Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

SIRS/Sepsis/Septic Shock/MOSF

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Surgical Critical Care Therapy

  • 2283 Accesses

Abstract

The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and multiple organ failure (MOF) refer to a spectrum of physiologic changes resulting from a dysfunctional immune response to infection or tissue injury. Sepsis and septic shock refer to conditions due specifically to the host’s response to infection. In the mildest form, this dysfunctional immune response manifests as SIRS. More severe states progress to end organ dysfunction and failure which have been characterized by a numerous definitions and scoring systems, each with particular advantages and disadvantages.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Sauaia A, Moore EE, Johnson JL, Ciesla DJ, Biffl WL, Banerjee A. Validation of postinjury multiple organ failure scores. Shock. 2009;31(5):438–47.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Raith EP, Udy AA, Bailey M, McGloughlin S, MacIsaac C, Bellomo R, Pilcher DV, Australian, New Zealand Intensive Care Society Centre for, O, Resource, E. Prognostic accuracy of the SOFA score, SIRS criteria, and qSOFA score for in-hospital mortality among adults with suspected infection admitted to the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2017;317(3):290–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Williams JM, Greenslade JH, McKenzie JV, Chu K, Brown AF, Lipman J. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, quick sequential organ function assessment, and organ dysfunction: insights from a prospective database of ED patients with infection. Chest. 2017;151(3):586–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, Bellomo R, Bernard GR, Chiche JD, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS, Levy MM, Marshall JC, Martin GS, Opal SM, Rubenfeld GD, van der Poll T, Vincent JL, Angus DC. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Eiseman B, Beart R, Norton L. Multiple organ failure. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1977;144(3):323–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Eiseman B, Sloan R, Hansbrough J, McIntosh R. Multiple organ failure: clinical and experimental. Am Surg. 1980;46(1):14–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Faist E, Baue AE, Dittmer H, Heberer G. Multiple organ failure in polytrauma patients. J Trauma. 1983;23(9):775–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Moore FA, Moore EE. Evolving concepts in the pathogenesis of postinjury multiple organ failure. Surg Clin North Am. 1995;75(2):257–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ciesla DJ, Moore EE, Johnson JL, Burch JM, Cothren CC, Sauaia A. A 12-year prospective study of postinjury multiple organ failure: has anything changed? Arch Surg. 2005;140(5):432–8; discussion 438-440.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Sauaia A, Moore EE, Johnson JL, Chin TL, Banerjee A, Sperry JL, Maier RV, Burlew CC. Temporal trends of postinjury multiple-organ failure: still resource intensive, morbid, and lethal. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;76(3):582–92, discussion 592-583.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Nast-Kolb D, Aufmkolk M, Rucholtz S, Obertacke U, Waydhas C. Multiple organ failure still a major cause of morbidity but not mortality in blunt multiple trauma. J Trauma. 2001;51(5):835–41; discussion 841-832.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Moore EE, Moore FA, Harken AH, Johnson JL, Ciesla D, Banerjee A. The two-event construct of postinjury multiple organ failure. Shock. 2005;24(Suppl 1):71–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Meneshian A, Bulkley GB. The physiology of endothelial xanthine oxidase: from urate catabolism to reperfusion injury to inflammatory signal transduction. Microcirculation. 2002;9(3):161–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Raoof M, Zhang Q, Itagaki K, Hauser CJ. Mitochondrial peptides are potent immune activators that activate human neutrophils via FPR-1. J Trauma. 2010;68(6):1328–32; discussion 1332-1324.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Hauser CJ, Sursal T, Rodriguez EK, Appleton PT, Zhang Q, Itagaki K. Mitochondrial damage associated molecular patterns from femoral reamings activate neutrophils through formyl peptide receptors and P44/42 MAP kinase. J Orthop Trauma. 2010;24(9):534–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Krysko DV, Agostinis P, Krysko O, Garg AD, Bachert C, Lambrecht BN, Vandenabeele P. Emerging role of damage-associated molecular patterns derived from mitochondria in inflammation. Trends Immunol. 2011;32(4):157–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kuipers MT, van der Poll T, Schultz MJ, Wieland CW. Bench-to-bedside review: damage-associated molecular patterns in the onset of ventilator-induced lung injury. Crit Care. 2011;15(6):235.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Raymond SL, Holden DC, Mira JC, Stortz JA, Loftus TJ, Mohr AM, Moldawer LL, Moore FA, Larson SD, Efron PA. Microbial recognition and danger signals in sepsis and trauma. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2017;1863(10 Pt B):2564–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Windsor AC, Mullen PG, Fowler AA, Sugerman HJ. Role of the neutrophil in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Br J Surg. 1993;80(1):10–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Borregaard N, Cowland JB. Granules of the human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Blood. 1997;89(10):3503–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Botha AJ, Moore FA, Moore EE, Kim FJ, Banerjee A, Peterson VM. Postinjury neutrophil priming and activation: an early vulnerable window. Surgery. 1995;118(2):358–64; discussion 364-355.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Moore EE, Moore FA, Franciose RJ, Kim FJ, Biffl WL, Banerjee A. The postischemic gut serves as a priming bed for circulating neutrophils that provoke multiple organ failure. J Trauma. 1994;37(6):881–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Hassoun HT, Kone BC, Mercer DW, Moody FG, Weisbrodt NW, Moore FA. Post-injury multiple organ failure: the role of the gut. Shock. 2001;15(1):1–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Moore EE. Mesenteric lymph: the critical bridge between dysfunctional gut and multiple organ failure. Shock. 1998;10(6):415–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Sauaia A, Moore FA, Moore EE. Postinjury inflammation and organ dysfunction. Crit Care Clin. 2017;33(1):167–91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Mira JC, Brakenridge SC, Moldawer LL, Moore FA. Persistent inflammation, immunosuppression and catabolism syndrome. Crit Care Clin. 2017;33(2):245–58.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Balogh Z, McKinley BA, Cocanour CS, Kozar RA, Valdivia A, Sailors RM, Moore FA. Supranormal trauma resuscitation causes more cases of abdominal compartment syndrome. Arch Surg. 2003;138(6):637–42; discussion 642-633.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Joseph B, Zangbar B, Pandit V, Vercruysse G, Aziz H, Kulvatunyou N, Wynne J, O’Keeffe T, Tang A, Friese RS, Rhee P. The conjoint effect of reduced crystalloid administration and decreased damage-control laparotomy use in the development of abdominal compartment syndrome. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;76(2):457–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Joseph B, Azim A, Zangbar B, Bauman Z, O’Keeffe T, Ibraheem K, Kulvatunyou N, Tang A, Latifi R, Rhee P. Improving mortality in trauma laparotomy through the evolution of damage control resuscitation: analysis of 1,030 consecutive trauma laparotomies. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;82(2):328–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Silliman CC. The two-event model of transfusion-related acute lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(5 Suppl):S124–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Taeger G, Ruchholtz S, Waydhas C, Lewan U, Schmidt B, Nast-Kolb D. Damage control orthopedics in patients with multiple injuries is effective, time saving, and safe. J Trauma. 2005;59(2):409–16; discussion 417.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ciesla DJ, Moore EE, Johnson JL, Burch JM, Cothren CC, Sauaia A. The role of the lung in postinjury multiple organ failure. Surgery. 2005;138(4):749–57; discussion 757-748.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. dos Santos CC, Slutsky AS. The contribution of biophysical lung injury to the development of biotrauma. Annu Rev Physiol. 2006;68:585–618.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Nathens AB, Johnson JL, Minei JP, Moore EE, Shapiro M, Bankey P, Freeman B, Harbrecht BG, Lowry SF, McKinley B, Moore F, West M, Maier RV. Inflammation and the host response to injury, a large-scale collaborative project: patient-oriented research Core – standard operating procedures for clinical care. I. Guidelines for mechanical ventilation of the trauma patient. J Trauma. 2005;59(3):764–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA

    Thomas J. Herron & David J. Ciesla

Authors
  1. Thomas J. Herron
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David J. Ciesla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David J. Ciesla .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Brigham and Womens’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Ali Salim

  2. Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA

    Carlos Brown

  3. Division of Trauma Surgery, Rm C5L100, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Kenji Inaba

  4. Trauma and Emergency Surgery Service, Legacy Emanuel Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA

    Matthew J. Martin

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Herron, T.J., Ciesla, D.J. (2018). SIRS/Sepsis/Septic Shock/MOSF. In: Salim, A., Brown, C., Inaba, K., Martin, M. (eds) Surgical Critical Care Therapy . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71712-8_37

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71712-8_37

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-71711-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-71712-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation