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Holistic Leadership: A New Paradigm for Fulfilled Leaders

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Engaged Leadership

Part of the book series: Management for Professionals ((MANAGPROF))

Abstract

This chapter presents a holistic approach to the art and science of leadership. Traditional approaches to leadership rarely provide any permeating or systematic framework to garner a sense of higher purpose or nurture deeper moral and spiritual dimensions of leaders. Learning to be an effective leader requires an integral transformation on the continuum of self, spirit, and service. Holistic leadership fosters the integral development of a leader’s personality in all its dimensions—physical, psychological, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual. It is a moral and spiritual journey whose guiding compass is found within a leader’s soul. The first step in that journey is marked by self-knowledge. Guided by self-knowledge, holistic leaders express their authentic self in all that they do and attain fulfillment by serving for the good of others.

Synthesizing the best of contemporary approaches to leadership in a holistic manner, this chapter presents an integral model of leadership that is built on the sound principles of self-motivation, creativity and innovation, emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, optimal performance, and fulfillment. This is a daring thesis, but we believe that such broad interdisciplinary approach is well suited to effectively address the multifaceted issues faced by contemporary organizations and leaders.

Partially based on author’s book: Holistic Leadership: A New Paradigm for Today’s Leaders. Palgrave MacMillan, New York, NY—published in 2017.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Michael Kroth, “Maslow—Move Aside! A Heuristical Motivation Model for Leaders in Career and Technical Education,” Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, 44 (2), (2007): 5–36.

  2. 2.

    Abraham H. Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation,” Psychological Review, Vol. 50 (4), 1943: 370–396.

  3. 3.

    Abraham H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality (New York, NY: Harper, 1954).

  4. 4.

    Ibid., 234.

  5. 5.

    Dan Gilbert, “What We Don’t Know Makes Us Nervous,” The New York Times, May 21, 2009. Entry retrieved on January 14, 2016 from http://www.randomhouse.com/kvpa/gilbert/blog/. Also see: Dan Gilbert, Stumbling upon Happiness (New York: Vintage Books, 2005).

  6. 6.

    See: Nancy Adler, International Dimension of Organizational Behavior (Cincinnati, OH: Southwestern Publishing, 2007). Geert Hofstede, Culture’s consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 2nd edition, 2003).

  7. 7.

    Frederick Herzberg, “One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees?” Best of HBR, Harvard Business Review (January 2003): 87–96.

  8. 8.

    Ibid., 90.

  9. 9.

    Ibid., 91.

  10. 10.

    Ibid.

  11. 11.

    Teresa Amabile, Motivating Creativity in Organizations: On Doing What You Love and Loving What You Do, California Management Review, 40 (I) FALL 1997, 55. [emphasis added].

  12. 12.

    Cited in Edwin A. Locke and Gary P. Latham, New Developments in Goal Setting and Task Performance (London: Routledge, 2012), 3.

  13. 13.

    Ibid, xiv.

  14. 14.

    Locke and Latham, New Developments in Goal Setting and Task Performance, 3.

  15. 15.

    Bandura in his foreword to Edwin A. Locke and Gary P. Latham, A Theory of Goal Setting & Task Performance (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1990), xii.

  16. 16.

    E. L. Deci & M. Vansteenkiste, Self-determination theory and basic need satisfaction: Understanding human development in positive psychology. Ricerche di Psichologia, 2004, 27, 17–34. See also: Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 68–78.

  17. 17.

    Ibid.

  18. 18.

    Marylène Gagné & Edward L. Deci, Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26.4 (Jun 2005): 331–362.

  19. 19.

    Marylène Gagné & Edward L. Deci, Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26.4 (June 2005): 331–362. [352]

  20. 20.

    E. L. Deci & M. Vansteenkiste, Self-determination theory and basic need satisfaction: Understanding human development in positive psychology. Ricerche di Psichologia, 27, (2004): 17–34.

  21. 21.

    Richard M. Ryan and Edward Deci, Self-Determination Theory, Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 5755–5760. Springer Netherlands.

  22. 22.

    Richard M. Ryan and Edward Deci, “Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being.” American Psychologist, 2000, 55, 68–78. Also see: Edward Deci and Richard M. Ryan, Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior (New York: Plenum, 1985)

  23. 23.

    Quoted in Laurence J. Peter, Peter’s Quotations: Ideas for Our Time (New York: Bantam Books, 1979), 25.

  24. 24.

    Sir Ken Robinson, Do Schools Kill Creativity? Ted Talk. February 2006. Transcript retrieved February 15, 2016: https://www.ted.com/talks/ken_robinson_says_schools_kill_creativity/transcript?language=enAlso see Ken Robinson, Out of our Minds: Learning to be Creative (New York: Capstone, 2011)

  25. 25.

    Quoted in “A Bias against ‘Quirky’? Why Creative People Can Lose Out on Leadership Positions.” Leadership entry: Knowledge @ Wharton. Retrieved February 18, 2016: http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/a-bias-against-quirky-why-creative-people-can-lose-out-on-leadership-positions/

  26. 26.

    See Teresa M. Amabile and Mukti Khaire, Creativity and the Role of the Leader, Harvard Business Review, October 2008, 86, (10), 101–109. Teresa M. Amabile, A Model of Creativity and Innovation in Organizations, Research in Organizational Behavior, 1988, Vol. 10, 123–167. Teresa Amabile, How to Kill Creativity, Harvard Business Review, 76, no. 5 (September–October 1998): 76–87.

  27. 27.

    Teresa Amabile, “How to Kill Creativity,” Harvard Business Review, 76, no. 5 (September–October 1998): 76–87.

  28. 28.

    Ibid., 77.

  29. 29.

    Michael Mumford, Where have we been, where are we going? Taking stock in creativity research. Creativity Research Journal, 2003, 15, 110.

  30. 30.

    Dr. Ellen Langer, personal communication, April 5, 2009. Unpublished Interview Transcripts.

  31. 31.

    Donald C. Pelz and F. M. Andrews, Scientists in Organizations: Productive Climates for Research and Development (Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 1976).

  32. 32.

    Teresa Amabile, “Motivating Creativity in Organizations: On Doing What You Love and Loving What You Do,” California Management Review, 40 (I), (Fall 1997): 39–58.

  33. 33.

    Teresa M. Amabile, “A Model of Creativity and Innovation in Organizations,” Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 10, (1988): 126.

  34. 34.

    Rosabeth Moth Kanter, The Change Masters: Innovations for Productivity in the American Corporation (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), 20

  35. 35.

    Rom Schrift quoted in “Can Creativity be Taught?” Management entry: Knowledge @ Wharton. Retrieved February 19, 2016: http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/can-creativity-be-taught/

  36. 36.

    Ibid.

  37. 37.

    Ibid.

  38. 38.

    Teresa M. Amabile and Mukti Khaire, “Creativity and the Role of the Leader,” Harvard Business Review, 86, (10), (October 2008):101–109. Teresa M. Amabile, “A Model of Creativity and Innovation in Organizations,” Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 10, (1988): 123–167.

  39. 39.

    Teresa Amabile, “Motivating Creativity in Organizations: On Doing What You Love and Loving What You Do,” California Management Review, 40 (I) (Fall 1997): 43; Teresa Amabile, “How to Kill Creativity,” Harvard Business Review, 76, no. 5 (September–October 1998), 76. Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Frontiers of Management (Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press, 1997).

  40. 40.

    See Teresa M. Amabile, Creativity in Context: Update to the Social Psychology of Creativity (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996). Teresa M. Amabile, Robert Burnside, and Stanley S. Gryskiewicz, User’s Manual for KEYS: Assessing the Climate for Creativity (Greensboro, N.C.: Center for Creative Leadership, 1998).

  41. 41.

    Jennifer Mueller as quoted in “Can Creativity be Taught?”

  42. 42.

    The Little Book of IDEO: Values from Tim Brown. Retrieved February 7, 2016: http://designthinking.ideo.com/?p=1282

  43. 43.

    Teresa Amabile, Colin M. Fisher, and Julianna Pillemer, IDEO’s Culture of Helping Harvard Business Review, January–February 2014.

  44. 44.

    David Burkus, The Myths of Creativity: The Truth About How Innovative Companies and People Generate Great Ideas (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2014), 11–14.

  45. 45.

    See Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention (New York: Harper Perennial; Reprint edition, 2013), 79–83.

  46. 46.

    See Charles Murray, Human accomplishment: The pursuit of excellence in the arts and sciences (New York: Harper Collins, 2003).

  47. 47.

    See Robert W. Weisberg, Creativity: Beyond the myth of genius, 2nd edition (New York, NY: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1993); See also Robert W. Weisberg, Creativity: Genius and other myths. (New York, NY: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1986)

  48. 48.

    John Baer, The Importance of Domain-Specific Expertise in Creativity, Roeper Review, 2015, 37, 165–178.Retrieved February 20, 2016: http://users.rider.edu/~baer/ExpertiseCreativity.pdf

  49. 49.

    David Burkus, The Myths of Creativity, 67–68.

  50. 50.

    Spoken statement (c. 1903); published in Harper’s Monthly (September 1932).

  51. 51.

    Ira Flatow, They All Laughed... From Light Bulbs to Lasers: The Fascinating Stories Behind the Great Inventions That Have Changed Our Lives (New York, NY: Harper Perennial, 1992).

  52. 52.

    Quoted by Steve Minter, When Leaders Lose Their Way, IndustryWeek, Sep 1, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2016: http://www.industryweek.com/leadership/when-leaders-lose-their-way

  53. 53.

    Daniel Goleman, What Makes a Leader? Harvard Business Review, January 2004 Reprint: Best of HBR 1998, 1.

  54. 54.

    Daniel Goleman, What Makes a Leader? Harvard Business Review, January 2004 Reprint: Best of HBR 1998, 2–3.

  55. 55.

    See Daniel Goleman, Leadership That Gets Results, Harvard Business Review, March–April 2000, 4; Daniel Goleman, What Makes a Leader? Harvard Business Review, January 2004 Reprint: Best of HBR 1998, 4; and Daniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis, and Annie McKee, Primal leadership, 39–52.

  56. 56.

    Daniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis, and Annie McKee, Primal leadership: Unleashing the Power of Emotional Intelligence (Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Review Press, 2013), 3.

  57. 57.

    As quoted in Sharon Shinn, “Intelligence at Work,” BizEd, September/October, 2003, 23.

  58. 58.

    Goleman, Boyatzis, and McKee, Primal leadership, ix.

  59. 59.

    Daniel Goleman, Leadership That Gets Results, HBR, March–April, 2000, 2.

  60. 60.

    Goleman, Boyatzis, and McKee, Primal leadership, 3.

  61. 61.

    As cited in Robert R. Cooper, The Other 90%: How to Unlock Your Vast Untapped Potential for Leadership and Life (New York: Crown Business; Later Printing edition, 2002), 18. See also James M. Kouzes & Barry Z. Posner, Encouraging the Heart: A Leader’s Guide to Rewarding and Recognizing Others (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2003), 7.

  62. 62.

    Goleman, Emotional Intelligence, 153.

  63. 63.

    Wei Chen, Ruth Jacobs, & Lyle Spencer, “Calculating the competencies of stars.” In Daniel Goleman (ed.) Working with Emotional Intelligence (New York: Bantam Books, 1998), 377–380.

  64. 64.

    Kathleen Cavallo & Dottie Brienza, D. (n.d.). Emotional competence and leadership excellence at Johnson & Johnson: The emotional intelligence and leadership study, 2001. Retrieved Mach 6, 2016: http://www.eiconsortium.org/reports/jj_ei_study.html

  65. 65.

    Steven J. Stein & Howard E. Book, The EQ Edge: Emotional Intelligence and Your Success, 3rd Edition (Ontario: Jossey-Bass, A Wiley Imprint, 2011), 17.

  66. 66.

    Ibid.

  67. 67.

    Daniel Goleman, Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ (New York: Bantam Books, 1995). Daniel Goleman, Working with Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ (New York: Bantam Books, 1998).

  68. 68.

    Robert R. Cooper, The Other 90%: How to Unlock Your Vast Untapped Potential for Leadership and Life (New York: Crown Business; Later Printing edition, 2002), 232.

  69. 69.

    Daniel Goleman, “Why aren’t we more compassionate?” A Ted Talk, March 2007. Interactive Transcript retrieved March 2016: http://www.ted.com/talks/daniel_goleman_on_compassion/transcript?language=en

  70. 70.

    Daniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis, and Annie McKee, Primal leadership, 249; 250.

  71. 71.

    Ibid., 251.

  72. 72.

    Howard Gardner, Multiple Intelligences: New Horizons in Theory and Practice (New York: Basic Books, revised edition, 2006), 5–6.

  73. 73.

    Howard Gardner, Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the twenty-first Century, (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 33–34. Howard Gardner, Changing Minds: The art and science of changing our own and other people’s minds (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2004). Howard Gardner, Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice, (New York: Basic Book, 1993)

  74. 74.

    Howard Gardner & Thomas Hatch, “Multiple Intelligences Go To School: Educational Implications of the Theory of Multiple Intelligences.” Educational Researcher, 1989, 18(8), 4–9.

  75. 75.

    As described on Howard Gardner’s official website, Oasis: http://multipleintelligencesoasis.org/about/the-components-of-mi/ Also see Howard Gardner, Intelligence Reframed. Gardner started with seven intelligences originally and later added “naturalistic” intelligence.

  76. 76.

    Retrieved February 27, 2016: http://multipleintelligencesoasis.org/what-mi-am-i/

  77. 77.

    Howard Gardner, The unschooled mind: How children think and how schools should teach (New York: Basic Books, 1991), 12

  78. 78.

    Howard Gardner, Intelligence Reframed, 128.

  79. 79.

    Perry D. Klein, Multiplying the Problems of Intelligence by Eight: A Critique of Gardner’s Theory, Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l’éducation, Vol. 22, No. 4 (Autumn, 1997), 377–394.

  80. 80.

    Daniel T. Willingham, Reframing the Mind: Howard Gardner became a hero among educators simply by redefining talents as “intelligences.” Check the Facts, Education Next, Summer, 2004, 19–24. Retrieved March 15, 2016: http://educationnext.org/files/ednext20043_18.pdf

  81. 81.

    As cited in Ibid., 24.

  82. 82.

    Mindy Kornhaber cited in Thomas Armstrong, Multiple Intelligences in the Classroom (Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development; ASCD Member Book, 3 edition, 2009), 190.

  83. 83.

    Daniel Goleman, “Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences.” October 29, 2011. Q & A entry. Retrieved February 27, 2016: http://www.danielgoleman.info/howard-gardner-multiple-intelligences/

  84. 84.

    As quoted in Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence, 1995, 41–42.

  85. 85.

    Cindy Wigglesworth, Why Spiritual Intelligence Is Essential to Mature Leadership. Integral Leadership Review, 2006, retrieved March 15, 2016: http://andyatwood.com/uploads/2/8/4/4/2844368/spiritual-intelligence-n-mature-leadership.pdf

  86. 86.

    Parker J. Palmer, A Hidden Wholeness: The Journey Toward an Undivided Life (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2009)

  87. 87.

    See Robert A. Emmons, The Psychology of Ultimate Concerns: Motivation and Spirituality in Personality (New York: The Gilford Press, 2009), 157–179. Donah Zohar, ReWiring the Corporate Brain: Using the New Science to Rethink How We Structure and Lead Organizations (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc., 1997). Danah Zohar and Ian Marshall, SQ: Connecting With Our Spiritual Intelligence (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2000) Danah Zohar, Spiritual Capital: Wealth We Can Live By (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc., 2004). Danah Zohar and Ian Marshall, Spiritual Intelligence: The Ultimate Intelligence (London: Bloomsbury, 2012). Cindy Wigglesworth, SQ21: The 21 Skills of Spiritual Intelligence (New York: Select Books, 2012). Dorothy A. Sisk and E. Paul Torrance, Spiritual Intelligence: Developing Higher Consciousness (Buffalo, NY: Creative Education Foundation, 2001). See also Howard Gardner, Intelligence reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the twenty-first century (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 53.

  88. 88.

    Frances Vaughan, “What is spiritual intelligence?” Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(2), (2002): 16–33.

  89. 89.

    Ibid.

  90. 90.

    David B. King & Teresa L. DeCicco, “A Viable Model and Self-Report Measure of Spiritual Intelligence,” The International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 28, (2009): 68–85.

  91. 91.

    Stephen Covey, The 8th Habit: From Effectiveness to Greatness (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), 53.

  92. 92.

    Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 3.8.10: यो वा एतदक्शरं गार्ग्यविदित्वास्माल्लोकात्प्रैति स कृपणः He who departs from this world without knowing this Immutable, is miserable. See Swāmī Mādhavānanda, tr. Brihadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, with the Commentary of Śankarācārya (Kolkata, India: Advaita Ashrama, 2008), 364.

  93. 93.

    Bhagavad Gītā 2.40: स्वल्पम् अप्य् अस्य धर्मस्य त्रायते महतो भयात्: svalpam apy asya dharmasya trāyate mahato bhayāt: even a little practice of this art of selfless action (born of self-knowledge) saves one from the great terror (of repeated conditioned existence).

  94. 94.

    Emmons, The Psychology of Ultimate Concerns, 179.

  95. 95.

    Retrieved and adapted from Danah Zohar’s website http://danahzohar.com/www2/?p=53

  96. 96.

    Zohar and Marshall, SQ: Connecting With Our Spiritual Intelligence, 6.

  97. 97.

    Danah Zohar and Ian Marshall, Spiritual Capital: Wealth We Can Live by, 127–131.

  98. 98.

    Khalil Gibran, The Prophet (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1977), 28.

  99. 99.

    Partially based on author’s book: Gandhi and Leadership: New Horizons in Exemplary Leadership, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, NY—published in 2015.

  100. 100.

    Cited in Narayan Desai, My Gandhi (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House, 2011), p. 189.

  101. 101.

    Louis Fischer, Gandhi: His Life and Message for the World, 189.

  102. 102.

    Ramchandra Guha, Gandhi Before India (New York: Alfred Knopf, 2014), 2.

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  1. School of Business, Woodbury University, Burbank, CA, USA

    Satinder Dhiman

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  1. School of Business, Woodbury University, Burbank, California, USA

    Joan Marques

  2. School of Business, Woodbury University, Burbank, California, USA

    Satinder Dhiman

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Dhiman, S. (2018). Holistic Leadership: A New Paradigm for Fulfilled Leaders. In: Marques, J., Dhiman, S. (eds) Engaged Leadership. Management for Professionals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72221-4_5

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