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Green Infrastructure Financing pp 11–69Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Green Infrastructure to Pursue Two Visions

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Abstract

This chapter pinpoints green infrastructure as a means to achieve two ends: making a country wealthy and checking climate change. Firstly, this chapter shows that economic development is promoted by aggressive national policies (industrial policy , FDI policy and urbanization policy); that such national policies can be effective because they can unleash the forces of economic development (the forces of the division of labor, mechanization and technological progress ; namely, the force of innovation in broad sense); and, that the forces need transport and energy infrastructure s in order for them to be unleashed. With interesting examples, this chapter indicates that all economically successful countries took a similar path in history. Secondly, this chapter shows that the energy sector and transport sector account for about half of all GHG emissions. Accordingly, it indicates that if energy and transport infrastructures are built in a ‘low carbon’ way, almost half of all GHG emission sources can be addressed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For further details, see Easterly (2002, 13–15), Bhagwati (2004, 53–54), and Collier (2007, 8–12).

  2. 2.

    For further details, see Rosenberg (1982, 24–25).

  3. 3.

    In order to explain the causes of economic growth, Ayres and Warr use the concept of ‘exergy’ that means a measure of potential work. While energy is always conserved, exergy can be used up. However, they explain that non-technical people use energy, a familiar term, in the sense of ‘exergy.’ Since this book is focused on the importance of energy infrastructure, the author does not go into the details of scientific difference between the two concepts but use the familiar terminology of ‘energy.’ For the concept of exergy, see Ayres and Warr (2009, 78–79). For earlier insights on the role of energy, see, for example, Rosenberg (1982, 81–103).

  4. 4.

    For further details, see Parry (1967, 155–219).

  5. 5.

    For further details, see Fukuyama (2012, 316–317), Osterhammel and Petersson (2005, 38–39).

  6. 6.

    O’Sullivan and Sheffrin designated entrepreneurs as the fourth factor of production, and their view benefits greatly from the theoretical foundation laid by Schumpeter.

  7. 7.

    For a brief overview of the concept and its use, see Wenger-Trayner, Etienne and Beverly Wenger-Trayner. ‘Communities of Practice: A brief Introduction,’ 2015. http://wenger-trayner.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/07-Brief-introduction-to-communities-of-practice.pdf. Accessed 25 March 2016.

  8. 8.

    For further details, see also Pavitt (2002, 14).

  9. 9.

    For further details, see Malerba (2006, 393–394).

  10. 10.

    For the constraints on the supply side, see Altenburg and Lütkenhorst (2015, 72–73).

  11. 11.

    For the constraints on the demand side, see Altenburg and Lütkenhorst (2015, 72–73).

  12. 12.

    For further detailed discussion, see Chang (2003, 20).

  13. 13.

    It is worthy of note that the UK relied on coal mining even until mid-1950s. For the details on this history of energy in the UK, see Plante Energies, http://www.planete-energies.com/en/medias/saga-energies/history-energy-united-kingdom. Accessed 2 October 2017.

  14. 14.

    For details on the acts of the UK Parliament, see UK Parliament. ‘Canals and Rivers,’ http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/transportcomms/canalsrivers/overview/canal-acts/. Accessed 2 May 2017.

  15. 15.

    For the details on the expansion of canal systems in the UK, see UK Parliament. ‘Canals and Rivers,’ http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/transportcomms/canalsrivers/overview/canal-acts/. Accessed 2 May 2017.

  16. 16.

    For further details, see also Kindleberger (1996, 109–110).

  17. 17.

    Initially, the US relied on canal systems but it was railroads that accelerated its coal trade. See Economic History Association, https://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-us-coal-industry-in-the-nineteenth-century-2/. Accessed 5 May 2017.

  18. 18.

    See also Census Report (1902, iv).

  19. 19.

    For details on customs barrier, see Seidel (1971, 4).

  20. 20.

    For further details, see Kindleberger (1978, 192–194).

  21. 21.

    For an overview of Korean development experiences, see, for example, Kim (2011), Rhee et al. (1984), Choi (2013).

  22. 22.

    For detailed statistics, see Bank of Korea, http://ecos.bok.or.kr

  23. 23.

    In terms of GDP as of 2016.

  24. 24.

    For further details, see Baer (1972, 102–103), Bhagwati (2004, 61–62).

  25. 25.

    For the details on the position of the World Bank, see World Bank (2007, 39–42).

  26. 26.

    For further details, see Altenburg and Lütkenhorst (2015, 38–39 and 56–57).

  27. 27.

    For further details, see Tilly (1990, 51–70), Strayer (2005, 93–107).

  28. 28.

    For further details, see Strayer (2005, 93–107).

  29. 29.

    For further details, see Fukuyama (2014, 126–134).

  30. 30.

    For further details, see Stiglitz (2007, 188–189).

  31. 31.

    For further details, see Smartrailworld.com, ‘China’s high-speed rail hits the 20,000 km mark but financial issues persist,’ 14 September 2016. http://www.smartrailworld.com/chinas-high-speed-rail-hits-the-20000-km-mark-but-financial-issues-persist. Accessed 24 September 2016.

  32. 32.

    Singapore also adopted a strategy to make use of FDI to jump-start its development. See Ghani (2008, 36–37).

  33. 33.

    For further details, see Knox and McCarthy (2005, 174–176), The Wall Street Journal, ‘China Unveils Urbanization Plan,’ 16 March 2014.

  34. 34.

    For further details, see Kraay (2004, 3), Easterly (2002, 13–15), Bhagwati (2004, 53–54).

  35. 35.

    In 2014, Out of such 52.7 GtCO2 equivalent, the emissions of CO2 from fossil fuel and industry were estimated at 35.5 GtCO2. To limit the rise in global average temperature below 2° C, cumulative CO2 emissions since 1870 should remain below 2900 GtCO2, and 1900 GtCO2 had already been emitted by 2011. For further details, see IPCC (2014, 10).

  36. 36.

    For further details, see International Rice Research Institute. ‘Rice and Climate Change,’ http://irri.org/news/hot-topics/rice-and-climate-change. Accessed 14 May 2016.

  37. 37.

    See also UN DESA (2015, 3).

  38. 38.

    For further details, see Weather Underground. ‘Greenland,’ https://www.wunderground.com/climate/greenland.asp. Accessed 21 May 2016.

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    Jae Myong Koh

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Koh, J.M. (2018). Green Infrastructure to Pursue Two Visions. In: Green Infrastructure Financing . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71770-8_2

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