Arctic Fisheries Management in the Twenty-First Century

Creem, Elliot

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71806-4_13

Arctic Fisheries Management in the Twenty-First Century

Elliot Creem³

Chapter
First Online: 05 April 2018

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Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Maritime Politics and Security ((PSMPS))

Abstract

The Arctic Ocean continues to warm, and sea ice retreat means that previously frozen, unexplored areas of the Central Arctic are now navigable and accessible. While commercial fishermen have trawled Arctic waters for decades, they have never had access to the 1.1 million square zone in the Central Arctic. Though a regulatory regime composed of international law, national regulations, and regional frameworks currently governs Arctic fisheries, many gaps and shortcomings preclude full coverage of the Arctic Ocean, including a lack of compliance and enforcement mechanisms. The time is ripe to assess the Arctic’s marine ecosystem and harmonize Arctic fisheries laws and regulations to promote sustainable commercial fishing in the future.

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Notes

1.
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http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/fact-sheets/2012/02/23/faq-what-is-a-regional-fishery-management-organization
2.
“Fish to 2030: Prospects for Fisheries and Aquaculture,” World Bank Report Number 83177-GLB: Agriculture and Environmental Services Discussion Paper 03, December 2013.
3.
“The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014,” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2014.
4.
“World Fisheries: Declines, Potential, and Human Reliance,” University of Michigan, April 1, 2006, http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/fisheries/fisheries.html
5.
“FISH TO 2030: Prospects for Fisheries and Aquaculture,” World Bank Report Number 83177-GLB: Agriculture and Environmental Services Discussion Paper 03, December 2013.
6.
Natalia Loukacheva, “Polar Law Textbook,” Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 2010.
7.
Ibid.
8.
Ed Struzik, “Melting Sea Ice Could Lead to Pressure on Arctic Fishery,” Yale 360, May 10, 2012.
9.
“Fisheries Management and the Arctic in the Context of Climate Change,” European Parliament Committee on Fisheries, 2015, https://doi.org/10.2861/567433
10.
Eric Post, “Ecological Consequences of Sea-Ice Decline,” Science, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1235225
11.
Ibid.
12.
Suzanne Goldenberg, “Arctic sea ice extent breaks record low for winter,” The Guardian, March 28, 2016.
13.
“Geopolitics and Marine Production in a Changing Arctic,” Abstracts: Arctic Frontiers, January 20–25, 2013; Juha Jokela, “Arctic Security Matters,” European Union Institute for Security Studies, Issue Report No. 24, June 2015.
14.
Ed Struzik, “Melting Sea Ice Could Lead to Pressure on Arctic Fishery,” Yale 360, May 10, 2012.
15.
Ibid.
16.
Andrew Kramer, “Accord Would Regulate Fishing in Arctic Waters,” The New York Times, April 16, 2013.
17.
Ibid.
18.
Ibid.
19.
Magdalena Muir, “Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing in the Circumpolar Arctic,” InfoNorth, September 2010.
20.
Sebastien Duyck, “The Other Moratorium – Freezing Central Arctic Fisheries as the Ice Withdraws,” Interdisciplinary Journal of the Environment, December 2012.
21.
Ibid.
22.
Sebastien Duyck, “The Other Moratorium – Freezing Central Arctic Fisheries as the Ice Withdraws,” Interdisciplinary Journal of the Environment, December 2012.
23.
Magdalena Muir, “Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing in the Circumpolar Arctic,” InfoNorth, September 2010.
24.
Ibid, 72.
25.
Ibid, 373.
26.
S. Kim, A.B. Hollowed, M. Barange, and B.R. MacKenzie. “ICES and PICES strategies for coordinating research on the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems,” Oceanography 27, no. 4 (2014): 160–167. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2014.94
27.
Erik Molenaar, “Arctic Fisheries and International Law: Gaps and Options to Address Them,” Carbon and Climate Law Review, 2012, 70.
28.
Ibid.
29.
Timo Koivurova and Erik Molenaar, “International Governance and Regulation of the Marine Arctic,” World Wildlife Fund, 2009, 21.
30.
William J. Wilson and Olav A. Ormseth, “A New Management Plan for the Arctic waters of the United States,” Fisheries 34, no. 11 (November 2009): 555–558.
31.
Erik Molenaar, “Arctic Fisheries and International Law: Gaps and Options to Address Them,” Carbon and Climate Law Review, 2012, 71.
32.
Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science Magazine, December 13, 1968, 162; “The Tragedy of the High Seas,” The Economist, February 22, 2014.
33.
Adam Soliman, “Fisheries Governance and How It Fits Within the Broader Arctic Governance,” Seattle University Law Review, 2014.
34.
Andrew Kramer, “Accord Would Regulate Fishing in Arctic Waters,” The New York Times, April 16, 2013.
35.
Erik Molenaar, “Arctic Fisheries and International Law: Gaps and Options to Address Them,” Carbon and Climate Law Review, 2012, 70.
36.
Ibid.
37.
Jennifer Jenners, “Climate Change and the Arctic: Adapting the Changes in Fisheries Stocks and Governance Regimes,” Ecology Law Quarterly 37, no. 3 (2010), https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38FC3X
38.
“Arctic Council: A Backgrounder,” Arctic Council, September 28, 2015.
39.
Ibid, 64.
40.
Timo Koivurova and Erik Molenaar, “International Governance and Regulation of the Marine Arctic,” World Wildlife Fund, 2009, 21.
41.
“The Ilulissat Declaration,” Arctic Ocean Conference, May 27–29, 2008.
42.
“Fisheries Management and the Arctic in the Context of Climate Change,” European Parliament Committee on Fisheries, 2015, https://doi.org/10.2861/567433
43.
Erik Molenaar, “Arctic Fisheries Conservation and Management: Initial Steps of Reform of the International Legal Framework,” Yearbook of Polar Law, March 2009, 9.
44.
“Fisheries Management and the Arctic in the Context of Climate Change,” European Parliament Committee on Fisheries, 2015, https://doi.org/10.2861/567433
45.
“The Ilulissat Declaration,” Arctic Ocean Conference, May 27–29, 2008.
46.
Adam Soliman, “Fisheries Governance and How It Fits Within the Broader Arctic Governance,” Seattle University Law Review, 2014, 1209.
47.
Heather Exner-Pirot, “New Directions for Governance in the Arctic Region,” Arctic Year Book, 2012.
48.
Charles K. Ebinger and Evie Zambetakis, “The Geopolitics of Arctic Melt,” International Affairs 85, no. 6 (2009): 6.
49.
“Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report,” Arctic Council, 2009.
50.
S. Borgerson, L. Brigham, M. Byers, H. Conley, and M. Laruelle, “The Emerging Arctic,” Council on Foreign Relations, 2014, http://www.cfr.org/polar-regions/emerging-arctic/p32620#!/?cid=otr_marketing_use-arctic_Infoguide#
51.
“Arctic: Location and Geography,” Polar Discovery: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 2006, http://polardiscovery.whoi.edu/arctic/geography.html
52.
Ed Struzik, “Melting Sea Ice Could Lead to Pressure on Arctic Fishery,” Yale 360, May 10, 2012.
53.
“Arctic Nations Sign Declaration to Prevent Unregulated Fishing in the Central Arctic Ocean,” US Department of State, July 16, 2015.
54.
Ed Struzik, “Melting Sea Ice Could Lead to Pressure on Arctic Fishery,” Yale 360, May 10, 2012.
55.
Ibid.
56.
Erik Molenaar, “Arctic Fisheries and International Law: Gaps and Options to Address Them,” Carbon and Climate Law Review, 2012, 74; “About CAFF,” Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), 2016, http://www.caff.is/about-caff
57.
Erik Molenaar, “Arctic Fisheries Conservation and Management: Initial Steps of Reform of the International Legal Framework,” Yearbook of Polar Law, March 2009, 14.
58.
Erik Molenaar, “Arctic Fisheries and International Law: Gaps and Options to Address Them,” Carbon and Climate Law Review, 2012, 75.
59.
Ibid.
60.
Ibid, 76.
61.
“Arctic Council: A Backgrounder,” Arctic Council, September 28, 2015.
62.
“US proposes binding international pact for Arctic Ocean fishery,” Nunatsiaq News, December 7, 2015.

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MA International Relations, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Norcross, GA, USA
Elliot Creem

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Elliot Creem
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National Defense University, Washington, DC, USA
Geoffrey F. Gresh

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Creem, E. (2018). Arctic Fisheries Management in the Twenty-First Century. In: Gresh, G.F. (eds) Eurasia’s Maritime Rise and Global Security. Palgrave Studies in Maritime Politics and Security. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71806-4_13

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71806-4_13
Published: 05 April 2018
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71805-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71806-4
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