T., King, D. W., King, L. A., . . . Kessler, R. C. (2007). Exposure to hurricane- related stressors and mental illness after Hurricane Katrina. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 1427–1434.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Garmezy, N. (1972). Invulnerable children: The fact and fiction of competence and disadvantage. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 42, 328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Madan, A., Neylan, T. C., Henn-Haase, C., & Marmar, C. R. (2011). Peritraumatic and trait dissociation differentiate police officers with resilient versus symptomatic trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(5), 557–565.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Garmezy, N. (1993). Children in poverty: Resilience despite risk. Psychiatry, 56, 127–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gralinski-Bakker, J. H., Hauser, S. T., Stott, C., Billings, R. L., & Allen, J. P. (2004). Markers of resilience and risk: Adult lives in a vulnerable population. Research in Human Development, 1(4), 291–326. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15427617rhd0104_4

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, J. J. (1999). Emotion regulation: Past, present, future. Cognition & Emotion, 13, 551–573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S., & Bonanno, G. A. (2010). Trait self-enhancement as a buffer against potentially traumatic events: A prospective study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2, 83–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S., & Bonanno, G. A. (2011). Complicated grief and deficits in emotional expressive flexibility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 635–643.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawley, D. R., & DeHaan, L. (1996). Toward a definition of family resilience: Integrating life-span and family perspectives. Family Process, 35(3), 283–298.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helgeson, V. S., Snyder, P., & Seltman, H. (2004). Psychological and physical adjustment to breast Cancer over 4 years: Identifying distinct trajectories of change. Health Psychology, 23(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.23.1.3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobfoll, S. E. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6(4), 307–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobfoll, S. E., Canetti, D., Hall, B. J., Brom, D., Palmieri, P. A., Johnson, R. J., … Galea, S. (2011). Are community studies of psychological trauma’s impact accurate? A study among Jews and Palestinians. Psychological Assessment, 23, 599–605.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong, S.-B., Youssef, G. J., Song, S.-H., Choi, N.-H., Ryu, J., McDermott, B., … Kim, B.-N. (2014). Different clinical courses of children exposed to a single incident of psychological trauma: A 30-month prospective follow-up study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 1226. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12241

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, M. J., Siegel, B., Holen, A., Bonanno, G. A., Milbrath, C., & Stinson, C. H. (1997). Diagnostic criteria for complicated grief disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(7), 904–910.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoven, C. W., Duarte, C. S., Lucas, C. P., Wu, P., Mandell, D. J., Goodwin, R. D., … Susser, E. (2005). Psychopathology among New York City public school children 6 months after September 11. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 545–552.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huerta, F., & Horton, R. (1978). Coping behavior of elderly flood victims. The Gerontologist, 18(6), 541–546.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, H., & Thompson, A. (2008). The development and maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in civilian adult survivors of war trauma and torture: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.01.017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E. (2006). Historical approaches to post-combat disorders. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 361(1468), 533–542. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1814

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E., Vermaas, R. H., McCartney, H., Beech, C., Palmer, I., Hyams, K., & Wessely, S. (2003). Flashbacks and post-traumatic stress disorder: The genesis of a 20th-century diagnosis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 182(2), 158–163. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.02.231

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E., & Wessely, S. (2005). Shell shock to PTSD: Military psychiatry from 1900 to the Gulf war. East Sussex, England: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaniansty, K., & Norris, G. H. (2009). Distinctions that matter: Received social support, perceived social support, and social embeddedness after disasters. In Y. Neria, S. Galea, & F. N. Norris (Eds.), Mental health and disasters (pp. 175–200). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 865–878.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kato, H., Asukai, N., Miyake, Y., Minakawa, K., & Nishiyama, A. (1996). Post-traumatic symptoms among younger and elderly evacuees in the early stages following the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in Japan. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 93, 477–481.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawachi, I. (1999). Social capital and community effects on population and individual health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896(1), 120–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, P., Lude, P., Elfstrom, M. L., & Smithson, E. F. (2011). Psychological contributions to functional independence: A longitudinal investigation of spinal cord injury rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 92, 597–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, P., Marsh, N., Lowe, R., Grey, N., Short, E., & Rogers, B. (2000). A longitudinal analysis of psychological impact and coping strategies following spinal cord injury. British Journal of Health Psychology, 5, 157–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, B. G., Gatz, M., Heller, K., & Bengtson, V. L. (2000). Age and emotional response to the Northridge earthquake: A longitudinal analysis. Psychology and Aging, 15, 627–634.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krystal, J. H., & Neumeister, A. (2009). Noradrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms in the neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder and resilience. Brain Research, 1293, 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.044.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • La Greca, A. M., Lai, B. S., Llabre, M. M., Silverman, W. K., Vernberg, E. M., & Prinstein, M. J. (2013). Children’s postdisaster trajectories of pts symptoms: Predicting chronic distress. In Child & Youth Care Forum (pp. 1–19). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaGreca, A., Silverman, W., Vernberg, E., & Prinstein, M. J. (1996). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress in children after Hurrricane Andrew. A prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 712–723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lam, W. W. T., Bonanno, G. A., Mancini, A. D., Ho, S., Chan, M., Hung, W. K., … Fielding, R. (2010). Trajectories of psychological distress among Chinese women diagnosed with breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 19(10), 1044–1051. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1658

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamprecht, F., & Sack, M. (2002). Posttraumatic stress disorder revisited. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64(2), 222–237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Brocque, R. M., Hendrikz, J., & Kenardy, J. A. (2010). The course of posttraumatic stress in children: Examination of recovery trajectories following traumatic injury. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(6), 637–645. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsp050

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Long, K., & Bonanno, G. A. (2017). Trait emotion predicts psychological distress following potentially traumatic events: A prospective study. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009). Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 434–445.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luthar, S. S. (1999). Poverty and children’s adjustment. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luthar, S. S. (2003). Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. A., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803–855.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maccallum, F., Galatzer-Levy, I. R., & Bonanno, G. A. (2015). Trajectories of depression following spousal and child bereavement: A comparison of the heterogeneity in outcomes. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 69, 72–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malgaroli, M., Galatzer-Levy, I. R., & Bonanno, G. A. (2017). Heterogeneity in trajectories of depression in response to divorce is associated with differential risk for mortality. Clinical Psychological Science, 5(5), 843–850.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mancini, A. D., Bonanno, G. A., & Clark, A. E. (2011). Stepping off the hedonic treadmill: Latent class analyses of individual differences in response to major life events. Journal of Individual Differences, 32(3), 144–1582. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000047

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mancini, A. D., Littleton, H. L., & Grills, A. E. (2016). Can people benefit from acute stress? Social support, psychological improvement, and resilience after the Virginia Tech campus shootings. Clinical Psychological Science, 4(3), 401–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S. (2007). Resilience in developing systems: Progress and promise as the fourth wave rises. Development and Psychopathology, 19(03), 921–930.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53(2), 205–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S., Hubbard, J. J., Gest, S. D., Tellegen, A., Garmezy, N., & Ramirez, M. (1999). Competence in the context of adversity: Pathways to resilience and maladaptation from childhood to late adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 11(1), 143–169.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S., & Narayan, A. J. (2012). Child development in the context of disaster, war, and terrorism: Pathways of risk and resilience. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 227–257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hrebick- ova, M., Avia, M. D., … Smith, P. B. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 173–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCubbin, H. I., & McCubbin, M. A. (1988). Typologies of resilient families: Emerging roles of social class and ethnicity. Family Relations, 37(3), 247–254. https://doi.org/10.2307/584557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNally, R. J. (2003). Progress and controversy in the study of posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 229–252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNally, R. J. (2012). The ontology of posttraumatic stress disorder: Natural kind, social construction, or causal system? Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 19(3), 220–228. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moskowitz, J. T., Folkman, S., & Acree, M. (2003). Do positive psychological states shed light on recovery from bereavement? Findings from a 3-year longitudinal study. Death Studies, 27, 471–500.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, B. (2004). Latent variable analysis: Growth mixture modeling and related techniques for longitudinal data. In D. Kaplan (Ed.), Handbook of quantitative methodology for the social sciences (pp. 345–368). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nezu, A., & Carnevale, G. (1987). Interpersonal problem solving and coping reactions of Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 155–157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nugent, N. R., Tyrka, A. R., Carpenter, L. L., & Price, L. H. (2011). Gene–environment interactions: Early life stress and risk for depressive and anxiety disorders. Psychopharmacology, 214(1), 175–196.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115–121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, F., Stevens, S., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K., & Pfefferbaum, R. (2008). Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(1–2), 127–150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, F. H. (1992). Epidemiology of trauma: Frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(3), 409.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, F. H., Baker, C. K., Murphy, A. D., & Kaniasty, K. (2005). Social support mobilization and deterioration after Mexico’s 1999 flood: Effects of context, gender, and time. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36(1–2), 15–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., Watson, P. J., Byrne, C. M., Diaz, E., & Kaniasty, K. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981-2001. Psychiatry, 65(3), 207–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, F. H., Tracy, M., & Galea, S. (2009). Looking for resilience: Understanding the longitudinal trajectories of responses to stress. Social Science & Medicine, 68, 2190–2198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Offidani, E., & Ruini, C. (2012). Psychobiological correlates of allostatic overload in a healthy population. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 26(2), 284–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2011.09.009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S., & Boker, S. M. (2009). Resilience comes of age: Defining features in later adulthood. Journal of Personality, 77(6), 1777–1804.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S., & Chow, S. M. (2010). Positive emotions as a basic building block of resilience in adulthood. In Handbook of adult resilience (pp. 81–93).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ong, A. D., Fuller-Rowell, T. E., & Bonanno, G. A. (2010). Prospective predictors of positive emotions following spousal loss. Psychology and Aging, 25, 653–660.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ong, A. D., Fuller-Rowell, T. E., Bonanno, G. A., & Almeida, D. M. (2011). Spousal loss predicts alterations in diurnal cortisol activity through prospective changes in positive emotion. Health Psychology, 30, 220–227.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Orcutt, H. K., Bonanno, G. A., Hannan, S. M., & Miron, L. R. (2014). Prospective trajectories of posttraumatic stress in college women following a campus mass shooting. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(3), 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21914

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Okumura, T., Suzuki, K., Fukuda, A., Kohama, A., Takasu, N., Ishimatsu, S., & Hinohara, S. (1998). The Tokyo subway sarin attack: Disaster management, Part 1: Community emergency response. Academic Emergency Medicine, 5, 613–617.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, J. M. (1988). Families experiencing stress: I. The family adjustment and adaptation response model: II. Applying the FAAR model to health-related issues for intervention and research. Family Systems Medicine, 6(2), 202–237. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0089739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, J. M. (2002). Integrating family resilience and family stress theory. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(2), 349–360. https://doi.org/10.2307/3600109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pietrzak, R. H., Van Ness, P. H., Fried, T. R., Galea, S., & Norris, F. H. (2013). Trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in older persons affected by a large-magnitude disaster. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(4), 520–526.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, B., Bonanno, G. A., Frasco, M., Dursa, E., Bossarte, R., & Boyko, E. (2017). Prospective post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms trajectories in active duty and separated military personnel. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 89, 55–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., … Maciejewski, P. K. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine, 6(8), e1000121. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Qouta, S., El-Sarraj, E., & Punamäki, R.-L. (2001). Mental flexibility as resiliency factor among children exposed to political violence. International Journal of Psychology, 36(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590042000010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quale, A. J., & Schanke, A. K. (2010). Resilience in the face of coping with a severe physical injury: A study of trajectories of adjustment in a rehabilitation setting. Rehabilitation Psychology, 55, 12–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, J. W., Zautra, A. J., & Hall, J. (2010). Handbook of adult resilience: Concepts, methods, and applications. New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (1979). Protective factors in children’s responses to stress and disadvantage. In M. W. Kent & J. E. Rolf (Eds.), Primary prevention of psychopathology: Vol. 3: Social competence in children (pp. 49–74). New Hampshire: University Press of New England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 598–611. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.147.6.598

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. (2002). The interplay of nature, nurture, and developmental influences: The challenge ahead for mental health. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 996–1000.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (2002). From social structure to biology: Integrative science in pursuit of human health and well-being. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 541–555). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1992). Crime and deviance in the life course. Annual Review of Sociology, 18, 63–84. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2083446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918–924.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarapas, C., Cai, G., Bierer, L. M., Golier, J. A., Galea, S., Ising, M., … Uhr, M. (2011). Genetic markers for PTSD risk and resilience among survivors of the World Trade Center attacks. Disease Markers, 30(2–3), 101–110.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Self-Brown, S., Lai, B. S., Thompson, J. E., McGill, T., & Kelley, M. L. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom trajectories in hurricane Katrina affected youth. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1), 198–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Special issue on happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shear, K., Frank, E., Houck, P. R., & Reynolds, C. F. (2005). Treatment of complicated grief: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 293(21), 2601–2608.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shepard, B. (2001). A war of nerves: Soldiers and psychiatrists in the twentieth century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegler, R. S. (1987). The perils of averaging data over strategies: An example from children’s addition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116, 250. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.116.3.250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonn, C. C., & Fisher, A. T. (1998). Sense of community: Community resilient responses to oppression and change. Journal of Community Psychology, 26(5), 457–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundin, J., Fear, N., Iversen, A., Rona, R., & Wessely, S. (2010). PTSD after deployment to Iraq: conflicting rates, conflicting claims. Psychological Medicine, 40(3), 367–382. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709990791

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, C. S. (2007). Trajectory of traumatic stress symptoms in the aftermath of extreme natural disaster: A study of adult Thai survivors of the 2004 southeast Asian earthquake and tsunami. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(1), 54–59.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ullman, J., & Newcomb, M. (1999). I felt the earth move: A prospective study of the 1994 Northridge earthquake. In L. Cohen, P. Slomkowski, & C. Robins (Eds.), Historical and geographical influences on psychopathology (p. 2170246). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaillant, G. E., & Davis, J. T. (2000). Social/emotional intelligence and midlife resilience in schoolboys with low tested intelligence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70(2), 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087783

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasterman, P., Yzermans, C. J., & Dirkzwager, A. J. E. (2005). The role of the media and media hypes in the aftermath of disasters. Epidemiologic Reviews, 27(1), 107–114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vernberg, E. M., La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (1996). Prediction of posttraumatic stress symptoms in children after hurricane Andrew. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 237–248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, F. (1996). The concept of family resilience: Crisis and challenge. Family Process, 35(3), 261–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1996.00261.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, F. (2006). Strengthening family resilience (2nd ed). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, F. (2013). Community-based practice applications of a family resilience framework. In D. S. Becvar (Ed.), Handbook of family resilience (pp. 65–82). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1983). Social competence as a developmental construct. Developmental Review, 3(1), 79–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2297(83)90010-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weems, C. F., Pina, A. A., Costa, N. M., Watts, S. E., Taylor, L. K., & Cannon, M. F. (2007). Predisaster trait anxiety and nega- tive affect predict posttraumatic stress in youths after hurricane Katrina. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 154–159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weems, C. F., Taylor, L. K., Cannon, M. F., Marino, R. C., Romano, D. M., Scott, B. G., … Triplett, V. (2010). Post traumatic stress, context, and the lingering effects of the hurricane Katrina disaster among ethnic minority youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 49–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werner, E. E. (1985). Stress and protective factors in childrens lives. In A. R. Nicol (Ed.), Longitudinal studies in child psychology and psychiatry (pp. 335–355). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, E. E. (1993). Risk, resilience, and recovery: Perspectives from the Kauai longitudinal study. Development and Psychopathology, 5(4), 503–515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werner, E. E. (1995). Resilience in development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(3), 81–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werner, E. E., Bierman, J. M., & French, F. E. (1971). The children of Kauai: A longitudinal study from the prenatal period to age ten. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1982). Vulnerable but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1977). Kauai’s children come of age. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westphal, M., Seivert, N. H., & Bonanno, G. A. (2010). Expressive flexibility. Emotion, 10, 92–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wyman, P. A., Cowen, E. L., Work, W. C., Raoof, A., Gribble, P. A., Parker, G. R., & Wannon, M. (1992). Interviews with children who experienced major life stress: Family and child attributes that predict resilient outcomes. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(5), 904–910.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda, R., & Flory, J. D. (2007). Differentiating biological correlates of risk, PTSD, and resilience following trauma exposure. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(4), 435–447. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, Z., Galatzer-Levy, I. R., & Bonanno, G. A. (2014). Heterogeneous depression responses to chronic pain onset among middle-aged adults: A prospective study. Psychiatry Research, 217(1), 60–66.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Kan Long & George A. Bonanno

Authors
  1. Kan Long
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. George A. Bonanno
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kan Long .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Pennsylvania State University, USA

    Jennie G. Noll

  2. Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA

    Idan Shalev

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Long, K., Bonanno, G.A. (2018). An Integrative Temporal Framework for Psychological Resilience. In: Noll, J., Shalev, I. (eds) The Biology of Early Life Stress. Child Maltreatment Solutions Network. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72589-5_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation