Abstract
In the story of “the blind men and the elephant” that originated on the Indian subcontinent, six blind men are asked to determine what an elephant looks like by each feeling a different part of the elephant’s body. The blind man who feels a leg says the elephant is like a pillar; the one who feels the tail says the elephant is like a rope; the one who feels the trunk says the elephant is like a tree branch; the one who feels the ear says the elephant is like a hand fan; the one who feels the belly says the elephant is like a wall; and the one who feels the tusk says the elephant is like a solid pipe. A king explains to them: “All of you are right. The reason every one of you is telling it differently is because each one of you touched the different part of the elephant. So, actually the elephant has all the features you mentioned”.
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Notes
- 1.
Broadly speaking, post-independent India witnessed two broad development discourses. Although the objective was the same, the approach greatly varied as two different paths emerged: while the Gandhian model was characterised as a bottom-up model with epistemological roots of inclusive innovation clearly traced to this model, and the Nehruvian model was often characterised as a top-down model, as reflected in the approach followed by space, atomic, defence and science agencies such as CSIR.
- 2.
To illustrate, India’s overall GDP is about eight times smaller than the United States’.
- 3.
Access to education is indeed an area of great concern in India. More information and data on this issue are offered in subsequent chapters.
- 4.
For instance, the Credit Suisse estimated India’s middle class at 24 million people; Pew Research Center projected 32 million, and McKinsey Global Institute report estimated 50 million, while NCAER projected 153 million. This could mean that anything from 3% to 24% of India’s population can be considered middle class and shows how the parameter used in determining middle class status can produce the most different outcomes.
- 5.
However, these studies draw on different data sources and extend the middle-class status to encompass people living on up to $50 per day.
- 6.
- 7.
India has a population of 1.3 billion but only 246 million households, compared that to the USA with a population one-fourth that of India but with 120 million households, nearly half that of India.
- 8.
It is important to note that farming and agriculture are not the only drivers of the rural economy, which on the contrary includes a variety of income-producing activities, including education, construction and retail.
- 9.
Within this framework, a National Innovation Foundation has been established to support grassroots innovators, and an Inclusive Innovation Fund (IIF) created to mobilise finance to support enterprises developing innovative solutions for the “bottom 500 million”.
- 10.
It is, however, important to stress that only in recent years has innovation become a buzzword in India’s policy-making; it suffices to remind that the antecedent 2003 version of the STI Policy was only known as “Science and Technology Policy” and, in contrast to the current and more decentralised scenario, it was essentially within the mandate of the Department of Science and Technology. This in a way reflects that India’s understanding of innovation in terms of policy-making had traditionally been focused only on scientific development (Bute 2013).
- 11.
More inputs from private sector are essential. This is true also for space activities. In order to stimulate private investment, the government has launched the Make in India initiative to attract foreign companies to invest in India and in which space is identified as a priority sector. Interestingly, the Make in India initiative can also act as a tool to reproduce the invisible innovations in the space sector.
- 12.
In a recent report, the McKinsey Global Institute has identified a series of 12 enabling technologies that have the potential to radically transform the future of India and enable a strong socio-economic growth through leapfrogging. These include mobile Internet, cloud computing, automation of knowledge work, digital payments, digital identity, Internet of Things, smart mobility, advanced geographic information systems, next-generation genomics, advanced oil and gas exploration and recovery, renewable energy and advanced energy storage (McKinsey Global Institute 2014).
- 13.
As reported by Antrix, the company “enables news channels to provide live coverage from the source and pitch-in the TV sets of nearly 160 million households in the country through Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG) Services. The service is operational in C and Ku bands. Antrix enables VSAT services by public and private sector for variety of operations including Banking and Financial Services. Antrix is also serving the needs of various users for meeting telephony and backhaul requirements. Some of the private TV channels are uplinking on the INSAT/GSAT fleet using their own teleports and ground stations set-up across the country. Antrix has also enabled commercial teleport operators, who make use of space segment capacity as well as fiber optics technology, thereby providing total solution for channels to ‘play-out’ the contents from their studios located anywhere in India” (Antrix Corporation 2016).
- 14.
It is against the regulatory best practice adopted in other sectors.
- 15.
These include electric propulsion, high-capacity satellite Ka-band links, large-class Ku-satellites, high-throughput satellite (HTS), machine to machine (M2M) and ultra-HD technologies (Rao et al. 2015).
- 16.
A study conducted by the National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS) has shed some light on the most critical issues in the application of remote sensing data for terrestrial applications. The study has identified the non-availability of regularly updated geographical information (GI) content for the nation; lack of a coordinated, aligned and professional effort at furthering the national goals of GI generation/usage; and the lack of a holistic national GI policy that shall lay forward a roadmap for all elements of GI in aiding to make GI usage all-pervasive and easily possible. Remarkably, these aspects are inherently related to the lack of commercial exploitation in various Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) solutions with B2B/B2C delivery models within the country. The downstream applications are, in fact, predominantly government-driven societal applications such as disaster management, meteorology and resource management (Rao and Murthi 2012).
- 17.
The facility offering includes checkout facility for the test protocols of large high-power satellites, thermo-vacuum chamber (CATVAC) for thermo-vacuum performance qualification of the spacecraft, vibration shaker (CATVIB) for dynamic tests, physical parameter measurement facilities and the Comprehensive Antenna Test Facility (CATF) (Antrix Corporation Limited 2016a, b, c).
- 18.
Up until the end of 2016, ISRO had launched 38 foreign piggyback payloads on PSLV, among which 16 European institutional payloads, namely, DLR-TUBSAT, BIRD and AISat 1 for the DLR, Agile for the ASI, the ESA PROBA and RUBIN-8 payloads and 10 university microsatellites.
- 19.
For instance, two joint CNES/ISRO payloads Megha-Tropiques (launched in October 2011) and SARAL (launched in February 2013)
- 20.
Agile (350 kg, ASI, launched on 23 April 2007) and TechSAR (300 kg, Israel MoD, launched on 21 January 2008).
- 21.
The placing of India among the groups of closest US allies for export control opens a possibility to accelerate ITAR-related procedures. Cooperation involving civilian nuclear technology has also become possible under the “United States-India Nuclear Cooperation Approval and Nonproliferation Enhancement Act” of 2010.
- 22.
The agreement was signed in 2008 between the ISRO/Antrix, Secretary of DOS and Astrium for marketing Earth Observation Satellites launched by PSLV. India also signed a framework agreement on cooperation with France in the same month for the launch of Megha-Tropiques and SARAL (see Sect. 6.3).
- 23.
As already explained in Chap. 3, although a number of SMEs in India already deliver subsystems and components for the PSLV, the final AIT is done by ISRO with the support of the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SHAR), Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (VSSC) and ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC). Sensitive elements such as propellants are likely to remain excluded from the outsourcing and should remain institutional.
- 24.
This would be an important development considering that India is still at a very fundamental stage in the development of reusable rockets. It has been estimated that in light of the development and test cycles involved in achieving this feat, India might reach this milestone only by 2030.
- 25.
According to SpaceX, reusing the first stage will likely entail 30% cost savings, which in turn may reduce the Falcon 9’s price to $42.8 million from today’s $61.2 million. The projection of reduced cost to access to space for a reusable rocket such as Falcon 9 translates into ~$5000/kg (de Selding 2016).
- 26.
Although no broadly accepted definition of New Space exists today, in a recent research, ESPI has pointed out that the New Space can be intended as a “disruptive sectorial dynamic featuring various end-to-end efficiency-driven concepts driving the space sector towards a more business- and service-oriented approach. Within this new dynamic, six major interrelated trends can be isolated, namely: (a) new entrants in the space sector including large Information and Communications Technology (ICT) firms, start-ups and new business ventures; (b) innovative industrial approaches with announcements and initial developments of ambitious projects based on new processes; (c) disruptive market solutions offering, for example, integrated services, lower prices, reduced lead times, lower complexity or higher performance among other value proposition features; (d) substantial private investment from different sources and involving different funding mechanisms; (e) new industry verticals and space markets targeting the provision of new space applications; (f) innovative public procurement and support schemes involving new R&D funding mechanisms and costs/risks sharing arrangements between public and private partners” (Vernile 2017).
- 27.
According to the statistics provided by the New Space Ventures, a discovery platform for New Space industry around the world [5], the United States stands out as the unparalleled world leader in the private space industry with 535 American New Space enterprises and organisations, followed by the United Kingdom 82 and Germany 61. India ranks 12th in the world with 16 New Space companies. Ahead of India are advanced Western European and North American economies as well as Australia, Poland and Japan; however both global space powers Russia (11) and China (9) have, for obvious reasons, shown less private start-up activity than India (New Space Ventures 2017).
- 28.
This is a clear possibility considering that the New Space phenomenon is typically characterised by a shift of innovation towards downstream exploitation of space infrastructures and in particular data processing and analytics, an area where India is really thriving. In this domain, India has a very impressive community of venture capitalists and institutions that could be ideally leveraged by Indian astropreneurs to access critical capital investment and, more importantly, to improve the overall conditions of the space industry ecosystem.
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Aliberti, M. (2018). Understanding India’s Uses of Space: Space in India’s Socio-Economic Development. In: India in Space: Between Utility and Geopolitics. Studies in Space Policy, vol 14. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71652-7_4
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