Skip to main content

Do Sex, Horror and Violence Sell Movies?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Predicting Movie Success at the Box Office

Abstract

Many movies contain depictions of a sexual, violent or horrific nature. These content features have been observed to play prominent parts in movie story-telling from the earliest days of the industry. The amount and intensity of sex and violence can also vary between genres. There is evidence that many cinema-goers enjoy watching scenes of violence and sex. Others do not. In general, however, these elements can add to enjoyment of a movie for many viewers provided they make a good fit within the film and are not inserted for purely gratuitous reasons. Yet, macro-level analyses of box office performance have revealed that while cinema-goers may express positive opinions about sex and violence in movies, such content does not always deliver better performance at the box office.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Baehr, T. (2005, March 9). Moviegoers reject films with explicit lewd content. Available at: http://www.movieguide.org/index.php?s=news&id=66

  • Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1963). Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basuroy, S., Chatterjee, S., & Ravid, S. A. (2003). How critical are critical reviews? The box office effects of film critics, star power and budgets. Journal of Marketing, 67(4), 103–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. (1960). Conflict, arousal and curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Blumer, H. (1933). Movies and conduct. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyanowsky, E. O. (1977). Film preferences under condition of threat: Whetting the appetite for violence, information or excitement? Communication Research, 4, 133–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyanowsky, E. O., Newtson, D., & Walster, E. (1974). Film preferences following a murder. Communication Research, 1, 32–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerridwen, A., & Simonton, D. K. (2009). Sex doesn’t sell – nor impress! Content, box office, critics, and awards in mainstream cinema. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity and the Arts, 3(4), 200–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day, E. (2004, April 3). Hollywood horror: Nudity and sex no longer sells out cinemas. Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/04/04/wfilm04.xml

  • De Vany, A., & Walls, W. D. (2002). Dies Hollywood make too many R-rated movies? Risk, stochastic dominance, and the illusion of expectation. Journal of Business, 75, 425–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., & DeFour, D. (1978). Does television violence enhance programme popularity? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 333–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., & Woody, L. W. (1981). TV violence and viewer liking. Communication Research, 8, 281–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, E. (1991). The ecstasy of horrible expectations: Morbid curiosity, sensation-seeking, and interest in horror movies. In B. Austin (Ed.), Current research in film: Audiences, economics and law (Vol. 5, pp. 19–38). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenstein, S. (1949). Film form (Trans. Jay Levda). New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenigstein, A. (1979). Does aggression cause a preference for viewing media violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2307–2317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feshbach, S. (1955). The drive-reducing function of fantasy behaviour. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 50, 3–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feshbach, S. (1961). The stimulating versus cathartic effects of vicarious aggressive activity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 381–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feshbach, S., Stiles, W. B., & Bitter, E. (1967). Reinforcing effect of witnessing aggression. Journal of Research in Personality, 2, 132–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, J., & Newtson, R. (1975, September). The effect of anger on preference for filmed violence. Paper presented at the annual conference of the American Psychological Association, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunter, B. (1985). Dimensions of television violence. Aldershot, UK: Gower.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunter, B. (1988). Violence on television; editorial. Current Psychology: Research and Reviews, 7(1), 3–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, D., & Dumerauf, J. (1990, November). Why is Freddie a hero? Adolescents’ uses and gratifications for watching slasher films. Paper presented at the meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lagerspetz, K. M. J., Wahlroos, C., & Wendelin, C. (1978). Facial expressions of pre-school children while watching televised violence. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 19, 213–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, P. A., & Palmgreen, P. C. (1996). A uses and gratifications analysis of horror film preferences. In J. B. Weaver & R. Tamborini (Eds.), Horror films: Current research on audience preferences and reactions. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClintock, P. (2015, March 5). Box-office milestone: ‘Fifty Shades’ crosses a sexy $500m worldwide. The Hollywood Reporter. Available at: http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-milestone-fifty-shades-779455. Accessed 22nd September 2016.

  • Movieguide®. (2009). Moviegoers prefer movies with no sex, annual study repots again. Available at: https://www.movieguide.org/news-articles/moviegoers-prefer-movies-with-no-sex-annual-study-reports-again.html. Accessed 15th August 2016.

  • Ravid, S. A., & Basuroy, S. (2004). Managerial objectives, the R rating puzzle, and the production of violent films. Journal of Business, 77, S155–S192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Switzer, D., & Lang, D. M. (2008). Does sex sell? A look at the effects of sex and violence on motion picture revenues (Economics Seminar Series, Paper 3). Department of Economics, St Cliud State University. Available at: http://repository.stcloudstate.edu/econ_seminars/3. Accessed 20th September 2016.

  • Tamborini, R., & Stiff, J. (1987). Predictors of horror film attendance and appeal: An analysis of the audience for frightening films. Communication Research, 14(4), 415–436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamborini, R., Stiff, J., & Zillmann, D. (1987). Preferences for graphic horror featuring male versus female victimization. Human Communication Research, 13, 529–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, K. M., & Yokota, F. (2004). Violence, sex, and profanity in films: Correlation of movie ratings with content. Medscape General Medicine, 6, 3–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uzarowski, A. (2016). All the fire: The use of sexual imagery as a way for attracting cinema audiences in 1950s America. Film International. Available at: http://filmint.nu/?p=18042. Accessed 22nd September 2016.

  • Van der Voort, T. H. A. (1986). Television violence: A child’s-eye view. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zillmann, D. (1998). The psychology of appeal of portrayals of violence. In J. H. Goldstein (Ed.), Why we watch: The attractiveness of violent entertainment (pp. 179–211). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Gunter, B. (2018). Do Sex, Horror and Violence Sell Movies?. In: Predicting Movie Success at the Box Office. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71803-3_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics