Skip to main content

Intellectual Asset Management

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Media and Digital Management
  • 118k Accesses

Abstract

The chapter deals with a key task in media and digital organizations: how companies create, protect and manage intellectual assets. Different assets are discussed: trade secrets, contract-created rights, patents, trademarks and copyrights. We learn how to get a patent, the frontiers of patents and how to deal with patent infringements. For copyrights, issues covered are what can be copyrighted, international copyright protections and “fair use.” The next section deals with the commercialization of intellectual assets: how to value intellectual assets and how to license them. The final section deals with the challenges of piracy, and the various protection strategies of law, technology and business responses. Reform proposals and new approaches such as open source are discussed. Throughout the chapter, the case discussion tracks General Electric’s intellectual assets and how much of General Electric’s value and profits are based on them.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Penner, J. E. “The Bundle of Rights Picture of Property.” UCLA Law Review 43, no. 3 (February 1996): 711–820.

  2. 2.

    Isakson, Hans R., and Shauntreis Sproles. “A Brief History of Native American Land Ownership.” In Indigenous Peoples and Real Estate Valuation. Eds. Robert A. Simons and Rachel Malmgren. New York: Springer, 2008, 63–75.

  3. 3.

    Lobowski, Ruben N. et al. Major Uses of Land in the United States, 2002. Washington, DC: Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 2006.

  4. 4.

    Scherer, Frederic M. “The political economy of patent policy reform in the United States.” Faculty Research Working Papers Series. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School of Government, October 2007.

  5. 5.

    The German philosopher Immanuel Kant provided an ethical rationale. Kant believed that an author has an inherent right to protection against unauthorized compulsion to speak, and that unauthorized publishing would violate the individual’s personal autonomy. Kant, Immanuel. “Of the Injustice of Counterfeiting Books (Von der Unrechtmaessigkeit des Buechernachdrucks).” Essays and treatises on moral, political, and various philosophical subjects. London, 1798.

  6. 6.

    Scherer, Frederic M. “The political economy of patent policy reform in the United States.” Faculty Research Working Papers Series. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School of Government, October 2007.

  7. 7.

    Gordon, Larry. “How the UC system is making patents pay off.” Los Angeles Times. October 10, 2015. Last accessed May 22, 2017. http://www.latimes.com/local/education/la-me-uc-patents-20,151,011-story.html.

  8. 8.

    National Academy of Inventors. “Top 100 Worldwide Universities Granted U.S. Utility Patents 2015.” Last accessed May 22, 2017. http://www.academyofinventors.com/pdf/top-100-universities-2015.pdf.

  9. 9.

    Gordon, Larry. “How the UC system is making patents pay off.” Los Angeles Times. October 10, 2015. Last accessed May 22, 2017. http://www.latimes.com/local/education/la-me-uc-patents-20,151,011-story.html.

  10. 10.

    In 2015, Columbia was the ninth highest recipient of patents (119) among educational institutions in the world. National Academy of Inventors. “Top 100 Worldwide Universities Granted U.S. Utility Patents 2015.” Last accessed May 22, 2017. http://www.academyofinventors.com/pdf/top-100-universities-2015.pdf.

  11. 11.

    Fisher, Ken. “MPAA Names its Top 25 Movie Piracy Schools.” Law and Disorder. April 2, 2007. Last accessed June 9, 2010. http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2007/04/mpaa-names-its-top-25-movie-piracy-schools.ars.

  12. 12.

    Columbia University was followed by the University of Pennsylvania with 934, Boston University with 891, University of California, Los Angeles with 889, and Purdue University with 873.

  13. 13.

    Rivette, Kevin G., and David Kline. Rembrandts in the Attic: Unlocking the Hidden Value of Patents. Boston: Harvard Business School, 2000, 122.

  14. 14.

    Comstock, Beth. “Best Advice: What I Learned From Jack Welch Hanging Up on Me.” LinkedIn. February 26, 2013. Last accessed July 16, 2013. https://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20130226113021-19,748,378-best-advice-what-i-learned-from-jack-welch-hanging-up-on-me.

  15. 15.

    NBCUniversal. “This is NBCUniversal.” Last accessed July 15, 2013. http://www.nbcuni.com/corporate/about-us/.

  16. 16.

    Anderson, Ash. “IBM, King of the Patents.” SFGate. January 16, 2013. Last accessed May 22, 2017. http://www.sfgate.com/business/fool/article/IBM-King-of-the-Patents-4199052.php.

  17. 17.

    GE. “GE Reports.” March 8, 2010. Last accessed June 13, 2013. http://www.gereports.com/twenty-thousand-patents-this-decade-and-counting/. GE list of its patents (over 20,000 in a decade) can be viewed on FreshPatents.com.

  18. 18.

    GE. “GE Reports.” April 13, 2012. Last accessed June 13, 2013. http://www.gereports.com/ge-tops-clean-energy-patent-list/.

  19. 19.

    Tao, John et al. “Developing an Effective Strategy for Managing Intellectual Assets.” Research-Technology Management 48, no. 1 (January/February 2005): 50–58.

  20. 20.

    Managing Intellectual Property. “25 ways to be a more effective TM manager.” May 1, 2006. Last accessed May 22, 2017. http://www.managingip.com/IssueArticle/1254631/Archive/25-ways-to-be-a-more-effective-TM-manager.html.

  21. 21.

    Thomas, Brad. “Intellectual Property Management Tips.” The CPA Journal 73, no. 8, (August 2003): 10.

  22. 22.

    “Meeting of the Minds.” Risk Management 49, no. 12, (December 2002): 28.

  23. 23.

    Wild, Joff. “The GE Revolution.” Intellectual Asset Management. (August/September, 2004): 25–28.

  24. 24.

    Poltorak, Alexander I., and Paul J. Lerner. Essentials of Intellectual Property. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002.

  25. 25.

    Anton, James J. “Little Patents and Big Secrets: Managing Intellectual Property.” RAND Journal of Economics 35, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 1–22.

  26. 26.

    Anton, James J. “Little Patents and Big Secrets: Managing Intellectual Property.” RAND Journal of Economics 35, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 1–22.

  27. 27.

    Friedman, David D., William M. Landes, and Richard A. Posner. “Some Economics of Trade Law,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 5, no. 1 (Winter 1991): 61–72.

  28. 28.

    NPD Solutions. “What Is Reverse Engineering?” Last accessed May 25, 2017. http://www.npd-solutions.com/reverse-engineering.html.

  29. 29.

    People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Commerce. “GE Wins Trade Secret Infringement Case against Jiuxiang.” Intellectual Property Protection in China, November 12, 2007. Last accessed June 1, 2011. http://www.chinaipr.gov.cn/casesarticle/cases/caseothers/200711/247674_1.html.

  30. 30.

    New York Times. “GE Wins a Stolen Secret.” August 3, 1993. Last accessed October 5, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/03/business/ge-wins-on-stolen-secret.html.

  31. 31.

    Kennedy, John H. “Jury rules Korean company misused GE diamond secrets.” Boston Globe. July 31, 1993. Last accessed May 25, 2017. https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8238711.html.

  32. 32.

    Gilpin, Kenneth N. “Dow and G.E. Resolve Suit on Theft of Trade Secrets.” New York Times, April 10, 1997.

  33. 33.

    Anawalt, Howard C., and Elizabeth F. Enayati. IP Strategy Complete Intellectual Property Planning, Access and Protection. Eagan, MN: West Publishing, 1999, 536–537.

  34. 34.

    Litwak, Mark. Contracts for the Film & Television Industry. Los Angeles: Silman-James Press, 1998.

  35. 35.

    Poltorak, Alexander I. “Valuing Patents as Market Monopolies.” Patent Strategy & Management 4, no. 5 (September 2003).

  36. 36.

    Quinn, Gene. “Overview of the US Patent Process.” Patents & Patent Law. February 15, 2008. Last accessed June 15, 2010. http://www.ipwatchdog.com/patent/patent-prosecution/.

  37. 37.

    Von Pottelsberghe, Bruno. Lost Property: The European Patent System and Why It Doesn’t Work. Brussels: Bruegel Blueprint Series, 2009.

  38. 38.

    General Electric. “Fact Sheet.” Last accessed May 25, 2017. http://www.ge.com/company/factsheets/corporate.html.

  39. 39.

    ifi Claims Patent Services. “2016 U.S. Patent Trends & Insights.” January 6, 2017. Last accessed May 25, 2017. https://www.ificlaims.com/news/view/ifi-claims/2016-u-s-patent-trends.htm.

  40. 40.

    General Electric. GE 2016 Annual Report. Last accessed May 25, 2017. https://www.ge.com/ar2016/assets/pdf/GE_AR16.pdf.

  41. 41.

    Griffin, Greg. “System patently out of date, some inventors complain A CU symposium dissects U.S. patent procedures in light of an explosion in technological innovation.” Denver Post. April 10, 2006.

  42. 42.

    Chapman, Glenn. “Patent wars plague Internet Age, add innovation tax.’” The Sydney Morning Herald. April 16, 2012. Last accessed October 22, 2012. www.smh.com.au/it-pro/business-it/patent-wars-plague-internet-age-add-innovation-tax-20120416-1x2ej.html.

  43. 43.

    Crovitz, L. Gordon. “Google, Motorola and the Patent Wars.” The Wall Street Journal. August 22, 2011. Last accessed October 22, 2012. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903639404576518493092643006.html.

  44. 44.

    Poltorak, Alexander I., and Paul J. Lerner. Essentials of Intellectual Property. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002.

  45. 45.

    Lanjouw, Jean O., and Mark Schankerman. “Protecting Intellectual Property Rights: Are Small Firms Handicapped?” The Journal of Law and Economics 47, no. 1 (April 2004): 45–74.

  46. 46.

    Gardner, Steven. “Basics of Trademark Law and Trademark Registration Procedures for the General Corporate Practitioner.” Campbell Law Observer. April 1, 1999.

  47. 47.

    Elias, Stephen and Kate McGrath. “Trademark Legal Care for Your Business & Product Name.” Berkeley: Nolo Press, 2010.

  48. 48.

    Greene, K. J. “Abusive Trademark Litigation and The Incredible Shrinking Confusion Doctrine – Trademark Abuse in the Context of Entertainment Media and Cyberspace.” Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 27, no. 2 (2004): 608–642.

  49. 49.

    New International Treaty. WIPO Magazine. April 2006. (An earlier common framework was the “Madrid Protocol,” which offered a trademark owner in one country the ability to obtain registration in many other foreign countries.)

  50. 50.

    Internicola, Charles. “What Are The Benefits of The International Trademark Registration Process?” Charles N. Internicola, Business and Franchise Lawyer, 2011. Last accessed June 2, 2011. http://www.franchiselawsolutions.com/faqs/what-are-the-benefits-of-the-international-trademark-registration-process.cfm.

  51. 51.

    Managing Intellectual Property. “25 ways to be a more effective TM manager.” May 1, 2006. Last accessed May 25, 2017. http://www.managingip.com/IssueArticle/1254631/Archive/25-ways-to-be-a-more-effective-TM-manager.html.

  52. 52.

    Intellectual Property Watch. “Inside Views: General Electric’s View on Green IP And Technology.” June 12, 2009. Last accessed August 1, 2012. http://www.ip-watch.org/2008/06/12/inside-views-general-electrics-view-on-green-ip-and-tech/.

  53. 53.

    LegalForce Trademarkia. “Magnum.” July 15, 2013. Last accessed May 25, 2017. http://www.trademarkia.com/magnum-73281111.html.

  54. 54.

    LoGiurato, Brett. “Dunder Mifflin Paper Comes to Life as NBC, Staples Strike Licensing Deal.” International Business Times. November 28, 2011. Last accessed June 18, 2013. http://www.ibtimes.com/dunder-mifflin-paper-comes-life-nbc-staples-strike-licensing-deal-375734.

  55. 55.

    Litwak, Mark. “Frequently Asked Questions: Copyright.” Mark Litwak’s Entertainment Law Resources. Last accessed June 27, 2011. http://www.marklitwak.com/faq/copyright.html.

  56. 56.

    United Nations. Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. 1979. Last accessed June 6, 2011. http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html.

  57. 57.

    United Nations. Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. 1994. Last accessed June 6, 2011. http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/t_agm0_e.htm.

  58. 58.

    Minow, Mary. “How I Learned to Love Fair Use.” Stanford Copyright & Fair Use Center. July 6, 2003. Last accessed May 25, 2017. http://fairuse.stanford.edu/commentary_and_analysis/2003_07_minow.html.

  59. 59.

    Gilbert, Alorie. “Publishers Sue Google Over Book Search Project.” CNET News. October 19, 2005. Last accessed June 21, 2010. http://news.cnet.com/Publishers-sue-Google-over-book-search-project/2100-1030_3-5902115.html.

  60. 60.

    Gilbert, Alorie. “Publishers Sue Google Over Book Search Project.” CNET News. October 19, 2005. Last accessed June 21, 2010. http://news.cnet.com/Publishers-sue-Google-over-book-search-project/2100-1030_3-5902115.html.

  61. 61.

    The free US government PTO website for patent searches is http://patents.uspto.gov. A for-pay source for US patents is Micropatent ( http://micropat.com). European patents can be searched through the European Patent Office ( http://www.epo.co.at:80/index.htm). Japanese patents can be found in translation through the International Science and Technology Associates ( http://www.intlscience.com and http://www.jpo-miti.go.jp).

  62. 62.

    Based on Aurigin Systems, Inc. 1999. Aurigin is now part of the Clarivate company.

  63. 63.

    Based on Rivette, Kevin G. and David Kline. Rembrandts in the Attic: Unlocking the Hidden Value of Patents. Boston: Harvard Business School, 2000, 68

  64. 64.

    Rivette, Kevin G., and David Kline. Rembrandts in the Attic: Unlocking the Hidden Value of Patents. Boston: Harvard Business School, 2000.

  65. 65.

    Rivette, Kevin G., and David Kline. Rembrandts in the Attic: Unlocking the Hidden Value of Patents. Boston: Harvard Business School, 2000.

  66. 66.

    Penman, Stephen H. “Accounting for Intangible Assets: There is Also an Income Statement.” Abacus 45, no. 3 (September 2009): 358–371.

  67. 67.

    WIPO. “WIPO National Workshops on Assessment and Valuation of Inventions and Research Results for Technology Transfer and Commercialization.” August 12, 1997.

  68. 68.

    WIPO. “WIPO National Workshops on Assessment and Valuation of Inventions and Research Results for Technology Transfer and Commercialization.” August 12, 1997.

  69. 69.

    Bertolotti, Nick. “Valuing Intellectual Property.” Managing Intellectual Property no. 46 (February 1995): 28.

  70. 70.

    WIPO. “WIPO National Workshops on Assessment and Valuation of Inventions and Research Results for Technology Transfer and Commercialization.” August 12, 1997.

  71. 71.

    Poltorak, Alexander I., and Paul J. Lerner. Essentials of Intellectual Property. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002.

  72. 72.

    Poltorak, Alexander I., and Paul J. Lerner (2002). Essentials of Intellectual Property. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2002.

  73. 73.

    Kinsella, P., R. Leonard, and G. Weinstein. “Four keys to successful technology in-licensing.” Licensing in the Boardroom. October 8, 2007. Last accessed March 15, 2017. http://www.iam-media.com/Intelligence/Licensing-in-the-Boardroom/2009/Articles/Four-keys-to-successful-technology-in-licensing.

  74. 74.

    Lichtenthaler, Ulrich. “Corporate technology out-licensing: Motives and scope.” World Patent Information 29, no. 2 (June 2007): 117–121.

  75. 75.

    Megantz, Robert C. How to License Technology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996, 55–69.

  76. 76.

    Megantz, Robert C. How to License Technology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996, 55–69.

  77. 77.

    Wiley, Sam, and Adam Falconer. “Licensing and IP Issues for Mobile and Social Game Developers.” Ipstrategycom. June 13, 2013. Last accessed June 3, 2014. http://ipstrategy.com/2013/06/13/licensing-and-ip-issues-for-mobile-and-social-game-developers/.

  78. 78.

    IAM magazine supplement “Licensing in the Boardroom”. “The How’s and Why’s of Monitoring your Licensees.” (October 2005): 44–46.

  79. 79.

    Rockett, Katharine E. “Choosing the Competition and Patent Licensing.” RAND Journal of Economics 21, no. 1 (Spring 1990): 161–171.

  80. 80.

    Shapiro, Carl, and Hal R. Varian. Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999.

  81. 81.

    Crovitz, L. Gordon. “Google, Motorola and the Patent Wars.” The Wall Street Journal. August 22, 2011. Last accessed October 22, 2012. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903639404576518493092643006.html.

  82. 82.

    Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co. v. United States, 226 U.S. 20 (1912).

  83. 83.

    Grindley, Peter C., and David J. Teece. “Managing Intellectual Capital: Licensing and Cross-Licensing in Semiconductors and Electronics.” California Management Review 39, no. 2 (1997): 8–41.

  84. 84.

    Obringer, Lee Ann. “How Music Royalties Work.” Howstuffworks Entertainment. April 2011. Last accessed June 28, 2010. http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/music-royalties.htm.

  85. 85.

    Examples are the Kenya Association of Music Producers (KAMP), the Indian Performing Right Society (IPRS), the Argentine Society of Music Authors and Composers (SADAIC), the Russian Organization for Intellectual Property (VOIS), and the Japan Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers (JASRAC). In the EU, there are 25 collection societies, each one the sole society for that country, established as a government-affiliated monopoly that collects all of the royalty money in the country. PROs try to coordinate internationally in order to reduce the ability to bypass national payments.

  86. 86.

    SoundExchange. “SoundExchange.” Last accessed June 8, 2010. http://www.soundexchange.com/.

  87. 87.

    American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers. “Common Licensing Terms.” Last accessed June 28, 2010. http://www.ascap.com/licensing/termsdefined.html.

  88. 88.

    To calculate performance royalties, PROs use different methods. ASCAP, for example, gives different weights to different performance types. A song that is featured on TV or on the radio is weighted higher than background music in a radio commercial. Similarly, the time of day a song is played is a factor. The total number of credits of a song is then multiplied by a “credit value,” a factor which equals the total credits for all writers and publishers, divided by the total collected money for that quarter. Royalties are paid out quarterly.

  89. 89.

    The Harry Fox Agency. “About HFA.” Last accessed June 28, 2010. http://www.harryfox.com/public/AboutHFA.jsp.

  90. 90.

    Trachtenberg, Jeffrey A. “Amazon Launches Royalty Plan for E-Books.” The Wall Street Journal. January 21, 2010. Last accessed May 31, 2017. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704320104575014653299582416.

  91. 91.

    Engadget , “Amazon announced new option they put their loyalties to 70% and it will start from end of July.” January 20, 2010. Last accessed August 22, 2011. http://japanese.engadget.com/2010/01/20/kindle-70-6/.

  92. 92.

    Marich, Robert. The European Commission EC versus the Hollywood Studios. New York: Informa, 2004.

  93. 93.

    Garon, Jon. “Film Financing and Distribution Deals.” Gallagher, Callahan and Gartrell, August 2009. Last accessed August 1, 2012. http://www.gcglaw.com/resources/entertainment/film_distribution_deals.html.

  94. 94.

    Lisotta, Christopher. “Reality Gets Reworked for Prime.” Television Week 23, no. 33 (August 16, 2004): 41–42.

  95. 95.

    Litwak, Mark. “Frequently Asked Questions: Music.” Mark Litwak’s Entertainment Law Resources. Last accessed June 27, 2011. http://www.marklitwak.com/faq/music.html.

  96. 96.

    Networks pay a fee of between $5.5 million and $7.5 million for the Emmy awards and $5 million annually for the Grammy awards. ABC has a seven-year contract for the Oscars for a total of $350 million ($50 million per year). Albiniak, Paige. “The Emmy goes…nowhere.” Broadcasting & Cable. November 17, 2002. Last accessed May 31, 2017. http://dev.broadcastingcable.com/news/news-articles/emmy-goes…nowhere/94525.

  97. 97.

    The information regarding this rate card came about due to an ongoing lawsuit between Relativity Media and Netflix. Gardner, Eriq. “Relativity’s $1.5 Billion Lawsuit Offers Rare Peek at Netflix License Agreement.” The Hollywood Reporter. October 18, 2016. Last accessed May 31, 2017. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/relativitys-15-billion-lawsuit-offers-939463.

  98. 98.

    17 U.S.C. § 115 “Scope of exclusive rights in nondramatic musical works: Compulsory license for making and distributing phonorecords”. The UK’s copyright tribunal in 1991 set the record royalty rate for musical works at 8.5% of the dealer price (excluding VAT) of every record. This can alternatively be expressed as 6.5% of the retail price (excluding VAT).

  99. 99.

    Masnick, Mike. “Prince claims when someone covers your songs, the original no longer exists.” Techdirt. April 21, 2011. Last accessed February 27, 2012. http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110420/13280113977/prince-claims-when-someone-covers-your-song-original-no-longer-exists.shtml.

  100. 100.

    Couchman, Nic. “Sports Right Issues.” September 2000. Last accessed August 2, 2012. http://www.couchmansllp.com/old_site_2005_11_18/library/sports_rights_issues.doc.

  101. 101.

    Weinberger, James D. “Baseball Trademark Licensing and the Antitrust Exemption: An Analysis of New York Yankees Partnership v. Major League Baseball Enterprises, Inc.” 23 Colum. – VLA J. of L. & Arts 75 (Winter 1999).

  102. 102.

    Couchman, Nic. “Sports Right Issues.” September 2000. Last accessed August 2, 2012. http://www.couchmansllp.com/old_site_2005_11_18/library/sports_rights_issues.doc.

  103. 103.

    Couchman, Nic. “Sports Right Issues.” September 2000. Last accessed August 2, 2012. http://www.couchmansllp.com/old_site_2005_11_18/library/sports_rights_issues.doc.

  104. 104.

    Noam, Eli. Television in Europe. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

  105. 105.

    Thus, in 1998, a German court awarded the media rights to the clubs themselves. Gratton, Chris, and Harry Arne Solberg. The Economics of Sports Broadcasting. New York: Routledge, 2007.

  106. 106.

    Gratton, Chris, and Harry Arne Solberg. The Economics of Sports Broadcasting. New York: Routledge, 2007.

  107. 107.

    Mullin, Bernard J., Stephen Hardy, and William A. Sutton. Sport Marketing. 2nd ed. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 2000.

  108. 108.

    Friedman, Avi. “Protection of Sports Trademarks.” Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review 15, no. 3 (1995): 689–716.

  109. 109.

    The trademarked categories of NFLP are numerous and include: NFL Pro Line (the league’s most elite or prestigious label because it is the same product and apparel worn and used by players and coaches), NFL Fitness (a brand of equipment and apparel for letting fans work out like the pros), NFL Spirit (apparel for women), NFL Classic (for everyday use), NFL Kids, NFL Pro Line Kids, NFL Baby, NFL Back to School, NFL at Home (pillows, bedspreads, wallpaper, lamps), NFL Tailgate (coolers, tablecloths, barbecue grills), NFL Pet Shop, NFL Auto, NFL Quarterback Club, NFL Throwbacks (vintage replica items), NFL Trading Cards, NFL Collectibles, NFL Publishing, and NFL Films.

  110. 110.

    Mullin, Bernard J., Stephen Hardy, and William A. Sutton. Sport Marketing. 2nd ed. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 2000.

  111. 111.

    Thomas, Katie. “College Starts Sue over Likenesses in Video Games.” New York Times. July 3, 2009. Last accessed May 31, 2017. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/04/sports/04ncaa.html.

  112. 112.

    Covell, Daniel, and Sharianne Walker. Managing Sport Organizations: Responsibility for Performance. New York: Routledge, 2013.

  113. 113.

    Peck, Tom. “Father of Olympic branding: My rules are being abused.” The Independent. July 20, 2012. Last accessed May 31, 2017. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/news/father-of-olympic-branding-my-rules-are-being-abused-7962593.html.

  114. 114.

    O’Reilly, Terry. “The ever-increasing cost of being an Olympic sponsor.” CBC News. February 8, 2014. Last accessed May 31, 2017. http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/the-ever-increasing-cost-of-being-an-olympic-sponsor-1.2527993.

  115. 115.

    The Economist. “Victors and spoils.” July 21, 2012. Last accessed May 31, 2017. http://www.economist.com/node/21559326.

  116. 116.

    Wiesman, Tom. “FIFA World Cup Sponsorship: Is it Worth It?” Analytic Partners. March 10, 2014. Last accessed May 31, 2017. http://www.analyticpartners.com/news-blog/2014/03/fifa-world-cup-sponsorship-is-it-worth-it/.

  117. 117.

    Wiesman, Tom. “FIFA World Cup Sponsorship: Is it Worth It?” Analytic Partners. March 10, 2014. Last accessed May 31, 2017. http://www.analyticpartners.com/news-blog/2014/03/fifa-world-cup-sponsorship-is-it-worth-it/.

  118. 118.

    Burton, Rick. “Teams as Brands: A Review of the Sports Licensing Concept.” In Sports Marketing and the Psychology of Marketing. Eds. Lynn R. Kahle, and Chris Riley. New York: Psychology Press, 2004.

  119. 119.

    One study (conducted by Sports Illustrated for Kids) found that 60% of boys and 37% of girls claimed to own NBA-branded apparel.

  120. 120.

    Burton, Rick. “Teams as Brands: A Review of the Sports Licensing Concept.” In Sports Marketing and the Psychology of Marketing. Eds. Lynn R. Kahle, and Chris Riley. New York: Psychology Press, 2004.

  121. 121.

    Brook, Tom Vanden. “Army found NASCAR’s price too high,” USA Today. May 9, 2014. Last accessed May 31, 2017. http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/05/09/army-national-guard-recruiting-scandal/8908841/.

  122. 122.

    Sandomir, Richard. “All the Way to 2032, Come What May.” New York Times. May 8, 2014. Last accessed May 31, 2017. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/sports/olympics/nbc-olympic-tv-deal-accounts-for-advances-in-technology.html.

  123. 123.

    The word “piracy,” which is frequently used, is a loaded term. But, since it has been adopted proudly by some of those engaged in such use (who have even formed political “pirate parties” that have, at times, been remarkably successful in elections), we will use this term to loosely refer to a use without permission by the holder of a valid IPR. The term is less pejorative than “theft,” which the content industry uses, and less euphemistic than “sharing.”

  124. 124.

    IFPI. “The Recording Industry 2006 Piracy Report.” July 2006. Last accessed August 2, 2012. http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/piracy-report2006.pdf.

  125. 125.

    Byers, Simon et al. “Analysis of Security Vulnerabilities in the Movie Production and Distribution Process.” Telecommunications Policy 28, nos. 7–8. (August–September 2004): 619–644.

  126. 126.

    The examples include the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1984, the Computer Software Protection Act, the No Electronic Theft Act of 1997, the Trademark Anti-Counterfeiting Act of 1984, the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984, Copyright Infringement Act, Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, Economic Espionage Act of 1996, Copyright Felony Act of 1992, the Counterfeit Access and computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986, and the National Information Infrastructure Act of 1996. Additionally, each US state has enacted corresponding legislation offering additional statutory IP protections.

  127. 127.

    Electronic Frontier Foundation. “Unintended Consequences: Twelve Years under the DMCA.” March 3, 2010. Last accessed August 1, 2012. https://www.eff.org/wp/unintended-consequences-under-dmca/.

  128. 128.

    Wallis, Rosemary, and Thomas Huthwaite. “ISP liability for copyright infringement: Are dodgy subscribers worth the risk?” Lexology. April 12, 2013. Last accessed May 31, 2017. http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=e466d7dc-e24e-4f6d-bba3-bb33bba46b53.

  129. 129.

    Smith, Breana C., Don Ly, and Mary Schmiedel. “Intellectual Property Crimes.” The American Criminal Law Review 43, no. 2 (Spring 2006): 963–714; UCLA Online Institute for Cyberspace Law and Policy. “Digital Millennium Copyright Act.” February 8, 2001. Last accessed July 8, 2010. http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/iclp/dmca1.htm.

  130. 130.

    Electronic Frontier Foundation. “Unintended Consequences: Twelve Years under the DMCA.” March 3, 2010. Last accessed August 1, 2012. https://www.eff.org/wp/unintended-consequences-under-dmca/.

  131. 131.

    Scherer, Frederic M. “The political economy of patent policy reform in the United States.” Journal on Telecommunications & High Technology Law 7, no. 2 (Spring 2009): 167–216.

  132. 132.

    Riley, Jason L. “Copyfight.” The Wall Street Journal. November 26, 2005, A.10.

  133. 133.

    Mann, Charles C. “The Heavenly Jukebox.” The Atlantic Monthly 286, no. 3 (September, 2000): 39–59.

  134. 134.

    Liang, Jian et al. “Pollution in P2P File Sharing Systems.” Presented at IEEE INFOCOM, Miami, Florida. March 13–17, 2005.

  135. 135.

    The Economist. “A fine balance: How much copyright protection does the internet need?” January 23, 2003. Last accessed June 13, 2012. http://www.economist.com/node/1534271.

  136. 136.

    Electronic Privacy Information Center. “Digital Rights Management and Privacy.” March 29, 2004. Last accessed August 1, 2012. http://epic.org/privacy/drm/.

  137. 137.

    Shapiro, Carl, and Hal R. Varian. Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999.

  138. 138.

    Barlow, John P. “The Economy of Ideas,” Wired. March 1, 1994. Last accessed August 1, 2012. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.03/economy.ideas.html.

  139. 139.

    Surowiecki, James. Hello, Cleveland.” The New Yorker. May 16, 2005. Last accessed May 31, 2017. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/05/16/hello-cleveland.

  140. 140.

    The Economist. “A fine balance: How much copyright protection does the internet need?” January 23, 2003. Last accessed June 13, 2012. http://www.economist.com/node/1534271.

  141. 141.

    Open Source Initiative. “Open Source Case for Business.” Last accessed August 1, 2012. http://opensource.org/advocacy/case_for_business.php/.

  142. 142.

    Kay, Russell. “Quick Study: Creative Commons.” Computerworld. May 22, 2006. Last accessed August 1, 2012. http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/111316/Creative_Commons?taxonomyId=70&pageNumber=2.

  143. 143.

    Rohter, Larry. “In Digital Age, Advancing a Flexible Copyright System.” New York Times. June 26, 2006. Last accessed May 31, 2017. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/26/arts/26crea.html.

  144. 144.

    Creative Review. “Made for Sharing.” June 5, 2006, 36. Each of the six model Creative Commons licenses contains a combination of four license conditions: “attribution” (abbreviated “by”), “Share Alike” (“sa”), “non-commercial” (“nc”), and “no derivative works” (“nd”). “Attribution,” the most common condition among the CC licenses, states that works can only be used if credit is given to their original creator; “noncommercial,” that works can be used freely only for noncommercial purposes; “no derivative works,” that works can only be used in “verbatim” form (i.e. new works based on the CC original are not allowed); and “Share Alike,” that others can only distribute an original work if the subsequent work has an identical license.

  145. 145.

    General Electric. “Statement of Financial Position.” GE 2012 Annual Report. 2012. Last accessed July 16, 2013. http://www.ge.com/sites/default/files/GE-AR2012-Statement-of-Finacial-Position.pdf.

  146. 146.

    MSN. “General Electric Co.” GE Company Report, Financial Results, Key Ratios, Income Statement. Last accessed 6 June 6, 2013. http://investing.money.msn.com/investments/company-report/?symbol=ge.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Quiz Answers

Quiz Answers

  1. 1.

    D

  2. 2.

    B

  3. 3.

    B

  4. 4.

    C

  5. 5.

    D

  6. 6.

    D

  7. 7.

    D

  8. 8.

    E

  9. 9.

    A

  10. 10.

    C

  11. 11.

    A

  12. 12.

    D

  13. 13.

    C

  14. 14.

    C

  15. 15.

    A

  16. 16.

    C

  17. 17.

    D

  18. 18.

    D

  19. 19.

    D

  20. 20.

    C

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Noam, E.M. (2019). Intellectual Asset Management. In: Media and Digital Management. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72000-5_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics