Abstract
Sea ice not only shapes the global climate but is also an important background for a complicated ecosystem that is closely related to the littoral benthic ecosystem. This similarity is the reason why this formation is usually referred to as an “inverted bottom.” In the deep central part of the Arctic Basin (which is 47% of its overall surface area), it is estimated that approximately 50% of the primary production comes from autotrophic protists (sympagic) related to sea ice. Global warming has caused changes in the range and time of sea ice occurrence, and the existence time of sea ice assemblages is also changing. After 173 years of ice-related microalgae studies, the appearance of 1027 taxa closely related to sea ice has been recorded.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arrigo KR, Dijken G, Pabi S (2008) Impact of a shrinking Arctic ice cover on marine primary production. Geophys Res Lett 35(19):L19603
Assessment, Arctic marine shipping (2009) Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report, Arctic Council
Bartsch A (1989) Sea ice algae of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica): species composition, biomass, and ecophysiology of selected species. Ber Polarforsch 63:1–110
Bursa AS (1961) The Annual oceanographic cycle at Igloolik in the Canadian Arctic: II The Phytoplankton. J Fish Board Can 18(4):563–615
Comiso J (2010) Satellite remote sensing techniques, Polar Oceans from Space, pp 73–111
Ehrenberg CG (1841) 1853 Einen Nachtrag zu dem Vortrage uber Verbreitung und Einfluss des microscopischen Lebens in Sud-und Nord-Amerika, Acad. Wiss. Berlin Monatsber, pp. 220
Garrison DL (1991) An overview of the abundance and role of protozooplankton in Antarctic waters. J Mar Syst 2(3):317–331
Jerlov NG (1968) Optical oceanography. Elsevier Pub. Co, Amsterdam
Krembs C, Gradinger R, Spindler M (2000) Implications of brine channel geometry and surface area for the interaction of sympagic organisms in Arctic sea ice 243(1):55–80
Kwok R, Rothrock DA (2009) Decline in Arctic sea ice thickness from submarine and ICESat records: 1958–2008. Geophy Res Lett 36
Kwok R, Cunningham GF, Wensnahan M, Rigor I, Zwally HJ, Yi D (2009) Thinning and volume loss of the Arctic Ocean sea ice cover: 2003–2008. J Geophys Res 114(C7):C07
Maykut GA (1985) The Ice Environment. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, pp 21–82
Melnikov IA (1997) The Arctic sea ice ecosystem. Antarctic Sci 9(4):457–458
Palmisano A, SooHoo J, Moe R, Sullivan C (1987) Sea ice microbial communities. VII Changes in under-ice spectral irradiance during the development of Antarctic sea ice microalgal communities. Mar Ecol Prog Series 35:165–173
Parker LV, Sullivan CW, Forest TW, Ackley SF (1985) Ice nucleation activity of antarctic marine microorganisms. Antarctic J 20:126–127
Poulin M, Daugbjerg N, Gradinger R (2011) The pan-Arctic biodiversity of marine pelagic and sea-ice unicellular eukaryotes: a first-attempt assessment. Mar Biodivers 41:13–28
Rozanska M, Gosselin M, Poulin M, Wiktor JM, Michel C (2009) Influence of environmental factors on the development of bottom ice protist communities during the winter and spring transition. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 386:43–59
Schünemann H (2004) Studies on the Arctic pack-ice habitat and sympagic meiofauna: seasonal and regional variabilities. PhD Thesis. Christian-Albrechts Universität Kiel
Spindler M (1996) On the salinity tolerance of the planktonic foraminifera, pp 85–91
Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS (2000) Sea Ice, Wiley, Blackwell
Weeks W (2010) On sea ice, University of Alaska Press, Alaska
Wiktor J (2015) Morskie pierwotniaki Arktyki Rozprawy i Monografie 24. Institut of Oceanology Polish Academy of Science, Sopot, pp 177. in polish
Acknowledgement
The team of authors has participated in research on ice protists in international programmes such as NOW (North Water Polynya—1998), ‘Marinok’ (Project on Ice Margin Zone on Barents Sea)—1999–2000, CASES (Canadian Arctic Shelf Exchange Study)—2003/4, CLEOPATRA (Climate effects on planktonic food quality and trophic transfer in Arctic Marginal Ice Zones) 2007/2008, Resolute 2010/11 and have participated in ArcticNet (grant NR695/N-ARCTICNET/2010/0).
This publication was financed by funds from the Leading National Research Centre (KNOW) received by the Centre for Polar Studies for the period 2014–2018.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Smoła, Z.T., Kubiszyn, A.M., Różańska, M., Tatarek, A., Wiktor, J.M. (2018). Protists of Arctic Sea Ice. In: Zielinski, T., Sagan, I., Surosz, W. (eds) Interdisciplinary Approaches for Sustainable Development Goals. GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71788-3_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71788-3_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71787-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71788-3
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)