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Easing Towards ‘A Vast Policy’: Establishing the Guild of St. George

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Abstract

The intellectual origins of The Guild of St. George are considered from the standpoint of utopian thought, past and present. The rural bias in Ruskin’s program is noticed along with his revival of the guild as an organizational form considered appropriate to the requirements of modern living and economic performance. Its virtues are those of localism, co-operation, promotion of performance standards, craft education and job satisfaction, all conducted within a conservative legal framework, not a separatist one. Ruskin compares it favourably against the forms provided by large industrial labour unions or by the firms of the capitalist market place, which encourages pursuit of an ego-driven form of individualism.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See W.H.G. Armytage, Heavens Below:Utopian Experiments in England, 1560–1960 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961), 289–304; Michael H. Lang, Designing Utopia: John Ruskin’s Urban Vision for Britain and America (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1993); W. F. Brundage, A Socialist Utopia in the New South: The Ruskin Colonies in Tennessee and Georgia, 1894–1901 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996).

  2. 2.

    Works, 12: 56.

  3. 3.

    On the context of the 1851 pamphlet and its original text, see Works, 12: xlix–lvii; 319–96; for the 1853 lecture, see Works, 12: 134–64.

  4. 4.

    Works, 5: 340–53.

  5. 5.

    Works, 5: 382.

  6. 6.

    Works, 5: 382–3.

  7. 7.

    Works, 28: 259.

  8. 8.

    Works, 29: 498.

  9. 9.

    See Wheeler, (1999), 158–61.

  10. 10.

    See Franco Venturi, Utopia and Reform in the Enlightenment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), 114–16.

  11. 11.

    Works, 27: 144. ‘Kakotopia’ stands for the modern term ‘dystopia’.

  12. 12.

    Works, 27: 115–16.

  13. 13.

    Works, 18: lxi–lxiii, 47–8; 27: 250–566.

  14. 14.

    Works, 5: 353, 387; 17: 148; 18: 514; 20: 290; 28: 23; 29: 242.

  15. 15.

    Works, 27: 113, 117.

  16. 16.

    Works, 22: 534; 27:113 n.1; 37: 37:12. See also Dearden (2012), 232; Frederic Seebohn, The Oxford Reformers (London: J.M. Dent, 1929), 219–20.

  17. 17.

    In the early days of the New World discovery, just how far-fetched many of these claims were is well reviewed in Lewis Hanke, Aristotle and the American Indians (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1959), Ch. 1.

  18. 18.

    Thomas More, Utopia. Translated with an Introduction by Paul Turner (London: Penguin, 1965), 44.

  19. 19.

    Ibid., 42–49.

  20. 20.

    For a close consideration of this issue, see J.H. Hexter , More’s Utopia: The Biography of an Idea (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952), Part 1.

  21. 21.

    Ibid.,

  22. 22.

    More (1965), 108–18; Machiavelli , The Prince, Quentin Skinner and Russell Price, eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), Ch. 12–14. See also William Urban, Medieval Mercenaries: The Business of War (London: Greenhill, 2006), Ch. 12.

  23. 23.

    See Arthur B. Ferguson, The Indian Summer of English Chivalry (Durham: Duke University Press, 1960) 169–73.

  24. 24.

    See Appendix 4 of this study, where many of these items are noticed in Ruskin’s translation from More.

  25. 25.

    See More (1965), 86–89.

  26. 26.

    More (1965), 101–2; Ruskin, ‘Notes on the General Principles of Employment for the Destitute and Criminal Classes’ in Works, 17: 541–6.

  27. 27.

    Works, 17: 541; cf. More (1965), 74–80.

  28. 28.

    See Hexter (1952) and Edward L. Surtz, ‘Thomas More and Communism’ PMLA 64 (3) (1949), 549–564.

  29. 29.

    Alistar Fox, Thomas More: History and Providence (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983), 55–6.

  30. 30.

    J.H. Hexter , The Vision of Politics on the Eve of the Reformation: More, Machiavelli, Seysse (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 134.

  31. 31.

    Stutz (1949), 550.

  32. 32.

    Works, 27: 115–16; Tierney (1997), 67–73.

  33. 33.

    Ruskin to Ellis, July, 1870, in Works, 37:12.

  34. 34.

    Works, 28: 23.

  35. 35.

    Benjamin Jowett , The Dialogues of Plato: Vol. 5. The Laws and Index. 2nd. ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1875); For examples of Ruskin’s translations see Fors Clavigera, Letter 82 (Oct. 1877) in Works, 29: 232–46.

  36. 36.

    See Ernest Barker, ed. The Politics of Aristotle (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958), xiii–xiv.

  37. 37.

    Works, 27: lix.

  38. 38.

    Works, 27: 328, 482 and 32: xxxii–xxxv. Ruskin drew heavily on Villani’s History of Florence in Val D’Arno. Works, 11 On Gotthelf , see Works, 6: 172 and 32: xxxii, 345 f. Gotthelf was a pen name used by the Swiss author, Albert Bitzius.

  39. 39.

    Works, 28: 132.

  40. 40.

    The translation was prepared by Julia Firth of Ambleside, a member of the Guild of St. George. Works, 32: xxxv.

  41. 41.

    Ibid., xxxii.

  42. 42.

    Works, 32: 345.

  43. 43.

    Lewis Mumford , ‘Utopia: The City and the Machine’ in Frank E. Manuel, ed., Utopias and Utopian Thought (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966), 3–24.

  44. 44.

    Works, 31: 26–29.

  45. 45.

    See ‘War’ in The Crown of Wild Olive in Works, 18: 459–93.

  46. 46.

    See A Knight’s Faith, in Works, 31: 375–510. Sir Herbert Edwardes (1819–1868) served in India.

  47. 47.

    Works, 29: 230.

  48. 48.

    For an informative discussion of the question of the person of special talent and that person’s relation to good governance, as understood by Plato and Socrates, see Janet Coleman, A History of Political Thought (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 1: 102–7. See also Works, 18: 499–502.

  49. 49.

    See the detailed discussion in Sherburne (1972), Ch. 6; on Ruskin’s views on education for women see Jan Marsh, ‘On Sesame and Lilies: Education in a Humane Society’ in Deborah E Nord, ed., Sesame and Lilies: John Ruskin (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 142–64.

  50. 50.

    Certain aspects of old Florentine Law refer. Works, 28: 23–42.

  51. 51.

    Works, 17: 89, 168, 499.

  52. 52.

    Works, 17: 262–83; J.A. Hobson , John Ruskin: Social Reformer. London: James Nisbit and Co. 1898; Confessions of an Economic Heretic (Hassocks: Harvester Press, 1976), 38–42; Michael Coyle, ‘A Profounder Didacticism: Ruskin, Orage and Pound’s Perception of Social Credit’, Paideuma 17(1) (1988), 7–28; John L. Finlay, Social Credit: The English Origins (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s Press, 1972), 28–34, 41–43, 78–9.

  53. 53.

    ‘War’ in the Crown of Wild Olive, (1866). Works, 18: 459–93.

  54. 54.

    Lewis Mumford , ‘Utopia: The City and the Machine’ in Manuel, ed. (1966), 3–5.

  55. 55.

    Works, 10: 192.

  56. 56.

    See Works, 1: It was written in 1841 but not published until 1851.

  57. 57.

    Works, 1: 347.

  58. 58.

    See Graham A. MacDonald, 'The Politics of the Golden River: Ruskin on Environment and the Stationary State’, Environment and History, 18 (2012), 125–50; James S. Dearden, ‘The King of the Golden River : A Bio-Bibliographical Study’, in Rhodes and Janik (eds.) (1982), 32–59.

  59. 59.

    See Watson (1972), 64–70; Works, 30: 5–12; Hilton (2001), Ch. 23.

  60. 60.

    Patrick Armitage, The Old Guilds of England (London: Weare and Co. 1918), 98.

  61. 61.

    Antony Black, Guilds and Civil Society in European Political Thought from the Twelfth Century to the Present (Ithica: Cornell University Press, 1984), Ch. 6; Armitage, (1918); Gervase Rosser , The Art of Solidarity in the Middle Ages: Guilds in England, 1250–1550 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

  62. 62.

    Armitage (1918), Chs. 2–3.

  63. 63.

    Ibid., 40–42.

  64. 64.

    Ibid., 52, 154.

  65. 65.

    Ibid., 120.

  66. 66.

    Francis Bacon , Works, II, 232, cited in J.H. Hexter , ‘Storm over the Gentry’ in Reappraisals in History (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1961), 144. See also J.P. Cooper, Land, Men and Beliefs: Studies in Early-Modern History (London: Hambledon Press, 1983), Ch. 4.

  67. 67.

    See David Blaug, ‘The Myth of the Old Poor Law and the Making of the New’, Journal of Economic History, 23 (2) (1963), 151–84; J.R. Poynter, Society and Pauperism: English Ideas on Poor Relief, 1795–1834 (London: R. and K. Paul. 1969).

  68. 68.

    A widely discussed contribution to this literature appeared in 1975. See J.G.A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition. With a new Afterword. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003); see also Cesare Vasoli, ‘The Machiavellian Moment: A Grand Ideological Synthesis’ The Journal of Modern History, (49) 4 (1977), 661–70; J.H. Hexter , On Historians (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979), Ch. 6.

  69. 69.

    Black (1984), 39–40, 81; Brian Tierney, Religion, Law and the Growth of Constitutional Thought, 1150–1650 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 87–88; Cary J. Nederman, Lineages of European Political Thought: Explorations along the Medieval/Modern Divide from John of Salisbury to Hegel (Washington DC: Catholic University Press of America, 2009), Ch. 12; Shelley Burtt, Virtue Transformed: Political Argument in England, 1688–1740 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).

  70. 70.

    Armitage (1918), Ch. 2; Black (1984), 58–65; Rosser (2015), 71–78.

  71. 71.

    Tryggvi J. Oleson, The Witengamot in the Reign of Edward the Confessor (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1955), 110–13; Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, Third ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), 545–55.

  72. 72.

    Ernst Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957), 3–6; R. L. Schuyler, and C. C. Weston , eds., Cardinal Documents in British History (New York: Van Nostrand, 1961), 78–81.

  73. 73.

    See J.C. Holt, Magna Carta, 2d ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), Ch.4.

  74. 74.

    Robert Hewison , ‘Notes on the Construction of the Stones of Venice’ , in Rhodes and Jenik, eds., (1982), 138–40.

  75. 75.

    Works, 16: 137; 17: 346, 432; 27: 248.

  76. 76.

    Ruskin to Norton , Feb. 10, 1863, in Charles Eliot Norton, ed. Letters of John Ruskin to Charles Eliot Norton (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1904), I: 134–37.

  77. 77.

    Works, 6: 449; 10: 359, 400–1; 11: 129–31; and see Pocock (2003), 66–80, 550–51.

  78. 78.

    Works, 23: 112, 157; 27: 15–18, 267–70, 295–6.

  79. 79.

    On Hawkwood, see Christopher Starr, Medieval Mercenary: Sir John Hawkwood of Essex (Essex: Essex Record Office 2007).

  80. 80.

    Johann Huizinga, The Autumn of the Middle Ages (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), Ch. 3.

  81. 81.

    See Shelagh Bond, St. George’s Chapel: Windsor Castle (London: Pitkin Pictorials, 1973), 3; P.J. Begent and H. Chesshyre, The Most Noble Order of the Garter: 650 Years (Spink and Son Ltd. 1999).

  82. 82.

    See also Jonathan Good, The Cult of Saint George in Medieval England (Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press 2009).

  83. 83.

    William Allingham’s Diary, March 6, 1876, (Fontwell: Centaur Press, 1967), 245.

  84. 84.

    Just how chaotically this often turned out has been well documented in Mark Frost. The Lost Companions and John Ruskin’s Guild of St George: A Revisionary History. London: Anthem Press, 2014).

  85. 85.

    ‘Abstract of the Objects and Constitution of St.George’s Guild’ (1877), Clause 4. Works, 30: 4.

  86. 86.

    Works, 27: 328, 482; 35: 391–2.

  87. 87.

    Cited in Edith Hope Scott, Ruskin’s Guild of St. George (London: Methuen, 1931), 3; and see Works, 30: 3–12, 58–9.

  88. 88.

    Works, 27: 328, 482; 35: 391–2. Details of suggested Guild procedures and the first members are described in Catherine W. Morley, John Ruskin: Late Work, 1870–1890 (New York: Garland, 1984), and see Scott, (1931).

  89. 89.

    Ruskin to Cowper, 4 Aug. 1871, in Bradley, ed. (1964), 314.

  90. 90.

    Works, 28: 263–4.

  91. 91.

    Works, 28: 436–7

  92. 92.

    Scott (1931), 3.

  93. 93.

    These same artworks have come under scrutiny by a few twentieth-century commentators. See Quentin Skinner, Ambrogio Lorenzetti: The Artist as Political Philosopher (London: The British Academy, 1985); Nicolai Rubinstein, ‘Political Ideas in Sienese Art’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institute, 21(1958), 197–207; Judith N. Shklar, The Faces of Injustice (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 45–47, 102–6.

  94. 94.

    Ruskin knew Froude’s recent study of St. Hugh of Lincoln published in Fraser’s Magazine in 1870 as ‘A Bishop of the Twelfth Century’. This was reprinted in the second volume of Froude’s Short Studies on Great Subjects (London: Longman’s Green, 1907).

  95. 95.

    Works, 31: xvii, xix, 30. Both men came to serve Ruskin over his remaining years, Wedderburn as one of his main editors and Collingwood as secretary and biographer. On Collingwood , see Vicky Albritton, and Fredrik A. Jonsson, Green Victorians: The Simple Life in John Ruskin’s Lake District (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), Ch. 6.

  96. 96.

    It became a last-minute necessity to substitute the word ‘Guild’ for ‘Company’ because, under the act, an organization which was not capable of declaring a dividend could not be called a company.

  97. 97.

    Gill Chity, ‘“A great entail”: the historic environment’, in Wheeler, ed. (1995), 102–22. See also Phillip Hoose, Building an ark: Tools for the preservation of natural diversity through land protection (Washington DC: Island Press, 1981).

  98. 98.

    On Guild of St. George land at Barmouth, Wales and its designation in 1895 as the first holding of the National Trust , Dinas Oleu, see www.ipcvision.com/page01/page14/natt-01.htm; On Ruskin and the National Trust , see Works, 30: xxx–xxxi; H.D. Rawnsley , Ruskin and the English Lakes (Glasgow: James MacLehose, 1902), Ch. 5; E.T. Cook, The Life of Ruskin (London: George Allen and Unwin), 2: 575–6; Chitty, (1995), 113–22.

  99. 99.

    Peter Wardle and Cedric Quayle, Ruskin and Bewdley (St. Albands: Brentham Press, 1989), 3–11; Stuart Eagles , After Ruskin: The Social and Political Legacies of a Victorian Prophet, 1870–1920 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 232–261.

  100. 100.

    Works, 28: 45–6; and see W.H.G. Armytage, Heavens Below: Utopian Experiments in England, 1560–1960. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961), 289–304.

  101. 101.

    For recent commentaries, see Eagles , (2011), Ch. 4, and Frost (2014).

  102. 102.

    Cited in Armytage (1961), 293.

  103. 103.

    Armytage (1961), 290.

  104. 104.

    Frost (2014), 142–45.

  105. 105.

    Robert Hewison , Art and Society: Ruskin in Sheffield, 1876 (London: Brentham Press, 1979), 19–22; Janet Barnes, Ruskin in Sheffield (Sheffield: Sheffield Art Department, 1985), 5.

  106. 106.

    Frost (2014), 97.

  107. 107.

    Cited in Armytage (1961), 301; Works, 30: 330–35. See also Sue King, A Weaver’s Tale: The Life and Times of the Laxey Woollen Industry, 1860–2010 (Laxey: St. George’s Woollen Mills Ltd. 2010), 28–33.

  108. 108.

    See Anthony Harris, Why Have our Our Little Girls Large Shoes? Ruskin and the Guild of St. George (London: Brentham Press, 1985); Eagles , (2011), Ch. 4.

  109. 109.

    Brundage, (1996); Isaac Broome, The Last Days of the Ruskin Cooperative Association (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1902).

  110. 110.

    Charles A. Beard, ‘Ruskin and the Babble of Tongues’, The New Republic (Aug. 5, 1936), 369–71.

  111. 111.

    E.F. Hennock, The Origins of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), Chs. 11, 12, 16; José Harris, William Beveridge: A Biography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), 471–2.

  112. 112.

    G.F.G. Masterman , ‘Ruskin the Prophet’ in J.H. Whitehouse, ed. Ruskin the Prophet: and Other Centenary Studies (London: Allen and Unwin, 1920), 52–3.

  113. 113.

    John G. Gunnell , Political Theory: Tradition and Interpretation (Cambridge: Winthrop Publishers, 1979), 149.

  114. 114.

    Footnote references to Ruskin’s writings (unless otherwise stated) are cited as Works, and refer to Cook, Edward T. and Wedderburn, Alexander, eds. The Collected Works of John Ruskin. London: 1903–1912. 39 v.

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    Graham A. MacDonald

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MacDonald, G.A. (2018). Easing Towards ‘A Vast Policy’: Establishing the Guild of St. George. In: John Ruskin's Politics and Natural Law. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72281-8_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72281-8_7

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