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European Space Activities in the Global Context

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Yearbook on Space Policy 2016

Part of the book series: Yearbook on Space Policy ((YEARSPACE))

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Abstract

The “World Economic Situation and Prospects” report is the United Nation’s lead publication in the annual discussion of current economic trends and prospects. In 2016, the global economy appeared stuck in a prolonged period of slow economic growth and dwindling international trade growth, with both rates at their lowest since the 2009 recession that followed the financial crisis. World gross product (WGP) had dropped to 2.2% in 2016, below the average rate of 2.5% since 2012, and well below the 3.4% growth rate observed in the decade before the crisis, with the sluggishness characterised by diminished productivity growth, increased levels of debt, low commodity prices, and continued conflict and geopolitical tensions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    “World Economic Situation and Prospects 2017.” 17 Jan. 2017. United Nations 16 Mar. 2017 https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/2017wesp_full_en.pdf

  2. 2.

    Ibid., 3.

  3. 3.

    Ibid.

  4. 4.

    Ibid. 1–38.

  5. 5.

    “EU Referendum – Results.” BBC News 17 Aug. 2017 http://www.bbc.com/news/politics/eu_referendum/results

  6. 6.

    Castle, Stephen, and Steven Erlanger. “‘Brexit’ Will Require a Vote in Parliament, U.K. Court Rules.” 3 Nov. 2016. The New York Times 17 Aug. 2017 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/04/world/europe/uk-brexit-vote-parliament.html

  7. 7.

    Article 50. Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union. OJ C 326, 26.10.2012, pp. 13–390 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:12012M/TXT&from=EN

  8. 8.

    “Brexit: Theresa May to trigger Article 50 by end of March.” 2 Oct. 2016. BBC News 17 Aug. 2017 http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-37532364

  9. 9.

    “Presidential results.” CNN 17 Aug. 2017 http://edition.cnn.com/election/results/president

  10. 10.

    Lindsay, James M. “Ten Most Significant World Events in 2016.” 16 Dec. 2016. Council on Foreign Relations 17 Aug. 2017 https://www.cfr.org/blog/ten-most-significant-world-events-2016

  11. 11.

    Darke, Diana. “Aleppo: Is besieged Syrian city facing last gasp?” 22 July 2016. BBC News 17 Aug. 2017 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36853689

  12. 12.

    DeYoung, Karen. “United Nations: Aleppo faces widespread starvation without humanitarian aid.” 10 Nov. 2016. The Washington Post 17 Aug. 2017 https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/united-nations-aleppo-faces-widespread-starvation-without-humanitarian-aid/2016/11/10/883b2d28-a77a-11e6-ba59-a7d93165c6d4_story.html

  13. 13.

    Hubbard, Ben and Hwaida Saad. “Aleppo Evacuation Effort Restarts, and Assad Calls It History in the Making.” The New York Times 17 Aug. 2017 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/15/world/middleeast/aleppo-syria-evacuation-deal.html

  14. 14.

    Walker, Shaun, Kareem Shaheen, Martin Chulov, and Patrick Wintour. “Russian ambassador to Turkey shot dead by police officer in Ankara gallery.” 20 Dec. 2016. The Guardian 17 Aug. 2017 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/russian-ambassador-to-turkey-wounded-in-ankara-shooting-attack

  15. 15.

    Sanger, David E. and Choe Sang-Hun. “North Korea Says It Has Detonated Its First Hydrogen Bomb.” 5 Jan. 2016. The New York Times 17 Aug. 2017 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/06/world/asia/north-korea-hydrogen-bomb-test.html

  16. 16.

    Forsythe, Michael. “North Korea’s Nuclear Blasts Keep Getting Stronger.” 9 Sept. 2016. The New York Times 17 Aug. 2017 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/10/world/asia/north-korea-nuclear-weapons-tests.html

  17. 17.

    Sanger, David E. and Choe Sang-Hun. “As North Korea’s Nuclear Program Advances, U.S. Strategy Is Tested.” 6 May 2016. The New York Times 17 Aug. 2017 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/07/world/asia/north-korea-nuclear-us-strategy.html

  18. 18.

    Sang-Hun, Choe. “North Korea Test-Fires Missile From Submarine.” 23 Aug. 2016. The New York Times 17 Aug. 2017 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/24/world/asia/north-korea-submarine-missile.html

  19. 19.

    “The Paris agreement marks an unprecedented political recognition of the risks of climate change.” 12 Dec. 2015. The Economist 24 June 2016 http://www.economist.com/node/21683990/

  20. 20.

    “Paris Agreement – Status of Ratification.” United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 28 Apr. 2017 http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9444.php

  21. 21.

    “COP 22 Summary Report.” 20 Nov. 2016. IETA 28 Apr. 2017 http://www.ieta.org/resources/UNFCCC/COP22/COP22WRAP_FINAL.pdf

  22. 22.

    “OUTCOMES OF THE U.N. CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE IN MARRAKECH | 22nd Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 22) November 7–18, 2016.” 18 Nov. 2016. Centre for Climate and Energy Solutions 28 Apr. 2017 https://www.c2es.org/international/negotiations/cop22-marrakech/summary

  23. 23.

    Ibid.

  24. 24.

    “International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2016 – Executive Summary” 16 Nov. 2016. IAE 30 Mar. 2017 http://www.iea.org/Textbase/npsum/WEO2016SUM.pdf

  25. 25.

    Ibid.

  26. 26.

    Ibid.

  27. 27.

    World Economic Situation and Prospects. “Fact Sheet.” 17 Jan. 2017. United Nations 16 Mar. 2017 https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/2017wesp_factsheet.pdf

  28. 28.

    According to the latest data available from UNCTAD.

  29. 29.

    United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Trade and Development Report, 2016. Geneva: UNCTAD, 2016. 1–26.

  30. 30.

    “Crude oil prices increased in 2016, still below 2015 averages.” 4 Jan. 2017. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) 9 Jan. 2017 http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=29412

  31. 31.

    United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Trade and Development Report, 2016. Geneva: UNCTAD, 2016. 1–26.

  32. 32.

    World Bank Commodity Price Data (The Pink Sheet). 4 Jan. 2017. World Bank Group 9 Jan. 2017 http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/151321483568157298/CMO-Pink-Sheet-January-2017.pdf

  33. 33.

    That is, not including Bulgaria, Cyprus, Malta, Lithuania, Romania, and Croatia.

  34. 34.

    OECD. Education at a Glance 2016: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, 2016: 42 http://download.ei-ie.org/Docs/WebDepot/EaG2016_EN.pdf

  35. 35.

    Ibid. at 43.

  36. 36.

    Ibid. at 30.

  37. 37.

    “Future skill needs in Europe: critical labour force trends.” 16 Dec. 2016. CEDEFOP 8 May 2017 http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/files/5559_en.pdf

  38. 38.

    Ibid.

  39. 39.

    United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Review of Maritime Transport 2016. Geneva: UNCTD, 2016. 6.

  40. 40.

    United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Review of Maritime Transport 2016. Geneva: UNCTD, 2016. 29–50.

  41. 41.

    United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Review of Maritime Transport 2016. Geneva: UNCTD, 2016. 93–94.

  42. 42.

    “Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) – % of GDP.” Eurostat 8 Mar. 2017 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=t2020_20&plugin=1

  43. 43.

    “Gross domestic product at market prices | At current prices.” Eurostat 8 Mar. 2017 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tec00001&language=en; Total intramural R&D expenditure (GERD) by sectors of performance – per Million euro.” 8 Mar. 2017. Eurostat 21 Apr. 2016 http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do

  44. 44.

    “Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) – % of GDP.” Eurostat 8 Mar. 2017 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=t2020_20&plugin=1

  45. 45.

    Ibid.

  46. 46.

    European Commission. “EU R&D Scoreboard | The 2016 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard.” 14 Nov. 2016. EU JRC 9 Mar. 2017: 1–39 http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/scoreboard16.html

  47. 47.

    Dosso, Mafini, Petros Gkotsis, Fernando Hervás, and Pietro Moncada-Paternò-Castello. “Industrial Research and Innovation: Evidence for Policy.” Nov. 2015. European Commission – JRC Policy Brief 22 Apr. 2016 http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/10180/12238/Industrial%20Research%20and%20Innovation.%20Evidence%20for%20Policy

  48. 48.

    “CONCORDi 2017 – Innovation and Industrial Dynamics: Challenges for the next decade.” 14 Nov. 2016. EU JRC 13 Mar. 2017 http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/concord/2017/index.html

  49. 49.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 5 December 2016 – 71/31. Prevention of an arms race – 71st Session. UN Doc. A/RES/71/31 of 9 Dec. 2016. Vienna: United Nations http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/71/31

  50. 50.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 5 December 2016 – 71/32. No first placement of weapons in outer space – 71st Session. UN Doc. A/RES/71/32 of 9 Dec. 2016. Vienna: United Nations http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/71/32

  51. 51.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 5 December 2016 – 71/42. Transparency and confidence-building measures in outer space activities – Seventieth Session. UN Doc. A/RES/71/42 of 9 Dec. 2016. Vienna: United Nations http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/71/42

  52. 52.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 December 2016 – International cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space – 71st Session. UN Doc. A/RES/71/90 of 22 Dec. 2016. Vienna: United Nations http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/71/90

  53. 53.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 5 December 2016 – 71/31. Prevention of an arms race – 71st Session. UN Doc. A/RES/71/31 of 9 Dec. 2016. Vienna: United Nations http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/71/31

  54. 54.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 5 December 2016 – 71/32. No first placement of weapons in outer space – 71st Session. UN Doc. A/RES/71/32 of 9 Dec. 2016. Vienna: United Nations http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/71/32

  55. 55.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 5 December 2016 – 71/42. Transparency and confidence-building measures in outer space activities – 71st Session. UN Doc. A/RES/71/42 of 9 Dec. 2016. Vienna: United Nations http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/71/42

  56. 56.

    United Nations General Assembly. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 December 2016 – International cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space – 71st Session. UN Doc. A/RES/71/90 of 22 Dec. 2016. Vienna: United Nations http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/71/90

  57. 57.

    “Disarmament and International Security.” General Assembly of the United Nations 15 Mar. 2017 http://www.un.org/en/ga/first/index.shtml

  58. 58.

    “First Committee Sends 69 Texts to General Assembly, Concluding Session by Approving Drafts on Chemical Weapons, Improvised Explosive Devices.” 2 Nov. 2016. United Nations 15 Mar. 2017 https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/gadis3567.doc.htm

  59. 59.

    “Adopting 68 First Committee Texts, General Assembly Addresses New Threats, Use of Banned Weapons, Urges Drive to Curb Arms Proliferation.” 5 Dec. 2016. United Nations 15 Mar. 2017 https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/ga11866.doc.htm

  60. 60.

    United Nations General Assembly. Report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space on its 59th session, Held in Vienna from 8 to 17 June 2016. UN Doc. A/71/20 of 28 June 2016. New York: United Nations https://cms.unov.org/dcpms2/api/finaldocuments?Language=en&Symbol=A/71/20

  61. 61.

    United Nations General Assembly. Report of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee on its 53rd session, held in Vienna from 15 to 26 February 2016. UN Doc. A/AC.105/1109 of 9 March 2016. Vienna: United Nations https://cms.unov.org/dcpms2/api/finaldocuments?Language=en&Symbol=A/AC.105/1109

  62. 62.

    United Nations General Assembly. Report of the Legal Subcommittee on its 55th session, held in Vienna from 4 to 15 April 2016. UN Doc. A/AC.105/1113 of 27 April 2016. Vienna: United Nations https://cms.unov.org/dcpms2/api/finaldocuments?Language=en&Symbol=A/AC.105/1113

  63. 63.

    “Workshop on non-geostationary satellite issues.” ITU 28 Mar. 2017 http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/space/workshops/2016-NGSO/Pages/default.aspx

  64. 64.

    “International Satellite Communication Symposium (Geneva, 13–14 June 2016).” ITU 28 Mar. 2017 http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/space/workshops/SISS-2016/Pages/default.aspx

  65. 65.

    “ITU Workshop on the Efficient Use of the Orbit/Spectrum Resource, Bali, Indonesia.” ITU 28 Mar. 2017 http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/space/workshops/bali-2016/Pages/default.aspx

  66. 66.

    “ITU International Satellite Symposium 2016.” ITU 28 Mar. 2017 http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regional-Presence/AsiaPacific/Pages/Events/2016/Sep-ISS2016/home.aspx

  67. 67.

    “ITU Symposium and Workshop on small satellite regulation and communication systems, Santiago de Chile, Chile, 7–9 November 2016.” ITU 28 Mar. 2017 http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/space/workshops/2016-small-sat/Pages/default.aspx

  68. 68.

    “ITU World Radiocommunication Seminar 2016 (WRS-16), 12 to 16 December 2016, Geneva, Switzerland.” 27 Nov. 2015. ITU 18 Apr. 2016 http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2015/56.aspx

  69. 69.

    “Radiocommunication Seminars and Workshops.” ITU 28 Mar. 2017 http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/seminars/Pages/default.aspx

  70. 70.

    “Charter Activations.” International Charter – Space & Major Disasters 17 Mar. 2017 https://www.disasterscharter.org/web/guest/activations/charter-activations

  71. 71.

    “United Nations/Costa Rica Workshop on Human Space Technology.” UNOOSA 20 Mar. 2017 http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2016/workshop_costarica_human_space_technology.html

  72. 72.

    “United Nations/India Workshop on the Use of Earth Observation Data in Disaster Management and Risk Reduction: Sharing the Asian Experience.” UNOOSA 20 Mar. 2017 http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2016/workshop_india.html

  73. 73.

    “United Nations/International Astronautical Federation Workshop on Space Technology for Socio-Economic Benefits: ‘Integrated Space Technologies and Applications for a Better Society’.” UNOOSA 20 Mar. 2017 http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2016/workshop_mexico_uniaf.html

  74. 74.

    “United Nations/Islamic Republic of Iran Workshop on the Use of Space Technology for Dust Storm and Drought Monitoring in the Middle East Region.” UNOOSA 20 Mar. 2017 http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2016/workshop_iran.html

  75. 75.

    “United Nations/Nepal Workshop on the Applications of Global Navigation Satellite Systems.” UNOOSA 20 Mar. 2017 http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2016/2016-nepal-workshop-on-gnss.html

  76. 76.

    “United Nations/Austria Symposium on ‘Integrated Space Technology Applications for Climate Change’.” UNOOSA 20 Mar. 2017 http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2016/symposium_austria_climatechange.html

  77. 77.

    “United Nations/Kenya Conference on Space Technology and Applications for Wildlife Management and Protecting Biodiversity.” UNOOSA 20 Mar. 2017 http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/psa/schedule/2016/conference_kenya_biodiversity.html

  78. 78.

    “International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG): Annual Meeting.” United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs 21 Mar. 2017 http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/icg/meetings/ICG-2016.html

  79. 79.

    United Nations General Assembly. Eleventh meeting of the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems – Note by the Secretariat. UN Doc. A/AC.105/1134 of 1 Dec. 2016. New York: United Nations http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/oosadoc/data/documents/2016/aac.105/aac.1051134_0.html

  80. 80.

    “12th Meeting of the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems.” 7 Feb. 2017. ICG 21 Mar. 2017 http://icg12.jp/

  81. 81.

    “15th UNGIWG Plenary Meeting.” UNGIWG 20 Apr. 2016 http://www.ungiwg.org/meetings/15th-ungiwg-plenary-meeting

  82. 82.

    “United Nations Geographic Information Working Group | Report to the UN Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management (GGIM).” 25 Aug. 2015. UNGIWG 20 Apr. 2016 http://ggim.un.org/docs/meetings/GGIM5/UNGIWG%20Introduction.pdf

  83. 83.

    United Nations General Assembly. Report of the Conference on Disarmament. 2016 session. UN Doc. A/71/27 of 22 September 2016. New York: United Nations https://disarmament-library.un.org/UNODA/Library.nsf/a61ff5819c4381ee85256bc70068fa14/d151f0c3926f060c85257b1a006ea83c/$FILE/A 71 27 Conference on Disarmament.pdf

  84. 84.

    “Debating Proposals on Common Principles to Ensure Outer Space Security, First Committee Delegates Call for Adoption of Legally Binding Treaty.” 19 Oct. 2016. United Nations 23 Mar. 2017 https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/gadis3557.doc.htm

  85. 85.

    United Nations General Assembly. United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research – Note by the Secretary General, on its 71st session. UN Doc. A/71/162 of 18 July 2016. http://undocs.org/A/71/162

  86. 86.

    “UNIDIR Space Security Conference 2016. Sustaining the Momentum: the Current Status of Space Security.” 21 July 2016. UNIDIR 24 Mar. 2017 http://www.unidir.org/files/publications/pdfs/space-security-2016-en-654.pdf

  87. 87.

    “Past Meetings.” GEO 23 Mar. 2017 http://www.earthobservations.org/meetings.php

  88. 88.

    “ESA Budget 2016.” 20 Jan. 2016. ESA 20 July 2017 http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2016/01/ESA_budget_2016

  89. 89.

    “ESA Budget 2016 by Domain. 14 Jan. 2016. ESA 20 July 2017 http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2016/01/ESA_budget_2016_by_domain

  90. 90.

    “Shared vision and goals for the future of Europe in space.” 26 Oct. 2016. ESA 31 July 2017 http://m.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/Shared_vision_and_goals_for_the_future_of_Europe_in_space

  91. 91.

    “Media Backgrounder: ESA’s Ministerial 2016 in Lucerne.” 14 Nov. 2016. ESA 1 Aug. 2017 http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Ministerial_Council_2016/Media_backgrounder_ESA_s_Ministerial_2016_in_Lucerne

  92. 92.

    “European Ministers Ready ESA for a United Space in Europe in the Era of Space 4.0.” 2 Dec. 2016. ESA 1 Aug. 2017 http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Ministerial_Council_2016/European_ministers_ready_ESA_for_a_United_Space_in_Europe_in_the_era_of_Space_4.0

  93. 93.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Europe commits to the space station and ExoMars as part of $11 billion in commitments to ESA.” 2 Dec. 2016. SpaceNews 4 Jan. 2017 http://spacenews.com/europe-commits-to-the-space-station-and-exomars-as-part-of-11-billion-in-commitments-to-esa/

  94. 94.

    “Space.” European Commission 31 July 2017 http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/space_en

  95. 95.

    Commission of the European Communities. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. COM (2016) 705 final of 26 October 2016. Brussels: European Union https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regdoc/rep/1/2016/EN/COM-2016-705-F1-EN-MAIN.PDF

  96. 96.

    Ibid.

  97. 97.

    Ibid.

  98. 98.

    Ibid.

  99. 99.

    “EUMETSAT Strategy Challenge 2025 Summary.” 15 June 2016. EUMETSAT 31 July 2017 https://www.eumetsat.int/website/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dDocName=PDF_BR_COR02SUM_EN&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&Rendition=Web

  100. 100.

    Gruss, Mike. “U.S. Military Faces Weather Coverage Gap over Hot Zones.” 13 Mar. 2015. SpaceNews 22 Dec. 2015 http://spacenews.com/u-s-central-command-faces-weather-coverage-gap-over-hot-zones/

  101. 101.

    “At its 85th session, the EUMETSAT Council endorsed a new strategy establishing the framework for EUMETSAT activities in the next decade.” 29 June 2016. EUMETSAT 31 July 2017 https://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/News/DAT_3112252.html

  102. 102.

    “Metop.” Eumetsat 31 July 2017 http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/Satellites/CurrentSatellites/Metop/index.html

  103. 103.

    Henry, Caleb. “Eumetsat will shift Metop-A’s orbit to prolong its life, ensure deorbiting.” 16 Dec. 2016. SpaceNews 31 July 2017 http://spacenews.com/eumetsat-will-shift-metop-as-orbit-to-prolong-its-life-ensure-deorbiting/

  104. 104.

    De Selding, Peter B. “ESA, Eumetsat Finalize Contract for Next-gen Weather Satellites.” 6 Oct. 2015. SpaceNews 13 Jan. 2016 http://spacenews.com/esa-eumetsat-finalize-contract-for-next-gen-weather-satellites/

  105. 105.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Airbus Signs $1.7 Billion Contract for Six Metop Weather Satellites.” 16 Oct. 2015. SpaceNews 3 June 2016 http://spacenews.com/42212airbus-signs-17-billion-contract-for-six-metop-weather-satellites/

  106. 106.

    Henry, Caleb. “Eumetsat will shift Metop-A’s orbit to prolong its life, ensure deorbiting.” 16 Dec. 2016. SpaceNews 31 July 2017 http://spacenews.com/eumetsat-will-shift-metop-as-orbit-to-prolong-its-life-ensure-deorbiting/

  107. 107.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Eumetsat to continue gap-filler role over Indian Ocean region.” 30 June 2016. SpaceNews 10 Nov. 2016 http://spacenews.com/eumetsat-to-continue-gapfiller-role-over-indian-ocean-region/

  108. 108.

    “EUMETSAT and Arianespace announce signature of launch contract for three MTG satellites.” 16 July 2015. Eumetsat 3 June 2016 http://www.eumetsat.int/website/home/News/DAT_2703454.html?lang=EN&pState=1

  109. 109.

    Henry, Caleb. “Arianespace Wins Fresh Eumetsat Contract After MSG 4 Launch.” 16 July 2015. Via Satellite 3 June 2016 http://www.satellitetoday.com/launch/2015/07/16/arianespace-wins-fresh-eumetsat-contract-after-msg-4-launch/

  110. 110.

    “Thierry Mandon visits CNES’s Launch Vehicles Directorate (DLA): presentation of Ariane 6 and Vega-C programmes and their future evolutions.” 1 June 2016. CNES 18 July 2017 https://presse.cnes.fr/en/thierry-mandon-visits-cness-launch-vehicles-directorate-dla-presentation-ariane-6-and-vega-c

  111. 111.

    Henry, Caleb. “ESA kick-starts Prometheus reusable engine with first funding tranche.” 22 June 2017. SpaceNews 18 July 2017 http://spacenews.com/esa-kickstarts-prometheus-reusable-engine-with-first-funding-tranche/

  112. 112.

    De Selding, Peter B. “New Airbus-Safran Venture Eyes Full Control of Arianespace.” 8 Jan. 2015. SpaceNews 12 Jan. 2016 http://spacenews.com/new-airbus-safran-venture-eyes-full-control-of-arianespace/

  113. 113.

    De Selding, Peter B. “France Giving up Arianespace Ownership, but not Oversight.” 19 June 2015. SpaceNews 22 Dec. 2015 http://spacenews.com/france-giving-up-arianespace-ownership-but-not-oversight/

  114. 114.

    Messier, Doug. “Airbus Safran Launchers Buys CNES Shares of Arianespace.” 3 Dec. 2016. Parabolic Arc 21 Aug. 2017 http://www.parabolicarc.com/2016/12/03/airbus-safran-launchers-buys-cnes-shares-arianespace/

  115. 115.

    “List of Agreements/MOUs signed during the State Visit of President Francois Hollande of the French Republic to India (January 25. 2016).” 25 Jan. 2016. Ministry of External Affairs – Government of India 20 Aug. 2017 http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/26294/List+of+AgreementsMOUs+signed+during+the+State+Visit+of+President+Francois+Hollande+of+the+French+Republic+to+India+January+25+2016

  116. 116.

    “France/Vietnam: la visite de François Hollande relance la coopération économique.” 7 Sept. 2016. Le Moci 19 Aug. 2017 http://www.lemoci.com/actualites/pays-marches/france-vietnam-la-visite-de-francois-hollande-relance-la-cooperation-economique/

  117. 117.

    De Selding, Peter B. “ESA members give space agency an 18-percent budget boost.” 15 Jan. 2016. SpaceNews 10 Nov. 2016 http://spacenews.com/esa-members-give-space-agency-an-18-percent-budget-boost/

  118. 118.

    “ESA Council meeting at ministerial level in Lucerne – Germany awards approximately two billion euro to space projects.” 2 Dec. 2016. DLR 4 Aug. 2017 http://www.dlr.de/dlr/presse/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10308/471_read-20304/year-all/#/gallery/25207

  119. 119.

    “Germany and China broaden their collaboration in science management.” 22 Jan. 2017. DLR 3 Aug. 2017 http://www.dlr.de/dlr/presse/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10172/213_read-16485/#/gallery/21731

  120. 120.

    “DLR is expanding cooperation with Japan and South Korea.” 29 Feb. 2016. DLR 3 Aug. 2017 http://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10857/1527_read-16946/#/gallery/22220

  121. 121.

    “DLR and CNES renew their framework agreement for bilateral cooperation.” 2 June 2016. DLR 3 Aug. 2017 http://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10081/151_read-18064/year-2016/151_page-4/#/gallery/23231

  122. 122.

    “Climate protection – DLR and CNES sign an agreement for the construction and operation of the MERLIN environmental satellite.” 14 Sept. 2016. DLR 3 Aug. 2017 http://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10081/151_read-19317/year-2016/151_page-3/#/gallery/24323

  123. 123.

    “Abkommen zur Wissenschaftskooperation mit der russischen SkolTech-Universität unterzeichnet.” 13 June 2016. DLR 3 Aug. 2017 http://www.dlr.de/dlr/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10857/1527_read-18243#/gallery/23392

  124. 124.

    Battiston, Roberto. “Documento di Visione Strategica 2016-2025.” 14 Dec. 2016. ASI 2 Aug. 2017 http://www.asi.it/it/news/documento-di-visione-strategica-2016-2015

  125. 125.

    “STRATEGIC VISION DOCUMENT 2016-2025.” 14 Dec. 2016. ASI 2 Aug. 2017 http://www.asi.it/sites/default/files/attach/dettaglio/dvs-ing_web.pdf

  126. 126.

    Bongiorno, Massimo. “Italy and the United Arab Emirates space agreement.” 25 Jan. 2016. ASI 1 Aug. 2017 http://www.asi.it/en/news/italy-and-united-arab-emirates-space-agreement

  127. 127.

    “Italy – Argentina means space collaboration.” 18 May 2016. ASI 1 Aug. 2017 http://www.asi.it/en/news/italy-argentina-means-space-collaboration

  128. 128.

    “Australia, Italy sign contract for a collaborative partnership in space.” 27 Oct. 2016. Geospatial World 1 Aug. 2017 https://www.geospatialworld.net/news/australia-italy-sign-contract-collaborative-partnership-space/

  129. 129.

    “National Space Policy.” 13 Dec. 2015. GOV.UK 27 July https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/484865/NSP_-_Final.pdf

  130. 130.

    Ibid.

  131. 131.

    “Call for ideas and evidence: help develop a new space strategy.” 15 Nov. 2016. GOV.UK 27 July 2017 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/call-for-ideas-and-evidence-help-us-develop-our-new-strategy

  132. 132.

    “UK Space Agency Corporate Plan 2016–2017.” 7 Apr. 2016. GOV.UK 27 July 2017 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-space-agency-corporate-plan-2016-2017

  133. 133.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Britain selects U.S., French, British teams to study spaceport feasibility.” 13 July 2016. SpaceNews 10 Nov. 2016 http://spacenews.com/britain-selects-u-s-french-british-teams-to-study-spaceport-feasibility/

  134. 134.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Britain endorses ESA, promises increased export-credit support for industry.” 25 Nov. 2016. SpaceNews 4 Jan. 2017 http://spacenews.com/britain-endorses-esa-promises-increased-export-credit-support-for-industry/

  135. 135.

    Smith, Marcia S. “NASA Gets Big Boost in Final FY2016 Appropriations Bill.” 16 Dec. 2015. Space Policy Online 30 June 2016 http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-gets-big-boost-in-final-fy2016-appropriations-bill

  136. 136.

    Foust, Jeff. “Bolden defends NASA budget in a House committee farewell.” 18 Mar. 2016. SpaceNews 10 Nov. 2016 http://spacenews.com/bolden-defends-nasa-budget-in-a-house-committee-farewell/

  137. 137.

    Foust, Jeff. “White House proposes $19 billion NASA budget.” 9 Feb. 2016. SpaceNews 10 Nov. 2016 http://spacenews.com/white-house-proposes-19-billion-nasa-budget/

  138. 138.

    Foust, Jeff. “In symbolic move, Senate passes NASA authorization bill.” 10 Dec. 2016. SpaceNews 4 Jan. 2017 http://spacenews.com/in-symbolic-move-senate-passes-nasa-authorization-bill/

  139. 139.

    David, Leonard. “Playing the Space Trump Card: Relaunching a National Space Council.” 29 Dec. 2016. Space.com 19 Aug. 2017 https://www.space.com/35163-trump-administration-national-space-council.html

  140. 140.

    Boucher, Marc. “New Canadian Space Strategy Coming in June 2017.” 22 Nov. 2016. SpaceRef Canada 21 Aug. 2017 http://spaceref.ca/news/new-canadian-space-strategy-coming-in-june-2017.html

  141. 141.

    “Main Estimates – 2016–17 Estimates – Canadian Space Agency.” 23 Feb. 2017. Government of Canada 20 Aug. 2017 https://www.canada.ca/en/treasury-board-secretariat/services/planned-government-spending/government-expenditure-plan-main-estimates/2016-17-estimates/main-estimates.html#toc7-37

  142. 142.

    SpaceNews Editor. “Editorial|Canadian Commitment Builds Momentum for Space Station Extension.” 5 May 2015. SpaceNews 11 Jan. 2016 http://spacenews.com/editorial-canadian-commitment-builds-momentum-for-space-station-extension/

  143. 143.

    “Russian space agency gets replaced by state corporation – Kremlin.” 28 Dec. 2015 TASS 18 Aug. 2017 http://tass.com/science/847295

  144. 144.

    Nowakowski, Tomasz. “Russia dissolves its federal space agency, what now?” 30 Dec. 2015. Spaceflight Insider 18 Aug. 2017 http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/roscosmos/russia-dissolves-federal-space-agency-now/

  145. 145.

    “Putin Signs Decree on Creation of United Rocket and Space Corporation.” 2 Dec. 2013. TASS 18 Aug. 2017 http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/709849

  146. 146.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Russia bails out debt-ridden Khrunichev.” 20 Apr. 2016. SpaceNews 10 Nov. 2016 http://spacenews.com/russian-government-provides-debt-ridden-khrunichev-with-cash-and-loans/

  147. 147.

    Raymond, Nate. “Boeing sues Sea Launch partners for $350 million.” 4 Feb. 2013. Reuters 18 Aug. 2017 http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/04/boeingsealaunch-idUSL1N0B31GP20130204

  148. 148.

    Foust, Jeff. “Boeing and Energia negotiating Sea Launch settlement.” 19 Aug. 2016. SpaceNews 18 Aug. 2017 http://spacenews.com/boeing-and-energia-negotiating-sea-launch-settlement/

  149. 149.

    Kallender-Umezu, Paul. “What’s Behind Japan’s Sudden Thirst for More Spy Satellites.” 13 Nov. 2015. SpaceNews 7 Jan. 2016 http://spacenews.com/whats-behind-japan-sudden-thirst-for-more-spy-satellites/

  150. 150.

    Kallender-Umezu, Paul. “Japan Boosts Space Spending In Support of Security Focus.” 2 Feb. 2015. SpaceNews 10 Dec. 2015 http://spacenews.com/japan-boosts-space-spending-in-support-of-security-focus/

  151. 151.

    Rajagopalan, Rajeswari Pillai. “Op-ed.|Japan’s Space Policy Shift Reflects New Asian Realities.” 23 Feb. 2015. SpaceNews 10 Dec. 2015 http://spacenews.com/op-ed-japans-space-policy-shift-reflects-new-asian-realities/

  152. 152.

    The Space Report 2017. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2017: 16.

  153. 153.

    Ibid.

  154. 154.

    Gebhardt, Chris. “Japan’s HTV-6 resupply vehicle arrives at the ISS.” 13 Dec. 2016. NASASpaceflight.com 19 Aug. 2017 https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/12/jaxa-iss-htv-6-resupply-launch-station/.

  155. 155.

    Foust, Jeff. “Japan Seeks To Become Full Partner with U.S. in Space.” 11 Dec. 2015. SpaceNews 7 Jan. 2016 http://spacenews.com/japan-seeks-to-become-full-partner-with-u-s-in-space/

  156. 156.

    Magnier, Mark. “China’s Communist Party Approves Five-Year Plan.” 29 Oct. 2015. The Wall Street Journal 1 Feb. 2016 http://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-communist-party-approves-five-year-plan-1446124597

  157. 157.

    “An Overview Of The 13th Five-Year Plan.” 7 Dec. 2016. NDRC People’s Republic of China 19 Aug. 2017 http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201612/t20161207_829923.html

  158. 158.

    “The 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of The People’s Republic of China (2016–2020).” 7 Dec. 2016. NDRC People’s Republic of China 19 Aug. 2017 http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201612/P020161207645765233498.pdf

  159. 159.

    Google Translated. “关于印发国家民用空间基础设施中长期发展规划(2015-2025年)的通知.” 26 Oct. 2015. National Development and Reform Commission 2 Feb. 2016 http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbghwb/201510/t20151029_756376.html

  160. 160.

    “Middle and Long Term Development Plan for Civil Space Infrastructure Issued.” 13 Jan. 2016. LexisNexis 2 Feb. 2016 https://hk.lexiscn.com/latest_message.php?access=show_detail&id=184408

  161. 161.

    De Selding, Peter B. “With Naga-L Rocket, China Would Turn Tables on U.S. Export Ban.” 15 Oct. 2015. SpaceNews 24 Dec. 2015 http://spacenews.com/with-naga-l-rocket-china-would-turn-tables-on-u-s-export-ban/

  162. 162.

    Notes on Demands for Grants, 2017-2018. “Department of Space | No.91 | Department of Space.” 1 Feb. 2017. Indiabudget.nic.in 5 Aug. 2017 http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2016-17/eb/sbe84.pdf

  163. 163.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Satellite operators give negative reviews of Indian regulator’s satellite-TV proposal.” 8 June 2016. SpaceNews 10 Nov. 2016 http://spacenews.com/satellite-operators-give-negative-reviews-of-indian-regulators-satellite-tv-proposal/

  164. 164.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Satellite operators give negative reviews of Indian regulator’s satellite-TV proposal.” 8 June 2016. SpaceNews 10 Nov. 2016 http://spacenews.com/satellite-operators-give-negative-reviews-of-indian-regulators-satellite-tv-proposal/

  165. 165.

    The Space Report 2017. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2017: 4.

  166. 166.

    Ibid.

  167. 167.

    Smith, Andrew. “Euroconsult: Government Spending in Space Programs Reaches $62 Billion in 2016.” 30 May 2017. PRWeb 21 Aug. 2017 http://www.prweb.com/releases/2017/05/prweb14377281.htm

  168. 168.

    Ibid.

  169. 169.

    Ibid. at 15.

  170. 170.

    Ibid.

  171. 171.

    Ibid.

  172. 172.

    N.B.: Figures in this section are based on the Space Report 2017 data (USA, China, Russia, Japan, India and South Korea), while all other values in Fig. 1.1 come from the Euroconsult Government Space Programs. Moreover, the different currencies in other sections of this chapter were not converted to a baseline currency (except for comparison purposes) as recent currency fluctuations skewed the changes in the spending by other countries.

  173. 173.

    The Space Report 2017. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2017: 10.

  174. 174.

    Ibid.

  175. 175.

    “ESA Budget 2016.” 20 Jan. 2016. ESA 9 Aug. 2017 http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2016/01/ESA_budget_2016

  176. 176.

    Ibid.

  177. 177.

    “2017 State of the Satellite Industry Report.” 15 June 2017. Satellite Industry Association and Bryce Space and Technology 12 July 2017 http://www.sia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/SIA-SSIR-2017_full-1.pdf

  178. 178.

    C.f. The Space Report 2017. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2017: 16, and The Space Report 2016. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2016: 16.

  179. 179.

    “2017 State of the Satellite Industry Report.” 15 June 2017. Satellite Industry Association and Bryce Space and Technology 12 July 2017: 11 http://www.sia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/SIA-SSIR-2017_full-1.pdf

  180. 180.

    Ibid. at 4.

  181. 181.

    Ibid. at 11.

  182. 182.

    Ibid. at 11.

  183. 183.

    Ibid. at 14.

  184. 184.

    Ibid. at 14.

  185. 185.

    Ibid. at 12.

  186. 186.

    Ibid. at 18.

  187. 187.

    Federal Aviation Administration. The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2017: 40.

  188. 188.

    “2017 State of the Satellite Industry Report.” 15 June 2017. Satellite Industry Association and Bryce Space and Technology 12 July 2017: 29 http://www.sia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/SIA-SSIR-2017_full-1.pdf

  189. 189.

    “Garmin Reports Solid Fiscal 2016 Revenue and Operating Income Growth.” 22 Feb. 2017. Garmin 11 July 2017 http://newsroom.garmin.com/press-release/earnings/garmin-reports-solid-fiscal-2016-revenue-and-operating-income-growth

  190. 190.

    “TomTom Annual Report 2016.” 31 Dec. 2016. TomTom 12 July 2017: 34 http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/TOMTOM/0x0x928644/59BDDCB7-4F22-45C3-857F-A6153BFD25DB/TomTom_Annual_Report_2016.pdf

  191. 191.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Space insurers warn that current low rates are not sustainable.” 10 Oct. 2016. SpaceNews 9 Nov. 2016 http://spacenews.com/space-insurers-warn-that-current-low-rates-are-not-sustainable/

  192. 192.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Japan’s DSN-1 military communications satellite damaged during transport to launch base.” 20 June 2016. SpaceNews 24 July 2017 http://spacenews.com/japans-dsn-1-military-communications-satellite-damaged-during-transport-to-launch-base/

  193. 193.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Space insurers warn that current low rates are not sustainable.” 10 Oct. 2016. SpaceNews 9 Nov. 2016 http://spacenews.com/space-insurers-warn-that-current-low-rates-are-not-sustainable/

  194. 194.

    Ibid.

  195. 195.

    “Building on its 2016 successes, Arianespace looks to the future with confidence at the service of its customers.” 4 Jan. 2017. Arianespace 22 Aug. 2017 http://www.arianespace.com/press-release/building-on-its-2016-successes-arianespace-looks-to-the-future-with-confidence-at-the-service-of-its-customers/

  196. 196.

    “EUTELSAT COMMUNICATIONS FULL YEAR 2015-16 RESULTS.” 29 July 2016. Eutelsat 3 July 2017 http://news.eutelsat.com/pressreleases/eutelsat-communications-full-year-2015-16-results-1497983

  197. 197.

    Reference Document 2015–2016. 1 Sept. 2016. Eutelsat 3 July 2017: 157 http://www.eutelsat.com/files/contributed/investors/pdf/AG2016/Eutelsat%20Communications%20Reference%20Document%202015-2016.pdf

  198. 198.

    Press Release. “Eutelsat Communications First Half 2016-2017 Results.” 9 Feb. 2017. Eutelsat 4 July 2017 http://news.eutelsat.com/pressreleases/eutelsat-communications-first-half-2016-2017-results-1794262

  199. 199.

    “EUTELSAT COMMUNICATIONS FULL YEAR 2015-16 RESULTS.” 29 July 2016. Eutelsat 3 July 2017 http://news.eutelsat.com/pressreleases/eutelsat-communications-full-year-2015-16-results-1497983

  200. 200.

    “SES Annual report 2016 – New Accelerations.” 6 Apr. 2017. SES 22 Aug. 2017 https://www.ses.com/sites/default/files/2017-04/SES_AP_A4_EN_web.pdf

  201. 201.

    “HISPASAT increased its total revenue by 4.2% in 2016.” 24 Mar. 2017. HISPASAT 27 June 2017 http://www.hispasat.com/en/press-room/press-releases/archivo-2017/257/hispasat-increased-its-total-revenue-by-42-in-2016

  202. 202.

    “Telenor Satellite Broadcasting becomes Telenor Satellite.” 25 Jan. 2016. Telenor Satellite 27 June 2017 http://www.telenorsat.com/news/telenor-satellite-broadcasting-becomes-telenor-satellite/

  203. 203.

    Q4-2016. Interim report January–December 2016. 31 Jan. 2017. Telenor Group 27 June 2017: 10 https://www.telenor.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Telenor-Group-Q4-2016-Report-c56b3b5ec5fb3b727eaef25c56a63814.pdf

  204. 204.

    Annual Report 2016. 29 Mar. 2017. Telenor Group 27 June 2017: 89 https://www.telenor.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Annual-Report-2016-Q-960dfcfa007ceee404c193b48ad20cff.pdf

  205. 205.

    “Inmarsat plc reports Preliminary Full Year Results 2016.” 8 Mar. 2017. Inmarsat 28 June 2017 http://investors.inmarsat.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/FY16-results-announcement-final.pdf

  206. 206.

    Derived from EBIT + depreciation and amortisation; “Financial Statements 2016.” 17 June 2017. Airbus 30 June 2017: 27 http://company.airbus.com/dam/assets/airbusgroup/int/en/investor-relations/documents/2017/AGM/Financial-Statements-2016-FINAL0/Airbus%20Financial%20Statements%202016.pdf

  207. 207.

    “Annual Report 2016.” 17 June 2017. Airbus 30 June 2017: 27 http://company.airbus.com/dam/assets/airbusgroup/int/en/investor-relations/documents/2017/AGM/Airbus-Annual-Report-2016/Airbus%20Annual%20Report%202016.pdf

  208. 208.

    Derived from EBIT + Depreciation and amortisation of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets; “2016 Registration Document Including the Annual Financial Report.” 1 Jan. 2017. Thales 29 June 2017: 36 https://www.thalesgroup.com/sites/default/files/asset/document/thales_ddr_2016_va.pdf

  209. 209.

    “2016 Registration Document Including the Annual Financial Report.” 1 Jan. 2017. Thales 29 June 2017: 36 https://www.thalesgroup.com/sites/default/files/asset/document/thales_ddr_2016_va.pdf

  210. 210.

    “2016 Registration Document Including the Annual Financial Report.” 1 Jan. 2017. Thales 29 June 2017: 106 https://www.thalesgroup.com/sites/default/files/asset/document/thales_ddr_2016_va.pdf

  211. 211.

    Annual Report 2016. 20 Mar. 2017. OHB 29 June 2017 https://www.ohb-system.de/tl_files/system/pdf/OHB_GB_2016_en_s.pdf

  212. 212.

    Annual Report 2016. 23 Mar. 2017. RUAG 29 June 2017: 11 https://annualreport.ruag.com/sites/ar16/files/media_document/2017-03/RUAG_GB_2016_EN_Web.pdf

  213. 213.

    “Boeing Reports Fourth-Quarter Results and Provides 2017 Guidance.” 25 Jan. 2017. Boeing 4 July 2017 http://investors.boeing.com/investors/investor-news/press-release-details/2017/Boeing-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-Results-and-Provides-2017-Guidance/default.aspx

  214. 214.

    “Boeing Reports Fourth-Quarter Results and Provides 2017 Guidance.” 25 Jan. 2017. Boeing 4 July 2017 http://investors.boeing.com/investors/investor-news/press-release-details/2017/Boeing-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-Results-and-Provides-2017-Guidance/default.aspx

  215. 215.

    “Lockheed Martin Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2016 Results.” 24 Jan. 2017. Lockheed Martin 4 July 2017 http://news.lockheedmartin.com/2017-01-24-Lockheed-Martin-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-and-Full-Year-2016-Results

  216. 216.

    “2016 Annual Report.” Lockheed Martin 4 July 2017: 6, 43–44 http://www.lockheedmartin.com/content/dam/lockheed/data/corporate/documents/2016-annual-report.pdf

  217. 217.

    “Orbital ATK Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2016 Financial Results.” 8 Mar. 2017. Orbital ATK 4 July 2017 http://www.orbitalatk.com/news-room/PrinterFriendly.asp?prid=229

  218. 218.

    “Intelsat Announces Preliminary Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2016 Results.” 28 Feb. 2017. Intelsat 5 July 2017 http://www.intelsat.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Intelsat4Q2016EarningsRelease2.29.17.pdf

  219. 219.

    DigitalGlobe 2016 Annual Report. 27 Feb. 2017. DigitalGlobe 11 July 2017: 29, 41 http://investor.digitalglobe.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=70788&p=irol-reportsannual

  220. 220.

    Ibid. at 74.

  221. 221.

    Calandrelli, Emily. “Blue Origin continues successful, record-setting year with another NASA contract.” 6 June 2016. Tech Crunch 1 Sept. 2017 https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/06/blue-origin-continues-successful-record-setting-year-with-another-nasa-contract/

  222. 222.

    Richardson, Matthew. “Blue Origin shares construction update for new $205 M rocket factory (Photos).” 6 Dec. 2016. Puget Sound Business Journal 1 Sept 2017 https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2016/12/06/blue-origin-rocket-factory-florida-space-bezos.html

  223. 223.

    Fernholz, Tim and Christopher Groskopf. “If Jeff Bezos is spending a billion a year on his space venture, he just started.” 12 Apr. 2017. Quartz 1 Sept. 2017 https://qz.com/956607/jeff-bezos-the-worlds-second-wealthiest-human-isnt-spending-billions-on-his-space-venture-blue-origin/

  224. 224.

    Winkler, Rolfe and Andy Pasztor. “Exclusive Peek at SpaceX Data Shows Loss in 2015, Heavy Expectations for Nascent Internet Service.” 13 Jan. 2017. The Wall Street Journal 1 Sept. 2017 https://www.wsj.com/articles/exclusive-peek-at-spacex-data-shows-loss-in-2015-heavy-expectations-for-nascent-internet-service-1484316455

  225. 225.

    Mosher, Dave. “SpaceX lost a quarter of a billion dollars after one of its rockets blew up.” 13 Jan. 2017. Business Insider 1 Sept. 2017 http://www.businessinsider.de/spacex-financials-rocket-accident-costs-revenue-2017-1

  226. 226.

    Wang, Brian. “Spacex financials show it is a big startup and the 4000 satellite internet business is the big payday.” 18 Jan. 2017. nextBIGfuture 1 Sept. 2017 https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2017/01/spacex-financials-show-it-is-big.html

  227. 227.

    Racke, Will. “SpaceX financial records show huge loss in 2015 due to rocket explosion.” 13 Jan. 2017. L.A. BIZ 1 Sept. 2017 https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/news/2017/01/13/spacex-financial-records-show-huge-loss-in-2015.html

  228. 228.

    “Russia’s brand new cosmodrome launches first-ever rocket.” 28 Apr. 2016. RT 15 Aug. 2017 https://www.rt.com/news/341192-vostochny-cosmodrome-first-launch/

  229. 229.

    Haines, Lester. “First rocket finally departs Russia’s Vostochny cosmodrome.” 28 Apr. 2016. The Register 15 Aug. 2017 https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/04/28/vostochny_launch/

  230. 230.

    Eremenko, Alexey and Alexander Smith. “Vostochny Cosmodrome: Russian Space Project Isn’t Going to Plan.” 31 July 2016. NBC News 16 Aug. 2017 http://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/vostochny-cosmodrome-russian-space-project-isn-t-going-plan-n618846

  231. 231.

    Soldatkin, Vladimir. “Putin orders building hastened at new Russian spaceport.” 27 Aug. 2014. Reuters 16 July 2015 http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/02/us-russia-space-idUSKBN0GX1AV20140902

  232. 232.

    De Selding, Peter B. “French court rulings ease threat to Arianespace, Eutelsat business in Russia.” 18 Apr. 2016. SpaceNews 10 Nov. 2016 http://spacenews.com/french-court-rulings-ease-threat-to-arianespace-eutelsat-business-in-russia/

  233. 233.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Eutelsat, freed by Paris court ruling, makes overdue payment on $424 million RSCC contract.” 28 Nov. 2016. SpaceNews 4 Jan. 2017 http://spacenews.com/eutelsat-freed-by-paris-court-ruling-pays-russias-rscc-long-due-424-million/

  234. 234.

    2016 Annual Report – For the year ended March 31, 2016. 26 July 2016. Mitsubishi Electric 13 July 2017 http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/company/ir/library/annual_report/pdf/ar2016.pdf

  235. 235.

    “Annual Report 2016 – Year ended March 31, 2016.” 1 July 2016. NEC 13 July 2017 http://www.nec.com/en/global/ir/pdf/annual/2016/ar2016-e.pdf

  236. 236.

    “Annual Report 2016 (Financials) – Year ended March 31, 2016.” 18 Sept. 2016. NEC 13 July 2017 http://www.nec.com/en/global/ir/pdf/annual/2016/ar2016_fin.pdf

  237. 237.

    2016 Annual Report. 31 Dec. 2016. AsiaSat 11 July 2017: 62 http://www.asiasat.com/sites/default/files/E01135_AR_0421_0656.pdf

  238. 238.

    Ibid. at 6,7.

  239. 239.

    “Belintersat 1 (ZX 15, ChinaSat 15).” 2 June 2017. Gunter’s Space Page 7 Aug. 2017 http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/belintersat-1.htm

  240. 240.

    “SJ 17.” 26 June 2017. Gunter’s Space Page 7 Aug. 2017 http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/sj-17.htm

  241. 241.

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    “MDA 2016 Annual Report – A Global Communications and Information Company.” 23 Feb. 2017. MDA 5 July 2017: 14–18 http://mdacorporation.com/docs/default-source/corporate/investor/financial-reports/mda_2016_annualreport.pdf

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  248. 248.

    “Keep Ahead of the Curve – Annual Report 2016.” 17 May 2017. Thaicom 10 July 2017: 13 http://thcom.listedcompany.com/ar.html

  249. 249.

    Ibid. at 74.

  250. 250.

    Ibid. at 64.

  251. 251.

    Federal Aviation Administration. The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2017: 39

  252. 252.

    That is, Antares 230, Atlas V (401), Atlas V (411), Atlas V (421), Atlas V (431), Atlas V (541), Atlas V (551), Delta 4 Heavy (upgrade), Delta 4 Medium +(5,4) (upgrade), Delta 4 Medium + (4,2), Delta 4 Medium + (5,2) (upgrade), Falcon 9 FT, Falcon 9 v1.1, and Pegasus XL.

  253. 253.

    That is, Long March 2D, Long March 2F, Long March 3A, Long March 3B, Long March 3C, Long March 4B, Long March 4C, Long March 5, Long March 7, and Long March 11.

  254. 254.

    That is, Proton-M Briz-M (Ph.3), Soyuz 2.1a, Soyuz 2.1b, Soyuz FG, Soyuz U, and Rokot KM.

  255. 255.

    Micro payloads have a mass of 91 kg or less and are mainly science satellites, technological demonstrators, or small communication satellites. Small payloads weigh between 92 and 907 kg and are very often Earth observation satellites, similar to the Jason or the RapidEye series. Medium payloads weigh between 908 and 2268 kg and feature the most diverse set of satellites, including small satcoms in geostationary orbit, Earth observation satellites, and most of the Russian military satellites from the Kosmos series. Intermediate payloads, weighing between 2269 and 4536 kg, comprise medium satcoms and big scientific satellites. Large payloads, between 4537 and 9072 kg, refer to big satcoms, as well as to the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft flying to the ISS. Finally, Heavy payloads, exceeding 9072 kg, are linked to ISS activity, such as the cargo spacecraft, ATV, HTV, etc. See Commercial Space Transportation: 2011 Year in Review, 32.

  256. 256.

    Including the failed launch of the Progress MS-4 cargo resupply mission on 1 December 2016.

  257. 257.

    Federal Aviation Administration. The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2016: 95–99. Payloads are assigned to the nation that commissioned them, not according to the nationality of the manufacturer.

  258. 258.

    That is, not counting the 14 crewed, cargo, or hardware missions to the ISS and 2 crewed, cargo, or hardware missions to the Tiangong-2 space station.

  259. 259.

    Ibid.

  260. 260.

    Federal Aviation Administration. The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017. Washington DC: FAA, Jan. 2017: 39.

  261. 261.

    Ibid., 95–99.

  262. 262.

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  264. 264.

    The Space Report 2017. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2017: 15.

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    Smith, Andrew. “Euroconsult: Government Spending in Space Programs Reaches $62 Billion in 2016.” 30 May 2017. PRWeb 21 Aug. 2017 http://www.prweb.com/releases/2017/05/prweb14377281.htm

  266. 266.

    The Space Report 2017. Colorado Springs: The Space Foundation, 2017: 15.

  267. 267.

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  268. 268.

    Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament, The European Council, The Council, The European Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions. European Defence Action Plan. COM (2016) 950 final of 30 November 2016. Brussels: European Union https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/com_2016_950_f1_communication_from_commission_to_inst_en_v5_p1_869631.pdf

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  270. 270.

    “The European Defence Action Plan – FAQs.” 30 Nov. 2016. European Commission 21 Aug. 2017 http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4101_en.htm

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    “Missile Defense Agency Fiscal Year (FY) 2017 Budget Estimates | Overview.” 16 Jan. 2016 MDA 22 Aug. 2017 http://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/FY2017/budget_justification/pdfs/03_RDT_and_E/MDA_RDTE_MasterJustificationBook_Missile_Defense_Agency_PB_2017_1.pdf

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  273. 273.

    Gruss, Mike. “House Bill Would Revive Dormant Missile Defense Kill Vehicle Project.” 11 May 2015. SpaceNews 22 Dec. 2015 http://spacenews.com/house-bill-would-revive-dormant-missile-defense-kill-vehicle-project/

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    Gruss, Mike. “MDA Pursues Kill Vehicles with Cost-cutting Mandate.” 24 Aug. 2015. SpaceNews 24 Dec. 2015 http://spacenews.com/mda-pursues-kill-vehicles-with-cost-cutting-mandate/

  275. 275.

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  276. 276.

    Gruss, Mike. “Maneuvering Russian Satellite Has Everyone’s Attention.” 17 July 2015. SpaceNews 20 Mar. 2016 http://spacenews.com/maneuvering-russian-satellite-has-everyones-attention/

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    Gruss, Mike. “Space Surveillance Sats Pressed into Early Service.” 18 Sept. 2015. SpaceNews 11 Jan. 2016 http://spacenews.com/space-surveillance-sats-pressed-into-early-service/

  278. 278.

    Gruss, Mike. “Air Force sent GSSAP satellite to check on stalled MUOS-5.” 18 Aug. 2017. SpaceNews 21 Aug. 2017 http://spacenews.com/air-force-sent-gssap-satellite-to-check-on-stalled-muos-5/

  279. 279.

    Henry, Caleb. “ULA Orbits Second Set of GSSAP Satellites for US Air Force.” 22 Aug. 2016. Via Satellite 21 Aug. 2017 http://www.satellitetoday.com/launch/2016/08/22/ula-orbits-second-set-gssap-satellites-us-air-force/

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    Bodner, Matthew. “Russian Military Merges Air Force and Space Command.” 3 Aug. 2015. The Moscow Times 10 July 2016 http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/russian-military-merges-air-force-and-space-command/526672.html

  281. 281.

    “Russia involves 10 reconnaissance satellites in Syria operation – General Staff.” 17 Nov. 2015. TASS 20 Mar. 2016 http://tass.ru/en/science/837273

  282. 282.

    Clapper, James R. “Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community.” 9 Feb. 2016. Armed-services.senate.gov 11 Aug. 2017 https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Clapper_02-09-16.pdf

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    Clapper, James R. “Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community.” 9 Feb. 2016. Armed-services.senate.gov 11 Aug. 2017 https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Clapper_02-09-16.pdf

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    Cenan Al-Ekabi

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Al-Ekabi, C. (2018). European Space Activities in the Global Context. In: Al-Ekabi, C., Ferretti, S. (eds) Yearbook on Space Policy 2016. Yearbook on Space Policy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72465-2_1

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